英语口语全攻略口语能力21

表达的连贯性：CohesionConnectyourideastogetherIntroductionCohesionisthemeasureofhowwellyoucanconnectyourideastogetherinawaythatisbothgrammaticallycorrectandeasytoIt'sanessentialskillforawiderangeofsituations,especiallythingslikedebates,exams,speeches,andemails.连贯性指的是我们能不能把⾃⼰的想法按照⼀个有逻辑、合语法的⽅式连接起来。在辩论、考试、演讲和写邮件时，连贯性都很重要。Introductionthisskillisnotalwaystaughtwell,sostudentstakingtheexam,forexample,struggletoimprovetheirscoresbeyonda6or7.遗憾的是，这个技巧在学校的英语课上常常被忽视，所以很多学⽣参加类似于雅思这样的考试时，⼝语和写作很难达到6或7分以上。Whataretheydoingwrong?•Themostseriousproblemismisusingwordsandphrasesthattheyhavememorisedwithoutpractise.Clearlydemonstratingthatyoudon'tunderstandhowtousewhatyou'velearnedismuchworsethanusingsimplelanguage最突出的问题来⾃于“背单词”：缺乏练习、只知道⼀个表达的汉语字⾯意思，常常造成学习者乱⽤、滥⽤⼀些“⾼级”表达。“表达不当”要⽐“表达简单”要严重的多。Whataretheydoingwrong?•Evenifyouuseadvancedandappropriateifyouaremisusingcohesivephrases,yourscorewillneverexceeda7attheverymost.ifyoucanusecohesivephrasesyourscorewillnotbelimited.即使⼀个同学能够准确使⽤⾼级表达和词汇，但是如果他的表达在整体上不能恰当使⽤连接词、逻辑词，那么他的雅思⼝语不太可能达到7分或以上。Whataretheydoingwrong?•theothermistakemanystudentsmakeisoverusingthem!Inthebeliefthat"themorethetheymemoriselonglistsofphrasesandwordstheycansimplyinsertatthebeginningofalmosteverysentence.Whattheydon'tknowisthatrelyingtooheavilyoncohesivephraseswillalsolimittheirscore,eveniftheyarebeingused连接词并不是⽤得“越多越好”，滥⽤连接词也会限制⼀个⼈的⼝语分数。Whataretheydoingwrong?•Butiftoomuchisbad,andnotenoughisalsodetrimental,thenwhatdoesgoodwritinglooklike?Theansweristhattherearemultipletypesofcohesivedevicestouse,anditisbesttousethemonlyasnecessary.Infact,"lessismore."Thesearethetypesofcohesivedevices:transitionalwords,synonyms,pronouns,andparallels.多了不好，少了不⾏；只在有必要的时候使⽤恰当类型的连接词，才能使⼀段话的连贯性达到最好。具体的连接词有：过渡词，同义词，代词，对⽐或并列结构等。Brainstorming头脑⻛暴Brainstormming头脑⻛暴First,let'slookataquestiononemightbeexpectedtoanswerinanexamordebatesetting,andlistsomeideastoputThen,wewilladjustitusingvarioustypesofcohesivedevicestoseetheir我们来看⼀个问题，这种类型的问题就是⼝语考试中让考⽣讨论的话题。然后再看看如何把孤⽴的观点⽤各种连接词（cohesivedevices）连接成⼀段连贯的话。Brainstormming头脑⻛暴Question:Inyourwhatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetoobesity?在你看来，导致肥胖的主要因素有哪些？Brainstormming头脑⻛暴Question:Inyourwhatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetoobesity?••Thegapbetweentherichandpooriswidenedbyindustrialisation.⼯业化⽣产加⼤了贫富差距。Thepoorcanonlycheapfood.穷⼈只负担得起便宜的⻝物。Brainstormming头脑⻛暴Question:Inyourwhatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetoobesity?•Industrialisationhasloweredthecostofprocessedfoods.⼯业化⽣产降低了预加⼯⻝品的成本。••Nutritionaleducationhasnotspreadwidelyenough.营养学知识并不普及。Industrialisationhascausedmorepeopletoleadsedentary/ˈsedəntəri/lifestyles.⼯业化时代，有久坐习惯的⼈激增。Brainstormming头脑⻛暴Withoutusinganycohesivedevices,thislistisdisjointedandcannotconstituteaproperanswer.Whileitiseasytoreadandunderstand,itdoesnotdemonstratemasteryoveranywritingskillsotherthanbasicgrammarandappropriatevocabularyusage.ThoughtheEnglishisperfect,itisnotworthagoodscore.