软件工程学习课件

Chapter1

WhySoftwareEngineering?Inthischapter,welookat:HowSEhaschangedsincethe1970sWhatwemeanbysoftwareEngineering?SoftwareEngineering’strackrecordWhatwemeanby“goodsoftware”Whyasystemapproachisimportant?2023/7/291OrganizationContentsSection1Section8Section2InformationSystemsExampleReal-TimeExampleLearnerDevelopmentTeamResearcherTermProjectKeyReferencesExercise2023/7/292LectureContentContents1.11.31.4;1.71.61.9InformationSystemsExample2023/7/293LectureContentforChapterOneInformationaboutthecourse课程信息.pptConceptofSoftwareSoftwareIndustry(BriefIntroduction)ConceptofSoftwareEngineering(1.1)Whatwemeanbygoodsoftware?(1.3)SoftwareEngineeringTeam(1.4,1.7)SystemApproach(1.5)EngineeringApproach(1.6)InformationSystemExample(1.9)2023/7/294Section1:SoftwareIndustry,China2004软件产品：40.0%,软件出口9.4%;服务与集成：50.6%CompositionFrom:AnnualReportofChinaSoftwareIndustryScale2300亿，其中出口26亿美元占全国电子信息产业规模及出口的8.7%,1.3%,.占GDP比重的1.69％MarketSystemSoftware:82.8亿；9.0%SupportSoftware:154.6亿；16.8%ApplicationSoftware:682.6亿；74.2%2023/7/295Section1:SoftwareIndustry,China200411家IndustryBaseFrom:AnnualReportofChinaSoftwareIndustryEnterprise认定企业：10607家，2004年认定2129家KeyEnterprise175家23076件CMM5orCMM5I7;CMM412;CMM373ExportBase6家ProductRegistrationCertificate2023/7/296Section1:SoftwareIndustry,China2004Master:38250;PhD:5345Software:Master:19741;PhD:3839PostGraduatesFrom:AnnualReportofChinaSoftwareIndustryUniversity1731所，软件专业：389所；相关专业：550所B:51327;Majors：55732InCampus:31683B.16740(53%);M.14943(47%)BachelorSoftwareSchool(35)2023/7/297Section2:ConceptofSoftwareInstructions

(computerprograms)thatwhenexecutedprovidedesiredfunctionandperformanceDatastructuresthatenabletheprogramstoadequatelymanipulateinformationDocumentsthatdescribetheoperationanduseoftheprogramsDefinitionSoftwareProgramsData(stru)Documents2023/7/298Section2:ConceptofSoftwareCharacteristics(main)Softwareisdevelopedorengineered,itisnotmanufacturedintheclassicalsense.Softwaredoesn’t“wearout”,butitdoesdeteriorate.2023/7/299Section2:ConceptofSoftwareFailurecurveforhardwareFailureRateWearOutInfantMortalityTime2023/7/2910Section2:ConceptofSoftwareFailurecurveforsoftware(idealized)FailureRateContinuesatsamerateuntilobsolescenceTime2023/7/2911Section2:ConceptofSoftwareFailurecurveforsoftware)FailureRateActualcurveTimeIncreasedfailurerateduetosideeffectsChange(修改)Mostsoftwareiscustom-built,ratherthanbeingassembledfromexistingcomponent2023/7/2912Section3:SoftwareCrisis1）对软件开发的成本和进度估计不准确；2）用户对“以完成的”软件系统不满意的现象经常发生；3）软件产品的质量不可靠4）软件常常是不可维护的；5）软件通常没有适当的文档资料6）软件成本在计算机系统总成本中所占比例逐年上升7）软件开发生产率低。Symptom

SoftwareCrisis指在软件开发和维护过程中遇到的各种问题。Dealwith?SoftwareEngineering2023/7/2913Section4:SoftwareEngineeringRegardlessoftheentitythatistobeengineered,thefollowingquestionsmustbeaskedandanswered:1)Whatistheproblemtobesolved?2)Whatarethecharacteristicsoftheentitythatisusedtosolvedtheproblem?3)Howwilltheentity(andthesolution)berealized?4)Howwilltheentitybeconstructed?5)Whatapproachwillbeusedtouncovererrorsthatweremadeinthedesignandconstructionoftheentity?6)Howwilltheentitybesupportedoverthelongterm,whencorrections,adaptations,andenhancementsarerequestedbyusersoftheentity?Throughoutthisbook,wefocusonasingleentity-computersoftware.ProblemsEngineeringEngineeringistheanalysis,design,construction,verification,andmanagementoftechnical(orsocial)entities.2023/7/2914Section4:SoftwareEngineeringSoftwareEngineering(1968)（1）Theapplicationofasystematic,disciplined,Measureableapproachtothedevelopment,operation,andmaintenanceofsoftware.Thatis,theapplicationofengineeringtosoftware.(2)Thestudyofapproachesasin(1)将系统化的、规范的、可度量的方法应用于软件开发、运行可维护的过程，即将工程化应用于软件中。以及（1）所述方法的研究。2023/7/2915ProblemSubProblem1SubProblem4AnalyzingRelationship(Clue)Step

