环境管理体系认证

环境管理体系认证ISO14000ISO14000EnvironmentalManagementSystemCertificationISO14001加入时间：2007-7—2816:38:45点击：1195ISO14001Joiningtime:2007-7—2816：38：45Click：1195ISO14000产生的背景ProcreantbackgroundofISO14000我们知道ISO9000是为产品或服务的质量把关，那么ISO14000是在什么样的背景下产生的呢？WeknowthatISO9000istocontrolaproductorservicequality,Consequently,whatbackgroundgeneratestheISO4000?随着社会、经济的不断发展，人口的不断增加，越来越多的环境问题摆在了我们面前：温室效应加剧、酸雨不断蔓延、臭氧空洞的出现、水体不断遭到严重污染、土地大量荒漠化、草原退化、森林锐减、许多珍稀野生动植物濒临灭绝……这一系列的环境问题中，可以说有大部分是由于人为对自然的破坏造成的。这些问题已经危及到了我们人类社会的健康生存和可持续发展，面对如此严重的形势，人类开始考虑采取一种行之有效的办法来约束自己的行为，使各种各样的组织重视自己的环境行为和环境形象；并希望以一套比较系统、完善的管理方法来规范人类自身的环境活动，以求达到改善生存环境的目的.Withthesocial,economicandcontinuousdevelopmentandpopulationincrease,moreandmoreenvironmentalproblemsareplacedbeforeus：ExacerbatethegreenhouseWiththesocial,effect，thespreadofacidrain，theemergenceoftheozonehole，waterconstantlyandseriouslypolluted,alotoflanddesertification,grasslanddegradation,lossofforests,manyrareandendangeredwildanimalsandplants ， Inthisseriesofenvironmentalissues，itcanbesaidthatamajorityofresultswasduetodestructionofnaturecausedbyhumanoTheseproblemshaveendangeredthehealthofhumansocietyofoursurvivalandsustainabledevelopment。Inthefaceofsuchaserioussituation，humansbegantoconsideradoptinganeffectivewaytorestraintheirbehaviorinordertomakeawiderangeoforganizationsfocusontheirenvironmentalbehaviorandenvironmentalimage；andhopetosetamoresystematic,perfectmanagementmethodstoregulatetheirenvironmentalactivitiesinordertoachievethepurposeofimprovingthelivingenvironment首先开始酝酿制定这样一套比较系统、完善的管理方法的是ISO（国际标准化组织）°ISO是世界上最大的非政府性国际标准化机构，它成立于1947年2月，主要从事各行业国际标准的制定，从而促进世界范围内各国贸易的友好往来以及文化、科学、技术和经济领域内的合作.ISO自成立以来，已经制定并颁发了许多国际标准，其下设若干个技术委员会，其中第176技术委员会（TC176）在1987年成功地制定和颁布了ISO9000质量管理体系系列标准，对改善企业的质量管理模式起到了很大的作用，在世界范围内引起了很大的凡响。Aboveall,beginningtodevelopamoresystematic，perfectmanagementmethodsistheISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization).ISOistheworld’slargestnon—governmentalInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.ItwasfoundedinFebruary1947，whichismainlyengagedintheformulationofinternationalstandardsforvariousindustries,therebycontributingtofriendexchangesofthecountriesoftheworldtradeaswellascultural，scientific,technicalandeconomiccooperationinthefieldofworld.SinceISOcomeintoexistence,ithasbeendevelopedandpresentedanumberofinternationalstandards，whichconsistsofanumberoftechnicalcommittees,includingthe176TechnicalCommittee(TC176)in1987successfullydevelopingandpromulgatingaseriesofISO9000qualitymanagementsystemstandards，.Soithasplayedasignificantroleinimprovingthebusinessqualitymanagementmodel，whichcausedagreatsignificationinworld。进入90年代以后，环境问题变得越来越严峻，ISO对此作了非常积极的反应。1993年6月，ISO成立了第207技术委员会（TC207），专门负责环境管理工作，主要工作目的就是要支持环境保护工作，改善并维持生态环境的质量,减少人类各项活动所造成的环境污染，使之与社会经济发展达到平衡,促进经济的持续发展.其职责是在理解和制定管理工具和体系方面的国际标准和服务上为全球提供一个先导，主要工作范围就是环境管理体系（EMS）的标准化.为此，ISO中央秘书处为TC207预留了100个标准号，标准标号为ISO14001-14100，统称为ISO14000系列标准。