转换生成语法

转换生成语法第1页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Instituteprofessorandprofessor

EmeritusoflinguisticsofM.I.T.

NoamChomsky

Dec.7,1928American

linguist第2页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Chomsky’sGBTheory

(管辖和约束理论)2.

MinimalistProgram

（最简方案）第3页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月GBTheory(管辖与约定理论)BackgroundIn1979,ChomskydeliveredaseriesoflecturesinPisa,Italy,whichwerereviselaterandpublishedin1981underthetitleofLecturesonGovernmentandBinding(管辖与约束理论讲座).第4页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月管辖与约束理论讲座以《管辖和约束论集》为代表。这本书是根据乔姆斯基1979年在意大利比萨的一次学术会议上提出的“管辖”和“约束”理论整理成的。这一阶段的理论有两个重大变化：一是在原来的规则系统之外增加了原则系统，二是提出了“虚范畴”。

第5页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月GovernmentandbindingisatheoryofsyntaxinthetraditionoftransformationalgrammardevelopedprincipallybyNoamChomskyinthe1980s.ThistheoryisaradicalrevisionofhisearliertheoriesandwaslaterrevisedinTheMinimalistProgram(1995)andseveralsubsequentpapers,thelatestbeingThreeFactorsinLanguageDesign(2005).

GBTheory(管辖与约定理论)第6页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Thenamereferstotwocentralsub-theoriesofthetheory:government,whichisanabstractsyntacticrelation,andbinding,whichdealswiththereferentsofpronouns,anaphors,andreferentialexpressions.GBwasthefirsttheorytobebasedontheprinciplesandparametersmodeloflanguage,whichalsounderliesthelaterdevelopmentsoftheMinimalistProgram.GBTheory(管辖与约定理论)第7页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Governmentisdefinedasfollows:AgovernsBifandonlyif

AisagovernorandAc-commandBandnobarrierintervenesbetweenAandB.Government(管辖)其定义为:A是管辖语

A统治BA和B之间无障碍第8页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Governorsareheadsofthelexicalcategories(V,N,A,P)andtensedI(T).Ac-commandsBifAdoesnotdominateBandBdoesnotdominateAandthefirstmaximalprojectionofAdominatesB.ThemaximalprojectionofaheadXisXP.Thismeansthatforexampleinastructurelikethefollowing,Ac-commandsB,butBdoesnotc-commandA:Government(管辖)第9页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月

APXA’ABPYB

Ac-commandBGovernment(管辖)第10页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月C-command:

(成分统制)constituentcommandtherelationbetweenanelementandanotherofthesamelevelandunderthesamenodeinatreediagram.

ABC

DEF

Government(管辖)第11页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Anotherdefinitionofgovernment:Itreferstoatypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstruction.Forexample:

speakaboutthelanguage

Government(管辖)第12页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月

VPVPP

PNPDetNspeakaboutthelanguage

VP:VerbphrasePP:PrepositionalphraseDet:DeterminerGovernment(管辖)第13页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Inthiscase,therearetwogovernmentrelation：

aboutgovernsthelanguage

speakgovernsaboutthelanguage

Government(管辖)Tosummarize,anelementgovernsanotherifthetwoareunderthesamenotiondirectly,andtheformeristheheadoftheconstruction.第14页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月

Bindingtheoryprovidesconstraintsonthecoreferencepossibilitiesofnominaltermelements：anaphors(照应语),pronouns(代词)and

referringexpressions（指称语）.Bindingtheory(约束)第15页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Now,bindingtheorystatesthefollowing:

1.ananaphorisboundinalocaldomain

2.apronominalisfreeinalocaldomain3.anr-expressionisfree(inthedomainoftheheadofhischain)Bindingtheory(约束)第16页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Bindingcanbedefinedasfollows:

AbindsBifandonlyifi.Ac-commandsBii.AandBarecoindexed/co-referent.Bindingtheory(约束)第17页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Localdomainreferstothegoverningcategory,andcanbedefinedas:

aisthegoverningcategoryforXifandonlyifaistheminimalcategory（最小范围）containingX,agovernorofX,andasubjectaccessibletoX.governingcategory(管辖范围)第18页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Now,considerthesentence

Johnsawhismother.Inthissentence,Johnc-commandshisbecausehisiswithinthegoverningcategoryofJohn.Johnandhisarealsoco-referent(theyrefertothesameperson),therefore,Johnbindshis.Bindingtheory(约束)第19页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Bindingtheory(约束)第20页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月