1:AnalyzingSolvingProblemStepsSection4:SoftwareEngineering2023/7/2916Section4SOFTWAREENGINERRING

AnalyzingSolution1TotalSolutionSolution4

Example:WritingANovelStep

2:SynthesisConclude:Anyproblem-solvingtechniquemusthavetwoparts.2023/7/2917Section4SOFTWAREENGINERRINGProcedureToolsMethods(Techniques)ParadigmsStep

3:SolveMethodChefFormalprocedureforproducesomeproduct.113322Aninstrumentorautomatedsystemforaccomplishingsomethinginbetterway.TypewriterAcombinationoftoolsandtechniques.Testplan44Aparticularapproachorphilosophy.Cookstyle2023/7/2918Section4SOFTWAREENGINERRING

ChemistryInWhat:ComputerScienceWordTheoriesComputerScienceCustomerSoftwareEngineeringComputerFunctionProblemSolutionFitin2023/7/2919Section5WhatisgoodSoftware

CorrectnessReusabilityReliabilityInteroperability111TraceabilityCompletenessConsistencyDatacommonality123TheQualityoftheProduct-McCall’sQualityModel2023/7/2920Section5WhatisgoodSoftware?Howcanwefindfaultsearlierinthedevelopmentprocess?Howcanwebuildinfaulttolerancesothatweminimizethelikelihoodthatafaultwillbecomeafailure?AretherealternativeactivitiesthatcanmakeourprocessmoreeffectiveorEfficientatassuringquality?Whereandwhenarewelikelytofindparticularkindoffault?1234CMM(CapabilityMaturityMode),ISO9000.1990sTheQualityofProcess2023/7/2921Section5WhatisgoodSoftware?TrainingReturnonInvestmentRisk1EffortScheduleQualityProductivityCustomerProcessCostsBusiness9ReturnonInvestmentQualityintheContextoftheBusinessEnvironment2023/7/2922Section6DevelopmentTeam