Afterenteringthe90years，environmentalproblemsbecomemoreandmoresevere.ISOhavemadeaverypositiveresponsetothematter.InJune1993,ISOestablishedTechnicalCommittee207（TC207），whichisresponsibleforenvironmentalmanagementoTheobjectiveofItsjobistosupportenvironmentalprotection，improveandmaintaintheecologicalqualityoftheenvironment,reduceenvironmentalpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitiesinordertobalancewithsocialandeconomicdevelopmentandpromotesustainedeconomicdevelopment.Itsdutiesaretoprovideagloballeaderunderunderstandinganddevelopingmanagementtoolsandsystemsofinternationalstandardsandservices，andthemainscopeofitsworkistheEnvironmentalManagementSystem（EMS）standardization.SoISOCentralSecretariatsetasidefortheTC207standardtopreparativelyremainthemumberof100standards,。ThemumberofthestandardisISO14001-14100.ItsgeneralnameisISO14000seriesofstandards此后，一个全新的概念：环境管理体系（EMS）产生了.环境管理体系是一个组织的整个管理体系当中的一个组成部分，包括为制定、实施、实现、评审和保持环境方针所需的组织结构、计划活动、职责、惯例、程序、过程和资源。Sincethen，anewconcept：EnvironmentalManagementSystem（EMS）wasgenerated.Environmentalmanagementsystemisaintegralpartofentiremanagementsystemfromorganization,includingtherequiredorganizationalstructure，planningactivities,responsibilities，practices，procedures，processesandresourcesoftheformulation，implementation，realization，reviewandmaintenanceoftheenvironmentalpolicy环境管理体系这个概念产生以后，经过了3年的发展与完善，达到了可以用标准来衡量的程度。于是ISO考虑将其标准化，于1996年9月出台了两个国际标准??ISO14001和ISO14004标准，这是环境管理体系标准化发展史上的一个非常重要的里程碑。Aftertheconceptofenvironmentalmanagementsystemwasproduced，throughdevelopmentandperfectionofthreeyears,itcanusethestandardtoachievetheextentofmeasure。SoISOwouldhaveconsideredmakingitbestandardization.InSeptember1996，twointernationalstandardswasintroduced。ISO14001andISO14004standardswasaveryimportantmilestoneinthestandardizationofenvironmentalmanagementsystemdevelopmentfromthehistory。ISO14000目前已经颁布了将近10个独立的标准。许多观察家乐观地认为，ISO14000产生的影响要远大于ISO9000,ISO14000前景到底如何，全世界人们都在密切关注着它的发展动向。ISO14000hasissuednearly10separatecriteria。ManyobserversoptimisticallyconsiderthattheimpactofISO14000islargerthanthatofISO9000oWhatwilltheforegroundofISO14000be?Peoplearoundtheworldarecloselywatchingitsdevelopmenttrend.实施ISO14001审核与认证的一般程序ThegeneralprocedureofimplementingtheISO14001auditandcertification环境管理体系认证程序大致上分为以下四个阶段：ThecertificationprocessofenvironmentalManagementSystemwouldbedividedintothefollowingfourstages一、受理申请方的申请一、theapplicationofthereceivedapplicant申请认证的组织首先要提出环境管理体系认证申请。认证机构接到申请方的正式申请书之后，将对申请方的申请文件进行初步的审查，如果符合申请要求，与其签订管理体系审核/注册合同，确定受理其申请。Theorganizationofcertificationmustfirstlyapplyforcertificationoftheenvironmentalmanagementsystem。AfterCertificationAuthorityreceivesaformalapplicationofapplicant，theapplicationdocumentsofapplicationsidewiibepreliminarilyconductedareview。Ifrequirementsarecompliedwith,themanagementsystemaudit/registrationcontractwillbeunderwritedandtheadmissibilityandtheapplicationwillbedetermined.二、环境管理体系审核二、EnvironmentalManagementSystemAudit在整个认证过程中，对申请方的环境管理体系的审核是最关键的环节.认证机构正式受理申请方的申请之后，迅速组成一个审核小组，并任命一个审核组长，审核组中至少有一名具有该审核范围专业项目种类的专业审核人员或技术专家，协助审核组进行审核工作。审核工作大致分为3步：Throughoutthecertificationprocess,theenvironmentalmanagementsystemauditisthemostcriticaltachetoapplicationside。