高考英语专题解析课件阅读理解说明文

说明文说明文1◆文体概述说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理,给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说,或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解,或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强,它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。复习这类文体,注意以下几点：◆文体概述说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物2主要题材：题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。说明顺序：时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)。主要题材：题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科3说明方法：为了把事物的本质特征说清楚,或者把事理阐述明白,常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。说明方法：为了把事物的本质特征说清楚,或者把事理阐述明白,4结构特点：说明文的大体结构有：(1)总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述；(2)现象或变化+细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相关启示。语言特点：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材,文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高,解题的难度相对较大，在高考阅读中多为最后一篇。结构特点：说明文的大体结构有：5阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意：(1)注意说明的顺序,了解文章的结构,把握文章的脉络。(2)在阅读过程中划出长难句的主干成分(主谓宾)、标出关键词、有的可边看边画草图或结构、流程图。◆阅读方法阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意：◆6◆仿真练析(1)短文略，见资料书P87A.helpstudentsgetahigh-paidjobB.helpstudentsworkinGoogleC.encouragestudentstogiveupscienceD.arousestudents’interestinliberalarts1.StanfordUniversityheldalectureofliteratureandphilosophyto___.1.D细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句Seekingtore-arouseinterestintheliberalarts可知。◆仿真练析(1)短文略，见资料书P87A.helpstu7A.aperiodwhensomethingbeginstobeaccepted.B.aperiodwhensomethingisout-dated.C.aperiodwhensomethingismostpopular.D.aperiodwhensomethingisreplacedbyanotherthing.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“heyday”mean(inpara.6)?2.C词义推测题。根据第六段morethan1in3Stanfordstudentsmajoredinlanguages,literature,thearts,history,culturalstudiesandphilosophy可知超过1/3的斯坦福学生主修人文学科,与现在10%的数据比较起来,那是个主修文科的鼎盛时期。A.aperiodwhensomethingbeg8A.Only10%ofuniversitystudentsmajorinthehumanities.B.Moreandmorestudentschoosescienceastheirmajor.C.MorestudentsstudythehumanitiesinStanfordthanotheruniversities.D.Thetrendofwhatmajortostudyhasneverchanged3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoparagraph7?3.B细节理解题。由第六段最后一句可知。A.Only10%ofuniversitystud9A.Becausethehumanitiescan’thelpstudentsfindjobs.B.Becausestudentsnevercareaboutlifemeaning.C.Becausestudentsbelievesciencecanhelpthemgethigh-paidjobs.D.Becausethetuitionfeesofthehumanityeducationarehigher.4.Whydostudentsloseinterestinthehumanities?4.C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段ButforstudentswhocameofageintheGreatRecession,thesirensongofsciencecanbetoughtoresist和最后一段Shakespearewasn’tinitforthemoney可知,学生选择理科是因为能找到赚钱的工作。A.Becausethehumanitiescan’10A.Approving. B.Doubtful.C.Negative. D.Indifferent.5.WhatisSatz’sattitudetowardstheeducationofhumanities?5.A情感判断题。