Communication、System

NeedsCustomerUserSponsorssystemdevelopmentDeveloperBuildsSystem$$$

needsContractualObligationSoftwaresystem

UsessystemPeoplesinvolvedinSoftwareDevelopment2023/7/2923Section6DevelopmentTeam(Member)19AnalystDesignerProgrammerTesterTrainerProgramDesignProgramImplementationUnitTestingSystemTestingIntegratingTestingSystemDesignRequirementsAnalysisandDefinitionSystemDeliveryMaintenanceLibrarians2023/7/2924Section8AnengineeringApproachDeterminingandanalyzingtherequirementsProducinganddocumentingtheoveralldesignthehouseProducingdetailedspecificationsofthehouseIdentifyinganddesigningthecomponentsBuildingeachcomponentofthehouseTestingeachcomponentofthehouseIntegratingthecomponentsmakingfinalmodificationsaftertheresidentshavemovedinContinuingmaintenancebytheresidentsofthehouseBuildingaHouse2023/7/2925Section8AnengineeringApproachRequirementsanalysisanddefinitionSystemdesignProgramdesignWritingtheprogram(programimplementation)UnittestingIntegrationTestingSystemTestingSystemdeliveryMaintenanceSoftwareProjectsprocessinawaysimilartothehouse-buildingprocessSoftwareDevelopmentProcessBuildingaSystem2023/7/29261.9InformationSystemExampleAdvertisingTimeSellingSystemAdvertisingAgenciesProductionCompaniesChangingProgramSuppliersPiccadillyManagementBroadcastingBoardPiccadillyTelevisionAirtimeSales752023/7/2927Appendix1WhatThisChapterMeansforYouConcepts,andProcessGivenaproblemtosolve-breakingitintoitscomponent,relationship,synthesizeUnderstandingrequirementandbuildingsolutionQualifyfromseveraldifferentperspectivesAbstractionKeepinmindthesystemboundary2023/7/2928Appendix2WhatThisChapterMeansforYourDevelopmentTeamADevelopmentprocessthatisappropriatetoyourteamsize,risklevel,andapplicationdomainToolsthatarewell-integratedandsupportthetypeofcommunicationyourprojectdemandsMeasurementsandsupportingtoolstogiveyouasmuchvisibilityandunderstandingaspossible2023/7/2929Appendix3WhatThisChapterMeansforResearchersTherightlevelsofabstractiontomaketheproblemeasytosolveTherightmeasurementstomaketheessentialnatureoftheproblemandsolutionvisibleandhelpfulAnappropriateproblemdecomposition,whereeachsubproblemissolvableAcommonframeworkornotationtoalloweasyandeffectivetoolintegration,andtomaximizecommunicationamongprojectparticipants.2023/7/2930Appendix4TermProjectItisimpossibletolearnsoftwareengineeringwithoutparticipatingindevelopmentasoftwareprojectwithyourcolleagues.LoanArrangerSystem2023/7/2931Appendix5KeyReferencesSoftwareFaultsandFailureSoftwareEngineeringNotesAriane-5ProjectLevesonandTurner1993WebSite:http://www.esrin.esa.it/htdocs/esa/arianeSoftwareDesignandTestingSoftwareQualityIEEESoftware,January,1996PiccadillyTelevision2023/7/2932Appendix6ExercisesAirlinesCrashErrors、Faults、FailuresSub-problemcomponentsinterconnectionsCountoffaultsmisleadingTechniquequalityandproductquality1523467CommercialsoftwareCOSTLegalandethicalImplicationsPiccadillyTelevisionSoftware-BasedIncidents89VV2023/7/2933Inthischapter,welookat:Chapter2ModelingtheProcessandLifeCycleWhatwemeanbyprocess?SoftwaredevelopmentprocessProcessesandresourcesSeveralmodelsofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocessToolsandtechniquesforprocessmodeling2023/7/2934OrganizationContentsSection2.1Section2.3Section2.22023/7/29352.1TheMeaningofProcessASequenceOfSteps.IntroductionConceptionIntheSameOrderEachTime.2023/7/29362.1TheMeaningofProcessASeriesofstepsinvolvingactivities,constraints,andresources

thatproduceanintendedoutputofsomekind.ProcessDefinitionAprocessinvolvesasetoftoolsandtechniques.2023/7/29372.1TheMeaningofProcessTheprocessusestheresources,subjecttoasetofconstraints,andproducesintermediateandfinalproducts.Theprocessmaybecomposedofsub-processesthatthatlinkedinsomeway.Eachprocessactivityhasentryandexitcriteria,sothatweknowwhentheactivitybeginsandends.Theactivitiesareorganizedinasequence,sothatitisclearwhenoneactivityisperformedrelativetotheotheractivity.Everyprocesshasasetofguidingprinciplesthatexplainthegoalsofeachactivity.Constraintsorcontrolsmayapplytoanactivity,resource,orproduct.Theprocessdescribesallthemajorprocessactivities.

The

CharacteristicsProcess2023/7/29382.1TheMeaningofProcessImposeconsistencyandstructureonasetofactivitiesTheImportanceofProcessGuideustounderstand,control,examine,andimprovetheactivitiesEnableustocaptureourexperiencesandpassthemalong2023/7/29392.2TheMeaningofProcessWhentheprocessinvolvesthebuildingofsomePORDUCT;Wesometimerefertotheprocessasa

LifeCycle.LifeCycleSoftwareProductConceptionImplementationDeliveryUseMaintenance2023/7/29402.2TheMeaningofProcessProcessDescriptionTechniques-Text,PictureorcombinationModelingSoftwareEngineeringResearchersModelContainKeyProcessFeaturesNamed:RequirementAnalysis……DefinedSequence

2023/7/29412.2TheMeaningofProcessToformacommonunderstandingReasonsforModelingaProcessTofindinconsistencies,redundancies,omissionsTofindandevaluateappropriateactivitiesforreachingprocessgoalsTotailorageneralprocessforaparticularsituationinwhichitwillbeused2023/7/29422.2SoftwareProcessModelingRequirementsAnalysisSystemDesignProgramDesignAcceptanceTestingSystemTestingOperation&MaintenanceCodingUnit&IntegrationTestingWaterfallModel(Royce1970)WaterfalllikeSequence123768458Steps