Certificationbodiesformallyaccepttheapplicationofapplicationside,areviewcommitteewillbequicklyformed，andanauditteamleaderwillbeappointed.Auditteamhaveleastoneprofessionalauditstaffortechnicalexpertswithitemkindfromthescopeoftheauditinordertoassisttheauditteamtoaudit。Auditscanbedividedintothreesteps:文件审核对申请方提交的准备文件进行详细的审查，这是实施现场审核基础工作。申请方需要编写好其环境管理体系文件，在审核过程中，若发现申请方的EMS手册不符合要求，则由其采取有效纠正措施直至符合要求。认证机构对这些文件进行认真审核之后，如果认为合格，就准备进入现场审核阶段.Documentreviewthesubmissionoftheprepareddocumentsfromapplicantisdetailedlyreviewed,whichisthebasicwork-siteaudit。Applicantneedtowriteagoodenvironmentalmanagementsystemdocumentsaboutit.Inthereviewprocess,ifitisfoundthattheapplicantsidedonotmeettherequirementsoftheEMSManual，effectivecorrectiveactionistakeduntilitmeetstherequirements。Aftercertificationbodycarefullyreviewthesedocuments,ifitisdeemedasqualification,itwillentertheon-siteauditphase现场审核在完成对申请方的文件审查和预审基础上，审核组长要制定一个审核计划，告知申请方并征求申请方的意见，申请方接到审核计划之后,如果对审核计划的某些条款或安排有不同意见，立即通知审核组长或认证机构，并在现场审核前解决好这些问题.解决好这些问题之后，审核组正式实施现场审核，主要目的就是通过对申请方进行现场实地考察，验证EMS手册、程序文件和作业指导书等一系列文件的实际执行情况，从而来评价该环境管理体系运行的有效性，判别申请方建立的环境管理体系和ISO14001标准是否相符合.2。 Auditon—sitetheauditorleadershallformulateanauditplantoinformtheapplicantandseektheviewsoftheapplicantonthebasisofthecompletionofthedocumentreviewoftheapplicationside。Afterapplicationsidereceivestheauditplan，ifhehavedifferentviewsaboutcertainprovisionsorarrangementoftheauditplan，theseniorofauditororcertificationbodyisimmediatelynotified,andtheseproblemsaresolvedbeforethereviewon-site.Afterresolvingtheseproblems，auditteamformallyimplementreviewon—siteinordertobeon—siteinspectiontotheapplicationside，validateEMSmanual,procedures，operatinginstructionsandotherdocumentsandthepracticalimplementationofaseriesofdocuments.ThisresultevaluatestheeffectivenessoftheoperationanddifferentiatestheestablishedenvironmentalmanagementsystemofapplicationsideandevaluateswhetherISO14001standardsareconsistent。在实施现场审核过程中，审核小组每天都要进行内部讨论，由审核组长主持，全体审核员参加，对本次审核的结构进行全面的评定，确定现场审核中发现的哪些不符合情况需写成不符合项报告及其严重程度。Intheimplementationofreviewprocesson—site,theauditteamconductaninternaldiscussionchairedbytheauditteamleader，attendedbyallauditorseveryday.Theyroundlyassessthestructureofthisaudittodeterminewhatnon—compliancesarerequiredtowritereportsofnon-compliancesandtheirseverity.3。跟踪审核申请方按照审核计划与认证机构商定时间纠正发现的不符合项，纠正措施完成之后递交认证机构。认证机构收到材料后，组织原来的审核小组的成员对纠正措施的效果进行跟踪审核。如果审核结果表明被审核方报来的材料详细确实，则可以进入注册阶段的工作。3.ApplicanttrackingauditApplicationsideinaccordancewithauditplanandtheagreedtimeofcertificationbodycorrecttheidentifiednon—conformity。Afterthecorrectivemeasuresarecompleted，itaresubmittedthecertificationbody。Aftercertificationbodyreceivematerials,membersoftheoriginalauditteamfromtheorganizationtrackandaudittheeffectsofthecorrectedmeasures.Iftheauditresultsshowthatthesubmittedmaterialsoftheapplicationsideisdetailedandreal,theregistrationphasecanbecarriedout.三、报批并颁发证书三、Approvalandissuanceofcertificate根据注册材料上报清单的要求，审核组长对上报材料进行整理并填写注册推荐上交认证机构进行复审，如果合格，认证机构将发放证书，将该申请方列入获证目录，申请方可以通过各种媒介来宣传，并可以在产品上加贴注册标识。