通过文章最后一段最后一句Butsheaddedhumanitiesstudentswhogoontograduateschoolandlandjobsintech’intensivefieldsdojustfine可知。A.Approving. B.Doubtful.5.11The1,718incomingstudents—nearlyhalfofwhomarriveintendingtomajorinthesciencesorengineering—listenedtoalectureorganizedbytheCollegeofHumanitiesandArts,wherefamousauthorandphysicianAbrahamVerghesepraisedthemeaning,andopportunities,ofaliberalartseducation.【难句理解】结构分析:nearlyhalfofwhom引导一个定语从句,在这个定语从句中wherefamousauthorandphysicianAbrahamVerghesepraisedthemeaning,andopportunities,ofaliberalartseducation是从句中的另一个定语从句。The1,718incomingstudents—12汉语大意：1718个新入学的学生—其中半数都打算主修科学或者工程学—听了一个由人文艺术学院组织的讲座。在这个讲座中,作为作家和内科医生的AbrahamVerghese赞扬了文科教育的意义和机遇。汉语大意：1718个新入学的学生—其中半数都打算主修科学或者13outnumberv.数量上超过humanitystudents人文学科的学生comeofage成年,长大成人theGreatRecession(经济)大萧条时期【助读词汇】outnumberv.数量上超过【助读词汇】14A.Touchingsomeone’sarmwhentalkingtohim.B.Sayinghellotosomebodywithawarmhug.C.Givingsomeoneagreetingwithkisses.D.Nottotouchsomeone’sarmwhenmeetinghim.6.Allthataren’tconsideredcoldinMediterraneancountriesarementionedEXCEPT____.6.D事实细节题。从文中第一段的第一句InMediterraneancountries,ifyoutrynottotouchsomeone’sarmwhentalkingtothemorifyoudon’tgreetthemwithkissesorawarmhug,you’llbeconsideredcold.可知答案应选D。(2)短文略，见资料书P88A.Touchingsomeone’sarmwhen15A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.7.HowmanyinadvisablebehaviorsinKoreanareclearlymentioned?7.B事实细节题。从文中第一段的第二句Butbackslapsomeonewhoisn’tafamilymemberoragoodfriendinKorea,andyou’llmakethemuncomfortable.与文章倒数第三段的第一句butfailtoremoveyourshoesbeforeenteringahomeinKorea,Hawaii,orthePacificIslandsandyou’llbeconsidereddisrespectful.可知文章中明确提到的有两处在韩国属于不得体的行为,因此答案应选B。A.One.B.Two.C.Thr16A.Annoying. B.Miserable.C.Negative. D.Selfish.8.Whatdoes“disgusting”inpara.3referto?8.A词义猜测题。从文中第三段的第二句TheJapaneseandChinesealsodisliketheideaofahandkerchief.日本人和中国人也都不喜欢手绢,可知disgusting应与dislike是同一类型的意思,因此可知答案应选A。A.Annoying. B.Miserable.817A.PuttingonclothesB.TalkingoverdinnerC.BlowingyournoseD.Touchingsomeone9.AllthefollowingculturalmistakesaredescribedEXCEPT___.9.A事实细节题。文中的第一、二段描述的内容是touchingsomeone;第三、四段描述的内容是blowingyournose;第五段描述的内容是talkingoverdinner;第六、七段描述的内容是takingoffyourshoesornot。puttingonclothes这一内容文中没提及，因此答案应选A。A.PuttingonclothesB18A.politicalsystemsB.historicaleventsC.worldcultureD.popularscience10.Thepassageislikelytobefoundinawebsiteabout____.10.C推理判断题。文章介绍了国外时要特别留心并尽量避免误入的几种文化陷阱。因此可判断出在网站的文化板块中可以阅读到这篇文章。A.politicalsystemsB.19Notonlydoesshoeremovalverypracticallykeepsandanddirtoutofthehouse,it’sasignofleavingtheoutsideworldbehind.结构分析：Notonly位于句首,其后接的句子要进行半倒装,而butalso后接的句子则保持正常语序。该句省略了butalso。这句话的正常语序为：Shoeremovalnotonlyverypracticallykeepssandanddirtoutofthehouse,(butalso)it’sasignofleavingtheoutsideworldbehind.【难句理解】Notonlydoesshoeremovalver20汉语大意：脱掉鞋子不仅把沙粒与尘土留在了门外,更意味着把外面的世界拋之脑后。followsuit跟着做letalone更不用说sacredadj.神圣的uncivilizedadj.不文明的【助读词汇】汉语大意：脱掉鞋子不仅把沙粒与尘土留在了门外,更意味着把外21A.climboveryourheadB.quitlookingforawayC.searchforanotherwayD.keepclimbingaround11.Ifyoutrytostopantsgoingforward,theywill___.11.C细节理解题。