Product

2023/7/29432.2TheMeaningofProcessOneofthefirstprocessdevelopmentmodelsproposedCharacteristicsofWaterfallModelWorksforwellunderstoodproblemswithminimalornochangesintherequirementsItpresentsaveryhigh-levelviewofthedevelopmentprocesssequenceofprocessactivitiesEachmajorphaseismarkedbymilestonesanddeliverables(artifacts制品)2023/7/29442.2SoftwareProcessModelingProvidesnoguidancehowtohandlechangestoproductsandactivitiesduringdevelopment(assumesrequirementscanbefrozen)ViewssoftwaredevelopmentasmanufacturingprocessratherthanascreativeprocessThereisnoiterativeactivitiesthatleadtocreatingafinalProductLongwaitbeforeafinalproductDrawbacksofTheWaterfallModel2023/7/29452.2SoftwareProcessModelingWaterfallModelWithPrototype2023/7/29462.2SoftwareProcessModelingAprototypeisapartiallydevelopedproductPrototypinghelpsdevelopersassessalternativedesignstrategies(designprototype)usersunderstandwhatthesystemwillbelike(userinterfaceprototype)PrototypingisusefulforverificationandvalidationCharacteristicsofWaterfallModelWithPrototype2023/7/29472.2SoftwareProcessModelingVModel(GermanMinistryofDefense1992)2023/7/29482.2SoftwareProcessModelingAvariationofthewaterfallmodelUsesunittestingtoverifyproceduraldesignUsesintegrationtestingtoverifyarchitectural(system)designUsesacceptancetestingtovalidatetherequirementsIfproblemsarefoundduringverificationandvalidation,theleftsideoftheVcanbere-executedbeforetestingontherightsideisre-enactedCharacteristicsofVModel2023/7/29492.2SoftwareProcessModelingPrototypingModel2023/7/29502.2SoftwareProcessModelingAllowsrepeatedinvestigationoftherequirementsordesignReducesriskanduncertaintyinthedevelopmentCharacteristicsofPrototypeModel2023/7/29512.2SoftwareProcessModelingSpiralModel(Boehm1988)2023/7/29522.2SoftwareProcessModelingCombinesdevelopmentactivitieswithriskmanagementtominimizeandcontrolrisksThemodelispresentedasaspiralinwhicheachiterationisrepresentedbyacircuitaroundfourmajoractivities

PlanDeterminegoals,alternatives,andconstraintsEvaluatealternativesandrisksDevelopandtestCharacteristicsofSpiralModel2023/7/29532.3ToolsandTechniquesforProcessModelingSoftwareDevelopmentChoiceModelPresentationsTextual–ExpressProcessasFunctions

Graphical–DepictsProcesshierarchiesofboxesandarrows

OrCombinations

ToolsandTechniquesLaterChapters2023/7/2954WhatThisChapterMeansforYou

SoftwareDevelopmentProcessinvolvesactivities.Resources,andproducts.Aprocessmodelisusefulforguidingyoubehaviorwhenyouareworkingwithagroup.Detailedprocessmodelstellyouhowtocoordinateandcollaboratewithyoucolleaguesasyoudesignandbuildasystem.2023/7/2955WhatthischapterMeansforYourDevelopmentTeamAgoodmodelshowseachteammemberwhichactivitiesoccurwhen,andbywhom,sothatthedivisionofdutiesisclear.Inaddition,theprojectmanagercanuseprocesstoolstoenacttheprocess,simulatingactivitiesandtrackingresourcestodeterminethebestmixofpeopleandactivitiesinordertomeettheproject’sbudgetandschedule.2023/7/2956WhatThisChapterMeansforResearchProcessNotations:Howtowritedowntheprocessinawaythatisunderstandablebythosewhomustcarryitout.ProcessModels:Howtodepicttheprocess,usinganappropriatesetofactivities,resources,productsandtools.ProcessModelingSupporttools:Howtoenactorsimulateaprocessmodel,soresourcesavailability,usage,andperformancecanbeassessed.2023/7/2957ExerciseWaterFallModelP48-P50ForReadingandTranslatingForDoingExerciseNo.2P.762023/7/2958Chapter3

PlanningandManagingtheProjectInthischapter,welookat:

UsingprocessmodelingwithprojectplanningTrackingProjectprogressProjectPersonnelandorganizationEffortandscheduleestimation