Accordingtosubmitteddemandsoflistingfromtheregisteredmaterial,theauditteamleaderconductstotrimandfillout，registerandrecommendmaterialstohandovercertificationbodiestoreviewforsubmittedmaterials.Ifitiseligible，thecertificationbodywillissuethecertificateandtheapplicantwillbelistedthecertifieddirectory。Theapplicantmaypropagandizethroughavarietyofmedia,andcanaffixtheregisteredmarkontheproduct。四、监督检查及复审、换证四、Supervisionandinspectionandreview,replacement在证书有效期限内，认证机构对获证企业进行监督检查，以保证该环境管理体系符合ISO14001标准要求，并能够切实、有效地运行。证书有效期满后，或者企业的认证范围、模式、机构名称等发生重大变化后，该认证机构受理企业的换证申请，以保证企业不断改进和完善其环境管理体系.Inthetermofvalidityofthecertificate,thecertificationbodiesconductsupervisionandinspectionforaccreditedenterprisestoensurethattheenvironmentalmanagementsystemisinlinewithISO14001standards,andbeabletoeffectivelyandefficientlyrun.Afterthevalidtermofthecertificateexpire,ortheenterprisecertificationcovers，models，agencieshavemajorchanges，thecertificationbodydealwiththeapplicationofthereplacementforcertificateinordertoensurethatbusinessescontinuetoimproveandrefineitsenvironmentalmanagementsystem.如何获得ISO14001认证证书？HowtoobtainISO14001certificate?企业(或其他组织)如果向要获得ISO14001证书，首先需要在咨询机构的帮助下，建立起环境管理体系，在这个体系运行3个月之后，向第三方认证机构申请认证，认证机构按照公正、合理、规范的原则，对其建立起的环境管理体系进行审核，如果合格，认证机构将发给证书，如果不合格，认证机构将开出不符合项，企业进行纠正，然后企业进行跟踪审核，如果合格就颁发证书.Ifenterprise(orotherorganization)wanttoobtainISO14001certificate，itisimportantthatenvironmentalmanagementsystemissetupunderthehelpofanadvisorybody.。Afterthissystemrunsthreemonths，thecertificationisappliedtothethird-partycertificationbody。Certificationbodyinaccordancewithfair，reasonable，normativeaccordancewithfair，reasonable，normativeprinciplesestablishitsenvironmentalmanagementsysteminordertoaudit.Ifitiseligible,thecertificationbodywillissuethecertificate。。Ifitisnotqualified,thecertificationbodywillopenanon-conformity。.Enterprisescorrectit，thencompaniestrackandaudit.if下面介绍一下具体步骤：itisqualified，thecertificateisissued。Thefollowingintroduceconcretesteps首先，向咨询机构作ISO14001方面的咨询.Aboveall,thecounselingofISO14001isfromtheadvisorybody我国目前在北京、天津、浙江、山东、辽宁、江苏、福建、上海、四川、陕西、广东、山西等省、市共有25家咨询机构。这些咨询机构能够帮助企业了解ISO14001标准知识、建立文件化的环境管理体系、运行环境管理体系。Chinacurrentlyhaveatotalof25advisorybodyinBeijing,Tianjin,Zhejiang，Shandong,Liaoning，Jiangsu，Fujian，Shanghai,Sichuan,Shaanxi,GuangdongandShanxiprovinces,municipalities.TheseadvisorybodiescanhelpenterprisesunderstandknowledgeofISO14001standard,establishdocumentedenvironmentalmanagementsystemandrunenvironmentmanagementsystem当体系运行三个月之后向认证机构提出申请，企业申请认证必须具备的条件有两点：Whenthesystemrunsthreemonthslater，theapplicationisadvancedtothecertificationbody,enterprisesmustpossesstheconditionsforapplyingforcertification,whicharetwopoints.遵守国家及地方有关环境保护法规、标准及总量控制标准；Tocomplywithstateandlocallawsandregulationsconcerningenvironmentalprotection,localstandardsandlocaltotalcontrolstandards已按ISO14001标准建立环境管理体系，并至少运行三个月以上。AccordingtoISO14001standard,environmentalmanagementsystemhasbeenestablishedanditrunatleastmorethanthreemonths。