没有任何连接词，上⾯的这些观点只是⼀些零散的点。每句话的语法、词汇都很完美，但是整体上并不是⼀段连贯、完整的论述，所以是不能得到⾼分的。过渡词过渡词•Moststudentsshouldbefamiliarwiththiseveniftheyhavenotmasteredtheirusage.First,let'sseehowamisguidedstudentmightstructuretheiranswertothequestionabove:⼤⽤多数学⽣对这个类别都不陌⽣，但是⼤家不⼀定能准确运⽤。先看⼀个对过渡词的使“有误解”的学⽣对上⾯这个问题的回答：过渡词Inmyobesityiscausedbyseveralfactors.Firstofall,industrialisationhasloweredthecostofunhealthyprocessedfoods.Furthermore,thegapbetweentherichandpooriswidenedbyindustrialisation.Asaconsequence,thepoorcanonlycheapfood.Nevertheless,nutritionaleducationhasnotspreadwidelyenough.What'smore,industrialisationhascausedmorepeopletoleadsedentarylifestyles.过渡词Structurally,thisparagraphisstilljustalist.Itreliesentirelyonpluggingintransitionalwordswithoutgivinganyattentiontotheoveralllogicorreadability.Itdoesn'tsoundsmoothatall,andisevensomewhatunpleasanttoread.Thebestwritingdoesnotneedtorelyonthisstyle,soweshouldlookattheothersaswell.实际上，上⾯这段话虽然⽤了很多连接词，但实际上仍然只是简单地罗列观点，⽽没有考虑观点之间的逻辑关系和整体的可读性。所以通篇读下来是很累的。Synonyms同义词Synonyms同义词Itcanbehelpfultolookatwhichwordsarebeingrepeatedthemostandfindsynonymstoreplacethemwithinordertoavoidtoomuchrepetition.Hereisanexample:为了避免过度重复，是有必要看看⾃⼰的表达中有哪些词反复出现，可不可以⽤同义词替换⼀下。下⾯是⼀个例⼦：Synonyms同义词Inmyopinion(view),severalfactorsarecausingpeopletobecomeseverelyoverweight(obese).Industrialisationisthemainculprit(cause),becauserapideconomicdevelopment(industrialisation)hasgreatlyloweredthecostofunhealthyprocessedfoods.Becausethegapbetweentherichandpooriswidening,workingclasspeople(poorpeople)canonlycheapnourishment(food).Nutritionaleducationhasnotcaughtupwiththegrowingdemandsoftheeconomy(industrialisation),andmoreandmorepeopleareleadingsedentarylifestyles.Synonyms同义词Thisversionreliesheavilyonavoidinganyrepetitionusingsynonyms,butitisalsonotthebestmethodifusedtoomuch.Itisbetterthanthefirsttwoversions,butstillisn'tverysmooth.上⾯这段话使⽤了⼤量同意表达避免重复，但是毫⽆重复并不是好事。尽管上⾯这个版本好过之前的版本，但仍然不是很流畅。Synonyms同义词Thereisalsoadangerinusingsynonyms:thatis,youmustmasteralotmorevocabularyandavoidusinganyofit⼤量使⽤“⾼级”、⽣僻的同义词，有可能导致⽤错。Pronouns代词Pronouns代词Replacingsomewordswithpronounsappearstobetoosimple,andyetitcanmakeahugeinwritingskill.Itwillforceyoutousemorevariedsentencepatterns,andsavestimeandeffortinbothwritingandreading.Hereisthesampleanswerrelyingmainlyonpronounsforcohesion:代词看起来简单，其实⽤好代词很重要。使⽤代词能够迫使作者使⽤多样的句式，对读者和作者来说都省时省⼒。下⾯是⼀个主要靠代词做连接的段落：Pronouns代词Inmyobesityiscausedbyseveralfactors,allofwhichstemfromindustrialisation.Ithasloweredthecostofunhealthyprocessedfoods,andwidenedthegapbetweentherichandThelattercanonlycheapfood,andtheyhavenotyetreceivednutritionaleducationtodealwiththis.Asidefromthesefactors,industrialisationhasalsocausedustoleadincreasinglysedentarylifestyles.Pronouns代词Someofthisparagraphisasignificantimprovementovertheothers,merelywithagreaterfocusonincludingmorepronouns.Thesentencesaremorevaried,andnearlyeveryclausereferstopreviousinformation,sothatthelogiciscarriedthroughout.