英语动词的时态和语态

#动词的时态和语态一、.英语动词的形式：英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式：动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三)：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。过去式：主要用于一般过去时。现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。过去分词：主要用于完成时态或被动语态，或语法规定的其他情况。英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词和过去分词。如：work—works一worked—working一worked。它们的构成及形式构成例词动词原形不带to的动词不定式形式(也就是词典中一般给予的形式)be,have,do,come第三人称单数形式1•在动词原形后加-S以ch,sh,s,o,x结尾的动词后加-es以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i,再加-es4•以元音字母+y结尾的动词后加-s读音：词尾-es或-s在［s］、⑵、［t］、［d］后面读［iz］；在清辅音后读［s］；在浊辅音及兀音后读［z］；在［t］,［d］后读［ts］、［dz］。run—runsteachfteacheswash—washesgofgoespass—passestry—triesstay—stays过去式与过去分词(规则变化)1•在动词原形后加-ed2•以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再加-ed3.以重读闭音节个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ed注：不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规则动词表逐渐记住读音:词尾-ed在清辅音后读［t］；在浊辅音和兀音后读［d］；在出和［d］后读［id］。work—workedcarry—carriedstop—stoppedgo-went-gone现在分词1•在动词原形后加-ing2•以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing3.以重读闭音节个辅音字母结尾的动词，先双写结尾的辅音字母再加-ing4•少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y，再加-ingread—readingwrite—writingswim—swimmingdie—dying二、动词的时态动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。1、一般现在时结构：do/doeshave/hasbe（am/is/are）标志语：often，always，usually，sometimes,never,everyday,in+时间段，等。（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示主语的身份和特征Hegoestoschooleveryday.b.Heisastudent/handsome.（2）表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.（3）少数动词用于谈论时间表、节目单或日程表上所安排好的事情。此类动词有begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等Thetrainleavesat8:50.Themeetingbeginsatseven.Therainstartsatnineinthemorning.（4）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。常考的此类从句有：assoonas，until，if和when引导的从句。a.Ifyoucomethisafternoon,we'llhaveameeting.b.Whenhegraduates,I'llgotocountryside.一般过去时结构：did标志语：yesterday，thedaybeforeyesterday，...ago，last...,in1998（1）表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去习惯性经常性的动作或者状态。HesawMr.Wangyesterday.b.Maryalwaysgotuptoolateandneverhadenoughtimeforbreakfastwhenshewasatmiddleschool.（2）表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用“usedto“和“would+动词原形”。Iusedtosmoke.DuringthevacationIwouldswiminthesea.探”usedto“表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。“beusedto”+名词（动名词）”表示“习惯于a.Iamusedtotheclimatehere.b.Heisusedtoswimminginwinter.（3）在具体的语境中表示“刚刚；刚才”,而暗含“现在不那样了”。Oh,it'syou,John.Ididn'tknowyouwerehere.一般将来时结构：willdo、shalldo、be（is、am、are）goingtodo标志语：tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,next...,in+时间段,in2010等（1）表示将来的动作或状态WewilltravelBeijingtomorrow.（2）几种表达将来的区别1）“begoingto+动词原形”表示按计划或打算要发生的动作或者按迹象要发生的事情。Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.It'sgoingtorain.“beto+动词原形”表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.Arewetogoonwiththiswork?“beaboutto“+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作,意为bereadytodosth.后面一般不跟时间状语。Wewereabouttoleavewhenitrained.（3）go,come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。Don'tworry.Heiscomingsoon.I'mleavingforBeijingtomorrow.(4)某些动词(如come,go,leave,arrive,start,get,stay等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。(与一般现在时第(3)点相同。)现在进行时结构：be(am/is/are)doing标志语：now,look,listen等(1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行或现阶段时间内一直进行的动作(可能中间暂停)也可用“系动词+介词或副词”表示进行时I'mwatchingTVnow.Look!Heisjumpingupanddown.Listen!Sheissingingnexttomyhouse.I'mwritinganovelthesedays.Thebridgeisunderconstruction.Thetwocountrieswereatwar.现在进行时与频率副词always，again等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。Thelittleboyisalwaysmakingtrouble.这个小男孩总是惹麻烦。有些动词的进行时态还可用来表示将来时。这类动词有go,come,start,leave,arrive,move,die等。