RiskManagement2023/7/2959LectureContentContentsSection1Section5Section2InformationSystemsExample2023/7/29603.1TrackingProgress项目概念Reeser1973牵涉各种技术为达成任务所必要的努力，需要限定时间完成者。美国项目管理协会（PMI)为完成某一独特产品或服务所作的一次性努力。2023/7/29613.1TrackingProgress

项目特点

项目有一个独立明确界定的目标

项目是一次性的，有明确的开始和结束

项目有一个发起人或客户项目经理、客户

项目含有不确定性。原因：目标、进度、成本。2023/7/29623.1TrackingProgress

软件项目特点智力密集单价生产劳动密集使用方法繁琐软件开发工作渗透人的因素2023/7/29633.1TrackingProgress

软件项目管理功能制定计划建立组织配备人员指导2023/7/29643.1TrackingProgressCustomer’sConcerns:Howlongwillittakeyoutodevelopsuchasystem?ScheduleCanyoudesignasystemthatwillsolvemayproblemorsatisfymyneed?DesignDoyouunderstandmyproblemandmyneed?RequirementHowmuchwillitcosttohaveyoudevelopsuchasystem?Effort2023/7/29653.1TrackingProgressProjectDeliverablesActivityMilestoneDemonstrationofsubsystemsDemonstrationofaccuracyDemonstrationoffunctionDocumentDemonstrationofreliability,security,orperformance跟踪方法的两个重要概念2023/7/29663.1TrackingProgressProjectPhase1Phase2PhasenStep1Step2Step1Step2Activity1.2Activity1.1Activity1.32023/7/29673.1TrackingProgressHouseBuildingLandscapingBuildingClearingSeedingPlantingProjectPhasesStepsRemoveStumpsRemoveTreesActivities2023/7/29683.1TrackingProgressMilestonesinBuildingaHouseinPhase21.1Surveycomplete1.2Permitsissued1.3Excavationcomplete1.4Materialsonhand2.1Foundationlaid2.2Outsidewallscomplete2.3Exteriorplumbingcomplete2.4Exteriorelectricalworkcomplete2.5Exteriorsidingcomplete2.6Exteriorpaintingcomplete2.7Doorsandfixturesmounted2.8Roofcomplete3.1Interiorplumbingcomplete3.2Interiorelectricalworkcomplete3.3Wallboardinplace3.4Interiorpaintingcomplete3.5Floorcoveringlaid3.6Doorsandfixturesmounted2023/7/29693.1TrackingProgressWorkBreakdownandactivityGraphsFourConcepts(Parameters)fordescribeanactivity1Precursor:Aneventorsetofeventsthatmustoccurbeforetheactivitybegins

2Duration:Lengthoftimeneededtocompletetheactivity3DueDate:Datebywhichtheactivitymustbecompleted4Endpoint:MilestonesordeliverablesActivityGraph2023/7/29703.1TrackingProgressStart1.2Requestpermits1.1Surveying1.3Excavation2.33.1Finish1.4BuyMaterials2.2Buildoutsidewall2.1LayFoundationConcurrencyInterdependence2023/7/29713.1TrackingProgressEstimatingCompletionActivityTimeEstimate(InDays)Step1:PreparethesiteAct1.1:Surveytheland3Act1.2:RequestPermits15Act1.3:Excavateforthefoundation10Act1.4:BuyMaterials102023/7/29723.1TrackingProgressStart1.2151.131.3102.33.1Finish1.4102.2202.115CriticalPathMethod2023/7/29733.1TrackingProgressCriticalPathMethodCriticalPathMethodRealTime(ActualTime)AvailableTimeDifferentFloat(SlackTime)CriticalPathMethod2023/7/2974Section3TrackingProcessFloatTimeFreeFloatTotalFloatCriticalPath

2.NoFloat1.MaxLengthConditions2023/7/2975Section3TrackingProcessExample1A:100DaysStartF:5DaysD:5DaysB:10DaysC:10DaysE:10DaysFinishLag=3Lead=5IfA,B,C,Dperformparallel,wecancalculate:TotalProjectFinishTimeis100days.A:ES=0,LS=0,LF=100,EF=100,NoFloat&MaxCMPB:ES=0,LS=90,LF=100,EF=10,Float=902023/7/29763.1TrackingProgressCMPBarChart***************EarlyLateJanJanJanDescriptionDateDate1815Testofphase11Jan985Feb98DefineTestCase1Jan988Jan98*******:Durationofeachactivity;criticalpath-:NotoncriticalpathF:Floatorslacktime2023/7/29773.1TrackingProgressToolsToTrackGANTTCHARTActivityNumberDescriptionJanFebMarAprMayWBS1.0SystemPlanning1.1ReviewSpec.1.2ReviewBud.SpecificationapprovedToday2023/7/29783.2ProjectPersonnel