目前，我国共有12家环境管理体系认证机构，企业在选择认证机构时可以综合考虑这几家认证机构的认证水平、认证人员的业务能力、认证机构的信誉以及认证费用，然后选择合适的认证机构。选定认证机构以后，按照认证机构的要求提出注册申请,认证机构组织审核员对企业进行环境管理体系审核.Atpresent,thereareatotalof12environmentalmanagementsystemcertificationbodyinchina.Whencompanyselectsacertificationbody，accreditationlevels,operationalcapabilitiesofcertificationpersonnel，thecredibility,costsofthisseveralcertificationandthenselectsappropriatecertificationbodies。Afterselectingcertificationbody,theadvancedapplicationforregistrationisinaccordancebodiesarecomprehensivelyconsidered，withtherequirementsofcertificationbody。.Auditorsofcertificationorganizationsconducttoaudittheenvironmentalmanagementsystemofcompany.环境管理体系审核就是客观地获取审核证据并予以评价，以判断一个组织(或企业)的环境管理体系是否符合环境管理体系审核准则的一个系统化并形成文件的验证过程。环境审核的主要步骤分五步：Auditforenvironmentalmanagementsystemisanobjectivetoobtainauditevidenceandgiveanevaluationtodeterminewhetherenvironmentalmanagementsystemofanorganization(orenterprise)isincompliancewithsystematismofauditcriteriafromenvironmentalmanagementsystemtoformverificationprocessofdocumentary。。Environmentalauditcanchieflydividedintofivesteps:第一步：确定审核目的和审核范围：环境管理体系审核的目的在于对照环境管理体系审核准则中的要求来判断以下几项事项：？衡量受审核方环境管理体系运行及符合情况；？确定其环境管理体系是否得到了妥善的实施和保持；？发现体系中可进一步改善的因素；？评价组织内部管理评审是否能够保证环境管理体系的持续有效和适用.Stepone:determinethescopeofauditobjectivesandaudit::auditaimsofenvironmentalmanagementsystemareinaccordancewithauditrequirementsofenvironmentalmanagementsystemtodeterminethefollowingmatters:？measureoperationandcomplianceofenvironmentalmanagementsystemfromtheauditedside;?determinethattheenvironmentalmanagementsystemhasbeenproperlyimplementedandmaintained；?discoverthatsystemfactorscanbefurtherimproved；？evaluatewhetherinternalmanagementreviewfromtheorganizationcanensurethedurative,validityandflexibilityofenvironmentalmanagementsystem。第二步：确定审核准则：？衡量环境管理体系是否完善；？环境管理体系的活动是否正确；？实施情况是否良好；？体系是否充分适合于组织的环境方针和目标.Steptwo:determinetheauditingcriteria：？measurewhetherenvironmentalmanagementsystemisperfect;？areactivitiesofenvironmentalmanagementsystemcorrect？?Istheimplementationgood？？Issystemfullyappropriatefortheorganization’senvironmentalpolicyandobjectives?第三步：收集信息并做出分析，以提供审核证据Stepthree:gatherinformationandmakeanalysistoprovideauditevidence第四步：判断审核证据是否符合审核准则(注意证据与结论有可能受时间、资源的限制而有局限性和不确定性)Stepfour:determinewhetherauditevidenceisincompliancewiththeauditingcriteria(Notethattheevidenceandconclusionsmayberestrictedbytimeandresource，solimitationsanduncertaintiesappear)第五步:提交审核报告，做出结论Stepfive:Submitauditreports,andmakeconclusions颁发证书之后，表明企业已经按照ISO14000标准建立起了环境管理体系，证书的有效期为3年，在3年内，认证机构还要对企业进行监督审核，以确保企业有效实施已经建立起来的环境管理体系。3年期满之后，如果企业想继续获得证书，需要进行复审换证.Aftertheissuanceofthecertificate,thisindicatethatenterpriseinaccordancewithISO14000standardhasbeenestablishedenvironmentalmanagementsystem。Thecertificateisvalidfor3years.。Inthreeyears,thecertificationbodyshouldsuperviseandaudittheenterprisetoensurethatenterprisehasalreadysetuptheeffectiveimplementationofenvironmentalmanagementsystem。。Aftertheexpiryofthreeyears，ifcompanywanttocontinuetoreceivethecertificate，itneedreviewreplacement。