(与一般将来时的第(5)项相同)过去进行时基本结构：be(was/were)doing标志语：at8:00yesterday、when、while、…(1)过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.※英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时(现在进行时和过去进行时)：表示心理状态、情感的动词：love、hate、like、care、please、prefer、know等。表示存在、状态的动词，如：appear、exist、lie(位于)、remain、seem等。表示感觉的动词see、hear、feel(摸起来)、smell、sound、taste表示一时性的动词accept、allow、decide、end、refuse、promise等。如：Onthefootofthemountainliesasmallvillage.山脚下有一个小山村。Thesilkfeelssoftandsmooth.这种丝绸摸起来又滑又软。Thiskindofbookssellswell.现在完成时结构：have/hasdone标志语：since+时间点，for+时间段，already、yet、ever、never、sofar,untilnow,uptonow表示动作开始于过去，持续到现在HehasstudiedEnglishsince1985.Ihavebeenmarriedfor10years.注意：表示短暂时间动作的词(如come,go,die,marry,buy等)的完成时不能与for,since等表示一般时间的词连用。现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。Ihaveseenthefilm.Thefilmisworthseeing.have(has)beento与have(has)gonetohave(has)beento+某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时已经回来了。have（has）goneto+某地，说明去某地了，说话时还没有回来。HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimes.他去过北京三次。（他已经不在北京了）HehasgonetoShanghai.他去上海了。（可能在去上海的路上，或已到上海，总之，现在不在这里）⑷句型It/This/Thatisthefirst/lasttime…中，从句谓语动词要用现在完成时。ThisisthefirsttimeI'vebeenhere.7．过去完成时结构：haddone标志语：bythetime,或主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中（1）表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。Wehadbuiltfivenewhousesbytheendoflastyear.（2）表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”ThefilmhadbegunbeforeIgottothecinema.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.⑶句型Itwasthefirst/lasttime…中，从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时。Thatwasthesecondtimethattheyhadwitnessedanaccidentatthecrossing.8．过去将来时结构：should（第一人称）/would+do,be（was、were）goingtodo表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。TheyaskedmeifIwouldgotoGuangzhousoon.他们问我是否很快要去广州。Shetoldmeshewouldcomeagainnextweek.她和我说她下周还来。9.现在完成进行时结构：have（has）+been+现在分词表示现在以前一直进行的动作，还有可能继续下去。有些动词（work,study,live,teach等）用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多。但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思Ihaveworkedhereforelevenyears.（到说话时，我再这儿工作三年了）Ihavebeenworkinghereforelevenyears.（到现在为止，我在这儿工作三年了，有可能还继续在这里工作）Ihavebeenwritingaletter.（从过去某一时间开始写信，一直写到现在，还有可能继续写）注意：表示短暂动作的动词（finish,marry,getup,come,go等）不能用这种时态。※几种常用时态的比较一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。Marywrotealettertoherfriendlastnight.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（信写完了）Marywaswritingalettertoherfriendlastnight.玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（信不一定写完）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，女如yesterday,lastnight,threeweeksago,in1990等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。Ihaveseenthefilm.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）Isawthefilmlastweek.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）Hehaslivedheresince1992.1992年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）Helivedherein1992.1992年他住在这里。（不涉及现在他是否还住在这里）现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。三、动词语态1．当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。构成：助动词be+过去分词，时态通过be表现出来。时态动词形式例子一般现在时am/is/aredoneYouarerequiredtodothis.一般过去时was/weredoneThestorywastoldbyher.一般将来时shall/willbedoneTheproblemwillbediscussedtomorrow.现在进行时am/is/arebeingdoneTheroadisbeingwidened.过去进行时was/werebeingdoneThenewtoolwasbeingmade.过去将来时should/wouldbedoneThenovelhasbeenread.现在完成时has/havebeendoneHesaidthattheworkhadbeenfinished.过去完成时hadbeendoneHesaidthatthetreeswouldbeplantedsoon.带情态动词的情态动词+bedoneTheproblemmustbesolvedsoon.注：带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.（比较：Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.）短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中介副词。begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动语态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动语态。Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.3）主动形式表示被动意义的词。常见的有：a.主动形式（need/require/want/deserve）,这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系。Thechildrenneedlookingafter.Thewindowswants/requiresrepairing.Thispointdeservesmentioning.有些及物动词后须加副词（如：well,easily等），有些可不加，如：act,clean,cut,draw,lock,open,play,read,sell,shut,strike,wash,write等。Theclothwashes/sellswell.Thedoorwon'tshut.Theplaywon'tact.形容词worth后直接加动名词时，如：Thebookisworthreadingtwice.某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。Thefishisnotfittoeat.某些感官动词（如：feel,look,prove,smell,sound,taste,wear等）与形容词连用时：Thewaterfeelsverycold.Thedishtastesdelicious.4）以下动词构成的句子不能改为被动句：动词leave,enter,reach等的宾语是表示处所、地点（国家、团体，组织、军队）等。表示状态的动词，如：become,benefit,cost,contain,equal,fit,fail,have,lack,last,mean,suit,looklike等。下列不及物动词及短语：appear,belongto,breakout,die,happen,lie,occur,rise,takeplace,agreewith,belongto,consistof,haveon,keepupwith及一些固定词组，女口keepwords,loseheart,makeaface等。宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源代词，不定式，动名词，抽象名词等。5）汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：据说Itissaidthat...希望Itishopedthat...据推测说...Itisguessedthat必须承认Itmustbeadmittedthat...必须扌旨出...Itmustbepointedoutthat...众所周矢口Itiswellknownthat...有人会说Itissupposedthat...大家认为...Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...有人相信..Itisbelievedthat.据报道Itisreportedthat.四、动词时态和语态做题技巧如下：根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态动词时态须与句中时间状语一致。高考题常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。因此敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态。根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态近年来的高考试题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应,而是将其放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查,也会结合强调结构等其它语法现象进行考查。考生在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点：在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态，一般过去时态表示过去将来时态,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:如果主句动词为现在时态,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态，如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态（表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态）。根据具体的语言环境选择时态近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。考生要捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题。Exercises:用括号内单词的正确的形式填空Itisafineday.Thesun(shine)brightly.(isshining/shines)They(visit)theScienceMuseumnextSunday.(willvisit)MrBrown(live)inBeijingsincehecametoChina.(haslived)MrWang(teach)usEnglishtwoyearsago.(taught)TheSmiths(watch)TVatthistimelastnight.(waswatching)We(learn)abouttenEnglishsongsbytheendoflastterm.(hadlearned)Fathersaidthathe(buy)anewbikeformethenextFriday.(wouldbuy)Billisn'there.He(chat)withhisfriendsintheclassroom.(ischatting)Theteachersaidthatthemoon(go)roundtheearth.(goes)TheYoungPioneerswillgotothezooifit(notrain)thisSunday.doesn'train)Listen!They(talk)aboutthenewfilm.(aretalking)Mymobilephone(steal)onabuslastweek.(wasstolen)Thehost(interview)thelittleboyjustnow.(interviewed)TheGreens(watch)TVnow.(arewatching)Hesaidthathe(ring)meupwhenhegotthere.(wouldring)We(learn)Englishforaboutthreeyears.(havelearned/havebeenlearning)19.Thefarmers(pick)appleswhenIsawthem.(werepicking)Thefilm(begin)whenIgottothecinema.(hadbegun)ThegirltoldmethatshewantedtobeanEnglishteacherwhenshe(grow)up.()youbeen(wear)glassesallthetime?(Have;wearing)I'llgohomeassoonasI(finish)myhomework.(finish)Mostsciencebooksare(write)inEnglish.(arewritten)高考题(07广东)Thesunwassettingwhenmycar31broke(break)downneararemoteandpoorvillage.(08广东)Beingtooanxioustohelpaneventdevelopoften40results_(result)inthecontrarytoourintention.(09广东)peoplesteppedonyourfeetor34pushed,(push)youwiththeirelbows(肘部),hurryingaheadtogettoabargain.