团队构成（项目角色Role)RoleDescription角色描述ProjectManager项目经理DevelopmentManager开发经理Architect体系结构师SoftwareEngineer软件工程师SoftwareEng.TeamL.软件工程师/小组负责ProductConsultant产品顾问ConfigurationEng.配置工程师Conf.Eng.TeamLead配置工程师/小组负责ProjectLeader项目负责人Developer开发人员QA/Tester质量保证/测试人员ToolSmith工具制作者RiskOfficer风险管理人员From:ProjectManagement2023/7/29793.2ProjectPersonnelKeyProjectActivitiesNoActivities1RequirementAnalysis2SystemDesign3ProgramDesign4ProgramImplementation5Testing6Training7Maintenance8QualityAssuranceFrom:TextBookWho?2023/7/29803.2ProjectPersonnel

FactorsNoFactorsorAbilities1Abilitytoperformthework2Interestinthework3Experiencewithsimilarapplication4Experiencewithsimilartoolsorlanguages5Experiencewithsimilartechniques6ExperiencewithsimilardevelopmentEnv.7Training8Abilitytocommunicatewithother9Abilitytoshareresponsibilitywithothers10ManagementskillsHowOrganize?2023/7/2981

ChiefProgrammerTeamOrganizationChiefProgrammerAssistantChiefProgrammerTestTeamSeniorProgrammerLibrarianadministrationJuniorProgrammer2023/7/29823.2ProjectPersonnel

ResponsibilityChiefProgrammer

Totallyresponsibilitytosystemdesignanddevelopment.AssistantChiefProgrammer

Substitutingforthechiefprogrammerwhennecessary.

CompliesandLinksthecode,andperformpreliminarytest.Librarian2023/7/2983

国内有关项目组织内容项目型项目协调总经理项目经理项目经理项目经理职员职员2023/7/2984

国内有关项目组织内容矩阵型项目协调总经理部门经理部门经理部门经理职员职员2023/7/2985

实际项目项目组织结构网站项目项目组织结构图商务模型专家高层领导合同管理者项目经理质量保证组管理流领域专家系统开发组内容管理组项目支持组信息流方框：组织机构2023/7/2986TheEnd！Thanks！

2023/7/2987强化节能减排实现绿色发展内容览要节能减排，世界正在行动为什么要节能减排什么是节能减排节能减排，我们正在行动0502010403目录CONTENTS一、什么是节能减排

在《中华人民共和国节约能源法》中定义的节能减排，是指加强用能管理，采取技术上可行、经济上合理以及环境和社会可以承受的措施，从能源生产到消费的各个环节，降低消耗、减少损失和污染物排放、制止浪费，有效、合理地利用能源。从具体意义上说，节能，就是降低各种类型的能源品消耗；减排，就是减少各种污染物和温室气体的排放，以最大限度地避免污染我们赖以生存的环境。二、为什么要节能减排1、节能减排是缓解能源危机的有效手段

当下，能源危机迫在眉睫，国外有关机构的统计结果显示：2010年中国的能源消耗超过美国，成为全球第一。2011年2月底，中国能源研究会公布最新统计数据显示，2010年我国一次能源消费量为32.5亿吨标准煤，同比增长6%，超过美国成为全球第一能源消费大国。统计数据称，2010年中国一次能源消费量为24.32亿吨油当量，同比增长11.2%，占世界能源消费总量的20.3%。美国一次能源消费量为22.86亿吨油当量，同比增长3.7%，占世界能源消费总量的19.0%。

根据全球已探明传统能源储量测算，按照当前能源消耗增长速度，传统的石化燃料（煤、石油、天然气）已经不够人类再使用一百年。目前新能源的开发利用方兴未艾，2010年全球有23%的能源需求来自再生能源，其中13%为传统的生物能，多半用于热能（例如烧柴），5.2%是来自水力，来自新的可再生能源（小于20MW的水力，现代的生物质能，风能，太阳，地热等）则只有4.7%。在再生能源发电方面，全球来自水力的占16%，来自新的再生能源者占5%。如果我们不对现有能源和资源节约使用，按照目前情况持续下去，有可能百年之后，人类将会部分进入一个“新石器时代”。2节能减排是保护自然生态环境的强力武器