ISO14000认证有什么好处？WhatarethebenefitsofISO14000certification?总体上说，实施ISO14001有两大好处：Generallyspeaking,therearetwoadvantagesoftheimplementationofISO140011。促进国际贸易1.Promoteinternationaltrade从促进贸易的角度来看，ISO14000是一个具有灵活性的环境管理体系标准。它除了要求企业在其环境方针中对遵守有关法律、法规和持续改进做出承诺外，并不规定环境绩效的绝对要求，因此两个从事类似活动但具有不同环境绩效的企业，可能都达到ISO14000的要求。同时，ISO14000强调根据本国本地区的环境状况，符合本国本地区而非出口市场所在国的环保法律法规。这就体现了贸易的对等原则，有助于消除技术性贸易壁垒.Fromtheperspectiveoftradepromotion，ISO14000isaflexibleenvironmentalmanagementsystemstandards。.Besidesurgingbusinessestomakeacommitmentagainsttherelevantlaws,regulations,andcontinuousimprovementfromenvironmentalpolicy，itdoesnotprescribetheabsoluterequirementsofenvironmentalperformance。。Therefore,bothenterprisesengagedinsimilaractivitiesbutwithdifferentenvironmentalperformancemayhavereachedtherequirementsofISO14000..Atthesametime,ISO14000stressedthatenvironmentallawsandregulationsisconsistentwithhomelandandthisregionratherthannationforexportmarkets，whichbasedontheirownstateoftheenvironment。.Thisembodiestheprincipleofreciprocityintrade,whichishelpfultoeliminatetechnicalbarrierstotrade.2。提高企业管理水平、增强企业竞争力2.Improveenterprisemanagementlevel,andenhancethecompetitivenessofenterprises对企业组织的好处a。 Thebenefitsforenterpriseorganization增强环境管理意识？企业管理层和员工的承诺和支持;Strengthenawarenessofenvironmentalmanagement?corporatemanagementandstaffcommitmentandsupport改善企业形象?所有的人都喜欢你；Improvethecorporateimage?allpeoplelikeyou与当地社区搞好关系?不再由于不必要的摩擦而分散精力；Goodrelationswithlocalcommunities?nodistractionenergybecauseofunnecessaryfriction更容易招募员工?清洁的环境吸引高素质的人员加盟；Itiseasiertorecruitstaff？acleanenvironmenttoattracthighlyqualifiedpersonneltojoin减少法律诉讼的风险?减少消费者和政府部门的法律行动，环境审核帮助发现和预计问题所在，采取纠正措施解决问题；Reducetheriskoflegalproceedings?reducethelegalactionofconsumerandgovernmentdepartments.。Environmentalauditishelpfultofindandpredictproblemsandtakecorrectivemeasurestosolvetheproblem；降低保险费用？降低发生事故的风险；Reduceinsurancecosts?reducetheriskofanaccident更容易取得财政支持?银行借助环境管理体系对企业有关项目的环境影响进行评估.Itiseasiertoobtainfinancialsupport？bankwhoisbasedonenvironmentalmanagementsystemassessestheenvironmentalimpactoftherelatedprojectfromenterprises对企业经营的好处thebenefitsforbusiness减少清洁工作的费用?废物和污染物排放的减少；reducethecostofcleaning?reductionofwasteandpollutantsemission发生灾难性事故的风险减少?在环境管理体系中对环境风险进行明确和预防；Reducetheriskofcatastrophicaccidents?inenvironmentalmanagementsystemsrisksoftenvironmentareconfirmedandprevented提高技术水平?工艺和过程的革新；Improvethetechnicallevel？innovationoftechnologyandprocess节能降耗，降低成本；Saveenergy，reducecosts减少废物处置成本。Reducewastedisposalcostsc。 对企业产品开发的好处Thebenefitsforenterpriseproductdevelopment产品革新？比如用再生纸做包装，生产能源消耗少的产品Productinnovation?suchaspackagingmadebyrecycledpaper,andproductsoflowconsumptionofproductionenergyd。 对企业市场营销的好处d。 Thebenefitsforenterprisemarketing.更好的销售？环保法律法规对零售商的压力；Bettersales?environmentallawsandregulationshavethepressureonretailers产品特色?提高在环境方面的竞争优势；ProductFeatures？improvecompetitiveadvantageintheenvironmentalfield更强的国际竞争力。Strongerinternationalcompetitiveness如何看待ISO14000在对外经济贸易发展中的地位？