仅仅通过使⽤代词，这个段落⽐前⾯⼏个版本都有显著提⾼。句式更丰富了（定语从句），⼏乎每句话都通过代词的使⽤提到了前⽂中的信息，所以整个段落连贯性、逻辑性都很强。Pronouns代词thereisalsoaproblemwithoverusingpronouns.Thefirst"it"intheparagraphisambiguous;isitreferringtoorindustrialisation?Fromthefollowingcontext,itcanbededucedthatitreferstoindustrialisation,butthismomentaryconfusionforthereaderisafailurebythewriterandmustbeavoided.但是这段话仍然有代词⽤得过多的问题，⽐如第⼀句话的it，究竟是指代⼯业化还是肥胖？这就不是很清楚，只能通过上下⽂推断是指⼯业化；这就给读者增加了难度。Parallels并列/平⾏结构Parallels并列/平⾏结构Usingsentenceparallels(orparallelisms)isagreattechniqueforcreatingsmoothnessandclarityinyourwriting.Thisisawayofrepeatingcertainwordsandstructurestocreateamoreunderstanding.Hereisasimpleexampleofasentencewithandwithoutparallelstructure:并列或者对⽐结构能够增强写作的连贯性和清晰性，通过适当重复某些词或结构，让读者理解更充分：Without:Mydognotonlylikestoplayballbutalsodotricks.With:Mydognotonlylikesplay,buthealsolikestodotricks.同样是使⽤notonly…,butalso…，主语重复出现，让句⼦更容易理解。Parallels并列/平⾏结构Without:It'snotwhatyousaythatmatters,butratherWith:It'snotwhatyousaythatmatters,it'showyousayit.两个句⼦同样语法正确，但是第⼆个句⼦使⽤平⾏结构，读者就不需要去⾃⾏补充出how在句⼦中表示什么。Parallels并列/平⾏结构Nowlet'sseehowthesampleanswercouldberestructuredwithafocusonparallels:Parallels并列/平⾏结构Inmyobesityiscausedbyseveralfactors,andthelargestfactorisindustrialisation.Asthecostofautomatedproductiondecreases,sotoodoesthecostofunhealthyprocessedfood.Themoreproductionincreases,thelargerthegapbetweentherichandpoorbecomes.Thepeoplewhoworkforthericharethesamepeoplewhobuythecheapfood.Notonlydothepoorlacknutritionaleducation,buttheyalsolackopportunitiesforexercise.Parallels并列/平⾏结构Someofthesesentencesarewell-written,butitisandunnecessarytoattempttoincludetoomanyparallelismsinyourwriting.Theislikethewavesoftheocean,movingupanddownwiththeriseandfallofeachparallelbeingmade.Thiskindofrhythmandvoicecanbeusefulforcreativewriting,especiallypoetryandnovels.在我们的写作（⼝语叙述）中，平⾏结构的出现也不宜过多，⽽是应该有⼀定的间隔和节奏。在⼩说、诗歌等创作性写作中，平⾏结构是很多⻅的。PuttingItAll串联起来PuttingItAll串联起来relyingtooheavilyononetypeofcohesivedeviceisaproblem,butincombination,andusedsparingly,theycanmakeanincredibleAsageneralrule,trytousepronounsthemost,afewsynonyms,afewparallels,andasfewtransitionalwordsaspossible.显然，过于依赖单⼀的连接⽅式会有问题，但是如果混合使⽤，那么效果会⼤为不同。总的来说，以代词为主，辅以少量同义词、平⾏结构，尽量少地⽤衔接词（过渡词）会⽐较好。PuttingItAll串联起来Hereisthesampleanswerusingacombinationofcohesivedevises:Inmyopinion,severalfactorsarecausingpeopletobecomeseverelyoverweight,allofwhichstemfromindustrialisation.Asthecostofautomatedproductiondecreases,sotoodoesthecostofunhealthyprocessedfood.Industrialisationalsowidensthegapbetweentherichandclasspeoplecanonlytoeatcheapfood,andtheyhavenotreceivednutritionaleducation.Anotherconsequenceofeconomicdevelopmentisthatmoreofusareleadingsedentarylifestyles.AllofthesefactorscontributetotheincreasingratesofPutting