根据第二段的Ifthey’reheadedsomewhereandyoutrytostopthem;they’lllookforanotherway.可以推知,蚂蚁找其他路lookfor=searchfor。(3)短文略，见资料书P89A.climboveryourhead11.If22A.Thinkwinterallsummer.B.Alwaysberealistic.C.Neverbecomelazyinsummer.D.Alwayslookahead.12.Whatisthesecondphilosophyofants?12.D推理判断题。根据第三的第一句antsthinkwinterallsummer.四段最后1句Thinkahead.可以推知答案。文章的最后一段此句Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.也进行了归纳。A.Thinkwinterallsummer.12.23A.Alwaysstaypositive.B.Alwaysremindyourself.C.Alwaysthinksummer.D.Alwaysbehardworking.13.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethethirdpartoftheantphilosophy?13.A推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第1、2句antsthinksummerallwinter.Thatissoimportant.Duringthewinter,antsremindthemselves,“Thiswon’tlastlong;we’llsoonbeoutofhere.”可以得知,蚂蚁在冬天里总是想着夏天,想着希望,总是提醒自己冬天来了,夏天不远了,故保持积极的心态staypositive。其他选项与蚂蚁的这种生活哲学不符,只是在本段出现的一些词,学生选了,则犯了断章取义的错误。A.Alwaysstaypositive.13.Wh24A.neverstopgatheringfoodinthesummerB.alwaysgetpreparedforthewinterC.gatherasmuchaspossibleforthefutureD.dowhateverwecanforthefuture14.Wecanlearnfromthelastpartoftheantphilosophythatweshould___.14.D推理判断题。根据文章的倒数第二段的最后一句Whatanincrediblephilosophy,the“all-you-possibly-can”philosophy.可以推断应该选D。A.neverstopgatheringfoodi25A.TheConceptofAntsB.TheAntPhilosophyC.NeverGiveupD.DoAllYouCan15.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?15.B主旨大意题。最后一段Wow,whatagreatseminartoattend—theantseminar.Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.是文章的主题段,完整的归纳了文章大意。A选项是说蚂蚁的概念,C和D选项以偏概全。B选项全面概括了蚂蚁的四个哲学。A.TheConceptofAnts26concept概念seminarn.研讨会realisticadj.现实的can’twaittodosth迫不及待做……【助读词汇】concept概念seminarn.研讨27(4)短文略，见资料书P90A.theyarefloatingabovetheirownbodiesB.theyarewalkingtowardsalightC.theyareflyingintheskyD.theyareseeingabrightlight16.Whenpeoplearedying,somemayhavethefollowingfeelingsexceptthat___.16.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知。(4)短文略，见资料书P90A.theyarefloa28A.Bystudyingchemicalmaterialsindyingpeople’sbrains.B.Bystudyingchangesinthebrainthatcausesuchexperience.C.Bylisteningtopeople’sdescriptionsofout-of-bodyexperienceD.Bymonitoringpatients’behavioronascree.17.Howdidscientistsstudythecauseofout-of-bodyexperience?17.B细节理解题。根据第四段reviewedstudiesintochangesinthebrainthatcausecertainsensationsassociatedwithnear-deathexperiences可知。A.Bystudyingchemicalmateri29A.achemicalmaterialreleasedbyhumanbodiesB.amedicinetohelppeoplewithstressandinjuriesC.amedicinewhichhelppeoplefeelloveandpeaceD.achemicalmaterialtocausethedeathofpeople18.The“hormonenoradrenalin”(inPara10)isprobably___.18.A词义判断题。由倒数第四段的whichisreleasedwhenwesufferfromstressandinjuries可知。A.achemicalmaterialrelease30A.SamParniadoesn’tthinkthatpeople’snear-deathexperiencesarereal.B.SamParniahasn’tfinishedthestudyofpeople’snear-deathexperiences.C.Thecausesofnear-deathexperiencesandotherfeelingsaredifferent.D.It’simpossibletoknowtheca