Ontheotherhand,inthesentence“AfriendofJohnsawhismother”,“John”doesnotc-command“his”,sotheyhavenobindingrelationship,regardlessofwhethertheyareco-referent.Bindingtheory(约束)第21页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Theimportanceofbindingisshowninthegrammaticallyofthefollowingsentences:1.Johnsawhim.(ungrammaticalwithco-reference)2.Johnsawhimself.(unambiguouslyco-referent)3.HimselfsawJohn.(ungrammatical)4.JohnsawJohn.(ungrammatical,unlessitreferstodistinctJohns)Bindingtheory(约束)第22页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月BackgroundIn1992,Chomskywroteanessay“AMinimalistProgramforLanguageTheory”,collectedinhisTheMinimalistProgram(1995),markinganewstageofhisgenerativegrammar.

Minimalistprogram(最简方案)第23页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Minimalistprogram(最简方案)ThePrincipleofEconomyBarePhraseStructurePhase第24页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月

Thenewresearchdirectioninvolvesthefurtherdevelopmentofideasinvolvingeconomyofderivationandeconomyofrepresentationwhichhadstartedtobecomesignificantintheearly1990s,butwerestillratherperipheralaspectsofTGGtheory.ThePrincipleofEconomy第25页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Economyofderivation：Definitionaprinciplestatingthatmovements(i.e.transformations)onlyoccurinordertomatchinterpretablefeatureswithuninterpretablefeatures.ThePrincipleofEconomy第26页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月AnexampleofaninterpretablefeatureisthepluralinflectiononregularEnglishnouns,e.g.dogs.Theworddogscanonlybeusedtorefertoseveraldogs,notasingledog,andsothisinflectioncontributestomeaning,makingitinterpretable.Englishverbsareinflectedaccordingtothenumberoftheirsubject(e.g."Dogsbite"vs"Adogbites"),butthisinformationisonlyinterpretableoncearelationshipisformedbetweenthesubjectandtheverb,somovementofthesubjectisrequired.

ThePrincipleofEconomy第27页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Principlethatgrammaticalstructuresmustexistforapurpose,i.e.thestructureofasentenceshouldbenolargerormorecomplexthanrequiredtosatisfyconstraintsongrammaticality.EconomyofRepresentation第28页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月BarePhraseStructure(BPS),isaminimalisttheoryofphrasestructure(sentencebuildinginsimpleterms).ItwasdevelopedbyNoamChomsky.ThistheorycontrastwiththeX-bartheory:BarePhraseStructure第29页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Contrast:

1.BPSisexplicitlyderivational.2.BPSdoesnothaveapreconceivedphrasalstructure,whileinX-BarTheory,everyphrasehasaspecifier,ahead,andacomplement.3.BPSpermitsonlybinarybranching,whileX-BarTheorypermitsbothbinaryandunarybranching.4.BPSdoesnotdistinguishbetweena“head”anda“terminal”,whilesomeversionsofX-BarTheoryrequiresuchadistinction.第30页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月BPSincorporatestwobasicoperations:Merge(合并)andMove

(移动).Mergeisafunctionthattakestwoobjects(sayαandβ)andmergesthemintoanunorderedsetwithalabel(eitherαorβ,inthiscaseα).Thelabelidentifiesthepropertiesofthephrase.Merge(α,β)→{α,{α,β}}。

BarePhraseStructure第31页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月Forexample,Mergecanoperateonthelexicalitems‘drink’and‘water’togive‘drinkwater’.Notethatthephrase‘drinkwater’behavesmoreliketheverb‘drink’thanlikethenoun‘water’.Thatis,whereverwecanputtheverb‘drink’wecanusuallyputthephrase‘drinkwater’.Iliketo_____________(drink)/(drinkwater).

(Drinking/Drinkingwater)__________isfun.BarePhraseStructure第32页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月So,weidentifythephrasewithalabel.Inthecaseof‘drinkwater’,thelabelis'drink'sincethephraseactsasaverb.Forsimplicity,wecallthisphraseaverbphraseorVP.NowifweweretoMerge‘cold’and‘water’toget‘coldwater’,thenwewouldhaveanounphraseorNPwiththelabel'water'.Thereadercanverifythatthephrase‘coldwater’canappearinthesameenvironmentsasthenoun‘water’inthethreetestsentencesabove.So,for'drinkwater'wehavethefollowing:BarePhraseStructureMerge(drink,water)→{drink,{drink,water}}第33页，课件共38页，创作于2023年2月

drink/\drinkwater

or,withmoretechnicalterms,as:VP