这就是我们美丽的太阳系概念图从太空中拍摄到的蔚蓝色的精灵——地球如诗如画的乡间美景，逸趣横生的劳动生活！

这几乎就是我们每个人为之向往的家园！

然而我们目前不得不面对的却是自然生态环境的日益恶化！

“温室气体大量排放，发生温室效应，造成全球变暖，这已是不争的事实！”目前，在各种温室气体中，二氧化碳对温室效应的影响约占50%，而大气中的二氧化碳有70%是燃烧石化燃料排放的。我们可以了解到冰川融化、海平面上升、干旱蔓延、农作物生产力下降、动植物行为发生变异等气候变化带来的影响。我国最近两年干旱频发，有相当部分原因是受到全球气候变化问题的影响，而这也是我们目前面临的最复杂、最严峻的挑战之一。长江江西九江段裸露出来的江滩湘江长沙橘子洲以西河床（2009年）江西赣江南昌段裸露的桥墩（2009年）温室效应导致气候变化，打破降雨平衡，旱涝频发洪水泛滥——当大自然露出锋利的爪牙，

我们才发现自己原来是如此脆弱，不堪一击！温室效应导致冰川融化

北极熊等极地生命形态遭遇严重的生存危机受世界气候变化影响，曼谷遭遇洪水

温室效应导致的冰川融化还将造成海平面升高的后果，它将直接威胁到沿海国家以及30多个海岛国家的生存和发展。美国环保专家的预测更令人担忧，再过50年～70年，巴基斯坦国土的1/5、尼罗河三角洲的1/3以及印度洋上的整个马尔代夫共和国，都将因海平面升高而被淹没；东京、曼谷、上海、威尼斯、彼得堡和阿姆斯特丹等许多沿海城市也将完全或局部被淹没。

目前，在温室气体排放方面，我们国家正保持领先优势并有继续将其扩大的趋势！！！

马尔代夫倒计时：预计将于90年内被海水淹没。原因：全球变暖导致海平面上升.

马尔代夫是一个群岛国家，80%是珊瑚礁岛，全国最高的两座岛屿距离海平面只有2.4米。因此，它也是受到全球变暖影响最严重的国家.在过去一个世纪里，该国家海平面上升了约20厘米，根据联合国政府间气候变化问题研究小组的报告，2100年全球海平面有可能升高0.18米至0.59米。届时，马尔代夫将面临灭顶之灾。太平洋上的一颗美丽的翡翠——马尔代夫澄澈的碧蓝海水上徜徉着白云——这就是人间天堂婆娑的椰树，洁白的沙滩，舒适的躺椅

图瓦卢倒计时：预计将于未来50至100年消失。原因：气候变暖导致海平面上升.

这个由9座环形珊瑚岛群组成、平均海拔1.5米的小国家每逢二三月大潮期间，就会有30%的国土被海水淹没。近20年来，这些由珊瑚礁形成的海岛已被海水侵蚀得千疮百孔，土壤加速盐碱化，粮食和蔬菜已很难正常生长。事实上，图瓦卢人从2001年就已开始陆陆续续地告别自己的国家，迁往美国、新西兰等国。澳大利亚大堡礁倒计时：20年消失原因：全球变暖和人为破坏大堡礁1981年被列入自然类世界遗产，支撑着规模巨大的旅游业。然而，自上世纪80年代以来，由于全球变暖导致海洋酸性增加以及人为破坏，珊瑚渐渐在人们的视线中消失。海洋学家查利·沃隆今年7月公布的一份报告指出，全球气候变暖将在短短20年时间内让大堡礁荡然无存。