(09广东)Hermotherwasexcited.“Yourfatherhasatlastdecidedtostopsmoking,”Jane39wasinformed(inform).(2010广东)Afterafour-dayjourney,theyoungman33presented,(present)thewatertotheoldman.(2011广东)OneSundaymorninginAugustIwenttoalocalmusicfestival.IleftitearlybecauseIhadanappointment16(late)thatday.Myfriendswalkedmetothebusstopandwaitedwithme17thebusarrived.Igotonthebusandfoundaseatneartheback,andthenInoticedaman18(sit)atthefront.He19(pretend)thatatigertoywasrealandgivingitavoice.Hemustbe20(mental)disabled.Behindhimwereotherpeopleto21hewastryingtotalk,butaftersomeminutes22walkedawayandsatnearme,lookingannoyedIdidn'twanttobelaughedatfortalkingtohimbutIdidn'tlikeleavinghim23hisowneither.AfterawhileIrosefrommyseatandwalkedtothefrontofthebus.Isatnexttothemanandintroducedmyself.Wehad24amazingconversation.HegotoffthebusbeforemeandIfeltveryhappytherestofthewayhome.I'mgladImadeachoice.Itmade25ofusfeelgood.(2012广东)Marywillneverforgetthefirsttimeshesawhim.Hesuddenlyappearedinclassoneday,16(wear)sunglasses.Hewalkedinas讦he17(buy)theschool.AndthewordquicklygotaroundthathewasfromNewYorkCity.ForsomereasonhesatbesideMary.Maryfelt18(please),becausethereweremanyemptyseatsintheroom.Butshequicklyrealizedthatitwasn'ther,itwasprobablythefactthatshesatin19lastrow.20hethoughthecouldescapeattentionbysittingattheback,hewaswrong.Itmighthavemadeitalittle21(hard)foreverybodybecauseitmeanttheyhadtoturnaround,butthatdidn'tstopthekidsintheclass.Ofcoursewhenevertheyturnedtolookathim,theyhadtolookatMary,22madeherfeellikeastar."Doyouneedthoseglassesformedicalreasons?”theteacherasked.Thenewboyshookhishead.“ThenI'dappreciateitifyoudidn'twearthemintheclass.IliketolookatyoureyeswhenI'mspeakingtoyou.”Thenewboylookedattheteacher23afewsecondsandalltheotherstudentswondered24theboywoulddo.Thenhetook25off,gaveabigsmileandsaid,"That'scool.”(2013广东)Oneday,Nickinvitedhisfriendstosupper.Hewascookingsomedeliciousfoodinthekitchen.Suddenly,he16(find)thathehadrunoutofsalt.SoNickcalledtohisson,”Gotothecillageandbuysomesalt,butpayafairpriceforit:neithertoomuch17toolittle.”Hissonlookedsurprised.”IcanunderstandwhyIshouldn'tpaytoomuch,Father,butifIcanpayless,18notsaceabitofmoney?”"Thatwouldbeavery19(reason)thingtodoinabigcity,butitcoulddestroyasmallvillagelikeouts,”Nicksaid.Nick'sguests,20hadheardtheirconversation,askedwhytheyshoulenotbuysalemorecheaplyiftheycoule.Nickreplied,”Theonlyreasonamanwouldsellsale21alowerpricewoulebebecausehewaidesperateformoney.Andanyonewhotookadcantageofthatsituationwoulebeshowingalackofrespect22thesweatandstruggleofthemanwhoworkedveryhardtoproduceit.”"Butsuchasmallthingcouldn't23(possible)destroyavillage.”"Inthebeginning,therewasonly24verysmallamountofunfairnessintheworld,buteveryoneaddedalittle,always25(think)thatitwasonlysamallandnotveryimportant,andlookwherewehaceendeduptoday.”(2014广东)Lastyear,mybrotherandIwenttoMiamiforavacation.Someofmyfriendswhohadbeentherebeforesaid_16_wasawonderfulholidaydestination.Beforewewent,wehadplannedformonths.Whenthedaycame,wewereready.Afterourplanelanded,wewenttothehotel.Wehadmadeourreservationsixmonths_17_(early),butthemanatthefrontdesksaidtherehadbeenamistake.We_18_(tell)thatourroomshadn'tbeenreservedforthatweek,_19_fortheweekafter.Ididn'tunderstand20thiswouldhappenandmycreditcardhadalreadybeencharged21thereservation.What'sworse,thehotelhadbeenfullybooked.Whenwewerewonderingwhattodo,themanagercameout.Shewas22(surprise)helpful.SheapologizedforthemistakeandgaveusaspareVIProomon_23_topfloor.Wehadneverstayedinsuchanamazingroom,andweweren'tchargedextra.Thenextday,mybrotherandIwenttothebeach24wewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.Wegotalittle25(sunburn),butthedayhadbeensorelaxingthatwedidn'tmind.2011年广东1.laterlaterthatday那天晚些时候，常见用法，不难。2.until朋友陪我走到公交站台，一直等到公交车到来。3.sitti