HowtoviewstatusofISO14000inforeigneconomicandtradedevelopment?ISO14000标准强调污染预防和持续改进，要求建立职责明确、运作规范、文件化的监控管理体系，通过合理有效的管理方案和运行程序来达到环境目标和指标，实现环境方针。这套体系如果实施得当，将会在较的时间内提高企业环境管理水平和员工素质，并有助于企业扩大市场份额，提高产品附加值，实现经济和环保可持续性协调发展。从根本上讲，这与我国外经贸所倡导的“从劳动密集型向技术密集型转变、从粗放型向集约型经济转变”的两个根本性转变，“以质取胜〃和“外经贸名牌战略”是完全一致的。因此，我们应当从战略的高度看待ISO14000，并将其纳入我国的外经贸发展战略。ISO14000standardsemphasizepollutionpreventionandcontinuousimprovementandrequiretheestablishmentofclearresponsibilities，operationalstandards,file-orientedmonitoringandmanagementsystem..Throughreasonableandeffectivemanagementofprogramsandoperationalprocedures，environmentalobjectivesandtargetsareachievedtoimplementenvironmentalpolicy。.Thissystem,ifproperlyimplemented,willtoimprovecorporateenvironmentalmanagementlevelandemployeequalityinmuchshortertimeandhelpenterprisestoexpandtheirmarketshare,increaseaddedvalueofproductandachievethecoordinateddevelopmentofeconomicandenvironmentalsustainability。.Basically，thisisentirelyconsistentwith"shiftfromthelabor一intensivetotechnology-intensiveandchangefromextensivetointensiveeconomicadvocatedbythecountry’sforeigntrade,","winningbyquality"and"strategyofbrand一namefromforeigntrade"..Therefore,weshouldlookonIS014000fromastrategicheight,andbringitintoeconomicdevelopmentstrategiesofthecountry'sforeigntrade。首先，应该高度重视IS014000工作，将其作为一个能够促进国际贸易，有利于提高企业环境管理水平和人员素质的行之有效的管理工具，抓紧推广和实施。从以往IS09000推行的经验来看，那些及早动手，深刻理解和实施标准精髓的企业都是最大的受益者。在IS014000推行工作工作中也应借鉴这种做法，及早研究，及早决策，抓紧推广，认真实施，注重吸收国际成功经验，并结合国情和企业实际，解决我国企业的实际问题.Firstly,weshouldattachgreatimportancetotheworkofIS014000tomakeitpromoteinternationaltradeandbehelpfultoimproveeffectivethemanagementtoolsofcorporateenvironmentalmanagementandqualityofpersonnel,soitshouldbeperemptorilyspreadedandimplemented。.FrompreviousexperienceofimplementingISO9000,theenterpriseswhichearlymakeitandprofoundlyunderstand、implementtheessenceofstandardsarethelargestbeneficiaries..IntheimplementationworkofISO14000thisapproachshouldalsobeused.。.weshouldearlystudyit,earlymakeitsdecision,paycloseattentiontopromotion，conscientiouslyimplementitandpayattentiontoabsorbinternationalsuccessfulexperiencecombinedwiththeactualconditionsandbusinesstosolvepracticalproblemsinChina’senterprises其次，开展ISO14000工作应从“利国、利民、兴业〃的角度出发，才能达到最终的目的和取得最佳的效果。对于ISO14000标准在提高企业环境管理水平，扩大出口，改善环境状况等方面的积极作用，各方面基本上已达成了共识。关键是在ISO14000的推广和实施过程中，政府、企业、认可机构、认证机构、咨询机构、环保科研机构、采购商等相关各方要加强沟通，紧密协作。要多考虑国家利益、人民利益和优秀民族企业的利益，而不囿于部门或机构的小利益，密切配合，才能将ISO14000这块蛋糕做大、做好。这样，既有利于ISO14000事业的快速、健康发展，也使得参加ISO14000工作的社会各方尽快地得到各自的回报。Secondly,carryingoutISO14000workshouldbeginfromConducivetonationandpeople,prosperity，”inordertoachievetheultimategoalandthebestresults.。ISO14000standardishelpfultoimproveenvironmentalmanagementlevelofcorporate,toexpandexports,improvetheenvironmentalconditionssuchasthepositiverole,soallaspectsbasicallyreachaconsensus。。InthepromotionandimplementationofISO14000thekeyisthatthegovernment，enterprises,accreditationbodies,certificationbodies，advisorybodies,environmentalprotectionandscientificresearchinstitutions，buyersandotherrelevantpartiesshouldstrengthencommunicationandclosecollaboration。.givingmoreconsiderationtonationalinterests,thepeople’sinterestsandtheinterestsofthebestnationalenterprisesinsteadofbeinglimitedtotheinterestsofasmalldepartmentoragencyandcloseco—ordinationcanmakeISO14000becomebigpieceofcakeandgood.。