美丽的澳大利亚大堡礁大堡礁色彩缤纷的美丽珊瑚礁和鱼群大堡礁的明星——与海葵共生的小丑鱼

南北极倒计时：50年消失原因：全球变暖导致冰帽融化温室效应造成全球气温升高已经使得两极冰帽开始融化，冰帽融化不仅直接冲击当地的生态环境，使现存的南北极生物面临灭绝，南北极也渐渐消亡。全球海平面上升，许多低洼地区的国家甚至会因此而被淹没。以上几个现实中正在慢慢被证实的例子，已经为我们敲响了最刺耳的警钟，如果我们再不及时采取强有力的措施，那么，后果将不堪设想。我们，需要尽可能为子孙后代留下一个相对较好的生存环境，这是我们每个人义不容辞的责任！【开普勒-22b】科学家用开普勒望远镜发现首颗适合居住星球美国航空航天局（NASA）12月5日宣布，该局通过开普勒太空望远镜项目证实了太阳系外第一颗类似地球的、可适合居住的行星。报道称，NASA表示，科学家们利用开普勒太空望远镜在距地球约600光年的一个恒星系统中新发现了一颗宜居行星。该行星被命名为“开普勒-22b”，半径约为地球半径的2.4倍，这是目前被证实的最接近地球形态的行星。目前，该行星的主要成分尚不清楚，绕恒星运行的周期约为290个地球日。这颗行星围绕运转的母恒星比太阳略小、略冷，但和太阳一样属于比较稳定、寿命比较长的恒星。因此，这也是首次在与太阳系类似的恒星系统中发现宜居行星。最新发现的行星“不冷不热”，温度大约为22.2℃，正好适合人类居住。此外，这颗行星上还可能有液态水，而液态水被科学家视为生命存在的关键指标。据悉，相关研究成果将发表在美国《天体物理学》杂志上。各种水体污染继续加剧，“清流”变“浊流”超标排放造成河流的污染，导致大量鱼类死去，仍存活的鱼类体内也富集了数量不一的各类有害物质酸性气体超标排放导致酸雨形成酸雨频降导致严重污染

以下是全国酸雨分布示意图我国三大酸雨区包括(我国酸雨主要是：硫酸型）1.西南酸雨区：是仅次于华中酸雨区的降水污染严重区域。2.华中酸雨区：目前它已成为全国酸雨污染范围最大，中心强度最高的酸雨污染区。3.华东沿海酸雨区：它的污染强度低于华中、西南酸雨区。我国酸雨主要分布地区是长江以南的四川盆地、贵州、湖南、湖北、江西，以及沿海的福建、广东等省。在华北，很少观测到酸雨沉降，其原因可能是北方的降水量少，空气湿度低，土壤酸度低。然而值得注意的是北方如侯马、京津、丹东、图们等地区现在也出现了酸性降水。酸雨危害是多方面的，包括对人体健康、生态系统和建筑设施都有直接和潜在的危害。酸雨还可使农作物大幅度减产，特别是小麦，在酸雨影响下，可减产13%至34%。大豆、蔬菜也容易受酸雨危害，导致蛋白质含量和产量下降。酸雨对森林和其他植物危害也较大，常使森林和其他植物叶子枯黄、病虫害加重，最终造成大面积死亡。空气中的二氧化硫先与空气中的氧气反应生成三氧化硫，再与氢离子结合生成浓硫酸，浓硫酸再与水反应生成酸雨。酸雨具有腐蚀性，人体遇到酸雨很容易得皮肤癌。被酸雨毁坏的丛林，其危害超乎想象受到酸雨腐蚀影响的乐山大佛

长明灯、长流水等现象屡见不鲜，这些琐碎的细节造成了当今社会能源、资源的大量浪费。3节能减排是改善日常能源和各种资源浪费严重的有力措施长流水现象随处可见

在此，我想向各位在此通报我们各类资源占有率：我国水资源总量占世界水资源总量的7%，居第6位。但人均占有量仅有2400m3，为世界人均水量的1/4，居世界第119位，是全球13个贫水国之一;我国森林面积为15894．1万公顷，全国森林覆盖率达到16．55％，居世界首位，但人均森林蓄积量只有世界人均蓄积量的1／8;当前，我国天然气产量仅居世界第19位，占世界总产量的1%，消费量排名在世界第20位以后；消费量是世界总量的0.9%。节能减排对大至国家、小至个人都是很有意义的一件事情！

首先，国家在节能减排政策方面不断出台各种强制性政策，不断提高对各类企业节能减排组织机构与能力建设的要求；其次，中央和地方政府大幅度增加节能减排方面的财政预算,在税收、价格等方面有各种激励机制，激发企业节能减排的热情；再次，自主节能减排可以企业降低生产经营成本，具有非常直观的经济效益；最后，节能减排是衡量一个企业是不是一个有强烈社会责任意识的优秀企业的重要标准（即你所在的企业是否受人尊重）。4节能减排与企业的发展休戚相关

总之，种种事实向我们说明了