黄金阅读词汇题例题汇总及答案

#托福阅读黄金阅读词汇题例题汇总及答案1.AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.Thewordexposedinthepassage(paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningtoexplainedvisibleidentifiedlocated2.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.RentControlshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdetermiantofprofitability-rents.Theworddepressedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtowhichofthefollowing?saddenedcreatedlowereddefeated3.Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrechargerate—thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply—hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930's,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratadepthofabout15meters;currently,theymustbedugtodepthsof45to60metersormore.Inplaces,thewatertableisdecliningatarateofameterayear,Thewordunprecedentedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtodifficulttocontrolwithoutanyrestrictionunlikeanythinginthepastrapidlyexpanding4Saysthat"sincetheearly1940s,thestatehashadmoredeerthanatanyothertimeinitshistory,thewinterpopulationfluctuatingaroundapproximately320,000deer(muleandblack-taileddeer),whichwillyieldabout65,000ofeithersexandanyageannuallyforanindefiniteperiod."ThewordindefiniteinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtowhoseendhasnotbeendeterminedthatdoesnotbeginwhenexpectedthatlastsonlybrieflywhoseimportanceremainsunknownThePsychodynamicApproach.Theoristsadoptingthepsychodynamicapproachholdthatinnerconflictsarecrucialforunderstandinghumanbehavior,includingaggression.SigmundFreud,forexample,believedthataggressiveimpulsesareinevitablereactionstothefrustrationsofdailylife.Childrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediately.Yetchildren,alsofearingtheirparents'punishmentandthelossofparentallove,cometorepressmostaggressiveimpulsesThewordinevitableinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoUnavoidableregrettablecontrollableunsuitableParagraph1:ThedevelopmentofthemodernpresidencyintheUnitedStatesbeganwithAndrewJacksonwhoswepttopowerin1829attheheadoftheDemocraticPartyandserveduntil1837.Duringhisadministration,heimmeasurablyenlargedthepowerofthepresidency."ThePresidentisthedirectrepresentativeoftheAmericanpeople,"helecturedtheSenatewhenitopposedhim."Hewaselectedbythepeople,andisresponsibletothem."Withthisdeclaration,Jacksonredefinedthecharacterofthepresidentialofficeanditsrelationshiptothepeople.ThewordimmeasurablyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtofrequentlygreatlyrapidlyreportedlyThelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.Onland,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundverymuchlikeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea.Thewordpropulsioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningtostayingafloatchangingdirectiondecreasingweightmovingforward8.InwintertheheatproducedbyacitycanequalorsurpasstheamountofheatavailablefromtheSun.Alltheheatthatwarmsabuildingeventuallytransferstothesurroundingair,aprocessthatisquickestwherehousesarepoorlyinsulated.Butanautomobileproducesenoughheattowarmanaveragehouseinwinter,andifahousewereperfectlyinsulated,oneadultcouldalsoproducemorethanenoughheattowarmit.Therefore,evenwithoutanyindustrialproductionofheat,anurbanareatendstobewarmerthanthecountrysidethatsurroundsit.Thewordsurpassinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoremainbelowbehigherthanaddtocomecloseto9Childrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediately.Yetchildren,alsofearingtheirparents'punishmentandthelossofparentallove,cometorepressmostaggressiveimpulses.TheFreudianperspective,inasense:seesusas"steamengines."Byholdinginratherthanventing"steam,"wesetthestageforfutureexplosions.Pent-upaggressiveimpulsesdemandoutlets.Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife.Thewordgratifyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoidentifymodifysatisfysimplify10.Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.Thewordmassiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtohugeancientcommonsuccessful11.Intheanimalworldthetaskofmovingaboutisfulfilledinmanyways.Forsomeanimalslocomotionisaccomplishedbychangesinbodyshape.Thewordlocomotioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoevolutionmovementsurvivalescape12.Onecognitivetheorysuggeststhataggravatingandpainfuleventstriggerunpleasantfeelings.Thesefeelings,inturn,canleadtoaggressiveaction,butnotautomatically.Cognitivefactorsintervene.Peopledecidewhethertheywillactaggressivelyornotonthebasisoffactorssuchastheirexperienceswithaggressionandtheirinterpretationofotherpeople'smotives.Supportingevidencecomesfromresearchshowingthataggressivepeopleoftendistortotherpeople'smotives.Forexample,theyassumethatotherpeoplemeanthemharmwhentheydonot.TheworddistortinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtomistrustmisinterpretcriticizeresentCities,then,arewarmerthanthesurroundingruralareas,andtogethertheyproduceaphenomenonknownastheurbanheatisland.Heatislandsdevelopbestunderparticularconditionsassociatedwithlightwinds,buttheycanformalmostanytime.Thepreciseconfigurationofaheatislanddependsonseveralfactors.Forexample,thewindcanmakeaheatislandstretchinthedirectionitblows.Whenaheatislandiswelldeveloped,variationscanbeextreme;inwinter,busystreetsincitiescanbe1.7°Cwarmerthanthesidestreets.ThewordconfigurationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtolocationhistorytemperatureshapeTheinteractionofimprovedprocessingandhighdemandledtotherapidspreadofthecultivationofcottonandtoasurgeinproduction.ThewordsurgeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtosharpincreasesuddenstopimportantchangeexcessamountAbsenteesimandlatenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.TheworddisruptedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoprolongedestablishedfollowedupsetTheephemeralplantsevadedrought.Givenayearoffavorableprecipitation,suchplantswilldevelopvigorouslyandproducelargenumbersofflowersandfruit.Thisreplenishestheseedcontentofthedesertsoil.Theseedsthenliedormantuntilthenextwetyear,whenthedesertbloomsagain.Insayingtheephemeralswilldevelopvigorouslywhenthereisfavorableprecipitation,theauthormeansthattheirdevelopmentwillbesuddenearlygradualstrongandhealthyTheAnsazilivedinhousesconstructedofadobeandwood.Anasazihouseswereoriginallybuiltinpitsandwereenteredfromtheroof.Butaround700A.D.,theAnasazibegantobuildtheirhomesabovegroundandjointhemtogetherintoramblingmultistoriedcomplexes,whichtheSpanishcalledpueblosorvillages.ThewordpitsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtostagesscarsseedsholesCottoncouldbegrownthroughouttheSouth,butseparatingthefiber-orlint-fromtheseedwasalaboriousprocess.ThewordlaboriousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtounfamiliarprimitiveskilleddifficultTheartNouveaustylewasamajorforceinthedecorativeartsfrom1895until1915.Althoughitsinfluencecontinuedthroughoutthemid-1920s,itwaseventuallytobeovertakenbyanewschoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathadbeenpresentsincetheturnofthecentury.ThewordovertakeninthepassageisclosestinmeaningtosurpassedinclinedexpressedappliedAlthoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Thewordpreciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoexactscarcevaluableinitial21Althoughmostfossilsarefoundinmarinesedimentaryrocks,theyalsoarefoundinterrestrialdepositsleftbystreamsandlakes.Onoccasion,animalsandplantshavebeenpreservedafterbecomingimmersedintarorquicksand,trappediniceorlavaflows,orengulfedbyrapidfallsofvolcanicash.Thewordterrestrialinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\landprotectedalternativesimilarHuntingisatbestaprecariouswayofprocuringfood,evenwhenthedietissupplementedwithseedsandfruits.Thewordprecariousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\uncertainhumbleworthyunuaualThemainconflictinthenovelisbetweenamotherwhoplacesahighvalueonhardworkandhonnorandasonwhorepudiateshismother'svaluesinsteadpreferringtheeasierpathtofortuneandcelebrity.Thewordrepudiatesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\refusestoacceptlivesuptotriestounderstandmakesthebestofThusthepresenceofmanywell-markedrubsisindicativeofolder,higher-statusmalesbeinginthegeneralvicinityratherthansimplybeingacrudemeasureofrelativedeerabundanceinagivenarea.Theinformationconveyedbytheolfactorysignalsonabuckrubmakeitthesocialequivalentofsomeauditorysignalsinotherdeerspecies,suchastrumpetingbybullelk.Theword|crudeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\roughusefulnecessaryobviousTeachers,itisthought,benefitfromthepracticeofreflection,theconsciousactofthinkingdeeplyaboutandcarefullyexaminingtheinteractionsandeventswithintheirownclassrooms.EducatorsT.WildmanandJ.Niles(1987)describeaschemefordevelopingreflectivepracticeinexperiencedteachers.Thiswasjustifiedbytheviewthatreflectivepracticecouldhelpteacherstofeelmoreintellectuallyinvolvedintheirroleandworkinteachingandenablethemtocopewiththepaucityofscientificfactandtheuncertaintyofknowledgeinthedisciplineofteaching.Thewordjustifiedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\supportedshapedstimulatedsuggested26.Somuchforunconsolidatedsediments.Consolidated(orcemented)sediments,too,containmillionsofminutewater-holdingpores.Thisisbecausethegapsamongtheoriginalgrainsareoftennottotallypluggedwithcementingchemicals;also,partsoftheoriginalgrainsmaybecomedissolvedbypercolatinggroundwater,eitherwhileconsolidationistakingplaceoratanytimeafterwards.Theresultisthatsandstone,forexample,canbeasporousastheloosesandfromwhichitwasformed.ThephraseSomuchforinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoThatisenoughthatNowletusturntoOfgreaterconcernareThisisrelatedto27.About3,500B.C.,climaticconditionsagaindeteriorated.TheSaharaslowlybecamedrierandlakesvanished.Ontheotherhand,rainfallincreasedintheinteriorofwesternAfrica,andthenorthernlimitofthetsetsefly,aninsectfataltocattle,movedsouth.Sotheherdersshiftedsouth,followingthemajorriversystemsintosavannaregions.Bythistime,theSaharanpeoplewereprobablyusingdomesticcrops,experimentingwithsuchsummerrainfallcropsassorghumandmilletastheymoveoutofareaswheretheycouldgrowwheat,barley,andotherMediterraneancrops.Theworddeterioratedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\becameunstablecausedhardshipchangedcompletelygotworse28.Intheearly1760s,agiftedyoungScotnamedJamesWattwasdrawntoacriticalstudyofthesteamengine.WattwasemployedatthetimebytheUniversityofGlasgowasaskilledcraftsworkermakingscientificinstruments.In1763,WattwascalledontorepairaNewcomenenginebeingusedinaphysicscourse.Afteraseriesofobservations,WattsawthattheNewcomen'swasteofenergycouldbereducedbyaddingaseparatecondenser.Thewordgiftedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\independenttalentedfamousambitious29.Atthesametime,theimagethatthespectatorlookedatexpandedfromtheminusculepeepshowdimensionsof1or2inches(inheight)tothelife-sizeproportionsof6or9feet.Thewordexpandedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtowasenlargedwasimprovedwasvariedwasrejected30.Somespeciesoftunahavespecializedgroovesintheirtongue.Itisthoughtthatthesegrooveshelptochannelwaterthroughthemouthandoutthegillslits,therebyreducingwaterresistance.ThewordchannelinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoreduceremovedirectProvideThenativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,grasses,barksandrootstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes--notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,butalsohats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.Thewordfashioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\maintainorganizetradeCreateThetechnologyisinplaceforamajorexpansionofwindpowerworldwide.Windpowerisavirtuallyunlimitedsourceofenergyatfavorablesites,andevenexcludingenvironmentallysensitiveareas,theglobalpotentialofwindpowerismuchhigherthanthecurrentworldelectricityuse.Intheory,Argentina,Canada,Chile,China,Russia,andtheUnitedKingdomcouldusewindtomeetalloftheirenergyneeds.Windpowerexpertsprojectthatbythemiddleofthetwenty-firstcenturywindpowercouldsupplymorethan10percentoftheworld'selectricityand10-25percentoftheelectricityusedintheUnitedStates.Thewordprojectinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\estimaterespondarguePlan33.Inothercases,thefinerpartilesmayberemoved,whilethesand-sizedparticlesareaccumulatedtoformmobilehillsorridgesofsand.Thewordfinerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto?Andwhengamemovedoutthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Thewordfinerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto?Causingparticipantsinexperimentstosmile,forexample,leadsthemtoreportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeingmorehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.ThewordrateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtojudgerejectdrawWant37.Second,thevoicegivespsychologicalcluestoaperson'sself-image,perceptionofothers,andemotionalhealth.Self-imagecanbeindicatedbyatoneofvoicethatisconfident,pretentious,shy,aggressive,outgoing,orexuberant,tonameonlyafewpersonalitytraits.Alsothesoundmaygiveacluetothefacadeormaskofthatperson,forexample,ashypersonhidingbehindanoverconfidentfront.Howaspeakerperceivesthelistener'sreceptiveness,interest,orsympathyinanygivenconversationcandrasticallyalterthetoneofpresentation,byencouragingordiscouragingthespeaker.Emotionalhealthisevidencedinthevoicebyfreeandmelodicsoundsofthehappy,byconstrictedandharshsoundoftheangry,andbydullandlethargicqualitiesofthedepressed.Thewordevideneedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto\questionedrepeatedindicatedexaggeratedParagraph3:Attimes,itisactuallypossibletowatchtheeffectsofnaturalselectioninhost-parasiterelationships.Forexample,Australiaduringthe1940swasoverrunbyhundredsofmillionsofEuropeanrabbits.TherabbitsdestroyedhugeexpansesofAustraliaandthreatenedthesheepandcattleindustries.In1950,myxomavirus,aparasitethataffectsrabbits,wasdeliberatelyintroducedintoAustraliatocontroltherabbitpopulation.Spreadrapidlybymosquitoes,thevirusdevastatedtherabbitpopulation.Theviruswaslessdeadlytotheoffspringofsurvivingrabbits,however,anditcausedlessandlessharmovertheyears.Apparently,genotypes(thegeneticmake-upofanorganism)intherabbitpopulationwereselectedthatwerebetterabletoresisttheparasite.Meanwhile,thedeadlieststrainsofthevirusperishedwiththeirhostsasnaturalselectionfavoredstrainsthatcouldinfecthostsbutnotkillthem.Thus,naturalselectionstabilizedthishost-parasiterelationship.TheworddevastatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooInflueneedoInfeetedostrengthenedodestroyedParagraph4:Ineontrasttoparasitism,ineommensalism,onepartnerbenefitswithoutsignifieantlyaffeetingtheother.Feweasesofabsoluteeommensalismprobablyexist,beeauseitisunlikelythatoneofthepartnerswillbeeompletelyunaffeeted.Commensalassoeiationssometimesinvolveonespeeies'obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.Forinstanee,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninseetsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingeattle.Itisdiffieulttoimaginehowthiseouldaffeettheeattle,buttherelationshipmayhelporhindertheminsomewaynotyetreeognized.ThewordinadvertentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooIndefensiblyoSubstantiallyoUnintentionallyoPartiallyTheeomplexinterplayofspeeiesinsymbiotierelationshipshighlightsanimportantpointaboutcommunities:Theirstructuredependsonawebofdiverseconneetionsamongorganisms.ThewordhighlightsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtooDefinesoEmphasizesoReflectsoSuggestsWhywerethesehundredsofthousandsofsettlers-mostofthemfarmers,someofthemartisans-drawnawayfromtheclearedfieldsandestablishedcitiesandvillagesoftheEast?CertaincharacteristicsofAmericansocietyhelptoexplainthisremarkablemigration.TheEuropeanancestorsofsomeAmericanshadforcenturieslivedrootedtothesamevillageorpieceoflanduntilsomereligious,political,oreconomiccrisisuprootedthemanddrovethemacrosstheAtlantic.Manyofthosewhoexperiencedthissharpbreakthereafterlackedthetiesthathadboundthemandtheirancestorstoasingleplace.Moreover,Europeansocietywasrelativelystratified;occupationandsocialstatuswereinherited.InAmericansociety,however,theclassstructurewaslessrigid;somepeoplechangedoccupationseasilyandbelieveditwastheirdutytoimprovetheirsocialandeconomicposition.Asaresult,manyAmericanswereaninveteratelyrestless,rootless,andambitiouspeople.Therefore,thesesocialtraitshelpedtoproducethenomadicanddaringsettlerswhokeptpushingwestwardbeyondthefringesofsettlement.Inaddition,therewereotherimmigrantswhomigratedwestinsearchofnewhomes,materialsuccess,andbetterlives.Theword"fringes"inthepa