ThiswaynotonlyhelpsISO14000tocauserapidandhealthydevelopment,butalsomakesallsectorsofsocietyoftheworkofparticipatinginISO14000gettheirreturnassoonaspossible最后，还应全面地看待ISO14000标准.既要看到它的先进性、科学性，代表未来一段时期环境管理的发展方向。同时，ISO14000具有一定的灵活性，除了要求企业在其环境方针中对遵守有关法律、法规和持续改进作出承诺外，并不规定环境表现的绝对要求，因此两个从事类似活动但环境表现不同的企业，可能都达到ISO14000标准要求。因此，可以通过符合本地区而非出口市场所在国的环保法律法规来达到ISO14000要求，体现了贸易的对等原则，有助于消除贸易壁垒.但是，我们也应该看到，西方发达国家都是在非常好的环境管理经验、环保科技的基础上采用ISO14000标准的，在这一点上，包括我们在内的大部分发展我国家与西方发达国家并不处在同一起跑线上，这种劣势有可能通过西方发达国家的严格立法和贸易政策转化成对我出口产品的贸易壁垒。为此，我们应当努力迎头赶上，尽快实施ISO14000标准，同时还应通过双边和多边贸易协定等国际谈判方式，据理力争，以求为我国的出口企业留出一段推行ISO14001标准,与国际接轨的时间.Finally,ISO14000standardsshouldbecomprehensivelyviewed..Wemustseeitsadvancedandscientifictrait，whichrepresentthedirectionofdevelopmentofenvironmentalmanagementinthefuture。.Atthesametime,ISO14000hasacertaindegreeofflexibility・・・Besidesrequiringcompaniestomakeacommitmentaboutlaws,regulations，andcontinuousimprovement,itdoesnotprescribetheabsoluterequirementsofenvironmentalperformance。。Therefore,bothenterprisesengagedinsimilaractivitiesbutwithdifferentenvironmentalperformancemayhavereachedtherequirementsofISO14000。。Sothroughenvironmentallawsandregulationsofhomelandandthisregionratherthannationforexportmarkets，itcanachievetherequirementsofISO14000..Thisembodiestheprincipleofreciprocityintrade，whichishelpfultoeliminatetechnicalbarrierstotrade。.However，weshouldalsoseethatthedevelopedcountriesoftheWesternuseISO14000standardsonthebasisofaverygoodexperienceofenvironmentalmanagement,andenvironmentalprotectiontechnology..Atthispoint,ournationandmostofthedevelopingthecountriesarenotthesamestartinglinewiththeweshoulddevelopedWesterncountries…ThisdisadvantagemaycausetradebarriersChina'sstrivetocatchupassoonaspossibleandimplementISO14000standards。.AtthesameexportproductbystrictlegislationandtradepoliciesofWesterncountries。.Sotime，throughbilateralandmultilateraltradeagreementsandotherinternationalnegotiations,weshallstruggleinordertosetasideaperiodofimplementationofISO14001standardsforourexport，jointinternationalthetime..ISO14000认证对国际贸易的影响ISO14000certificationimpactsinternationaltrade开展ISO14000对我国开展国际贸易有什么影响呢？HowdoestheimplementationofISO14000affectChinasinternationaltrade?从微观上讲，ISO14000是企业自愿采用的、自我约束性的标准，它的管理对象是某一具体组织运行活动的外部存在，是与该组织的活动、产品或服务发生相互作用的微观生态环境及其要素。但是，由于在其发展过程中受到市场、法律和政治、企业自身经济利益等多种力量的驱动，ISO14000这个国际标准已逐渐成为一种国际语言，通过国际化经济和商务的作用，将其影响迅速扩展到全球经济的每个角落，并对国际贸易产生了影响，这主要体现在以下两个方面：Fromthemicroperspective,ISO14000isavoluntaryandself—bindingstandardsofenterprise.。Itsmanagementobjectistheexternalpresenceofaspecificorganizationandoperationactivitiesandisassociatedwithmicro-ecologicalenvironmentandelementswhichhaveaninteractionaleffectwiththeorganization’sactivities,productsorservices,However，becauseinitsdevelopmentprocessitisdriv