专八语言学讲座课件

TEM8语言学讲座

TEM8语言学讲座语言学部分出题特点1.强调基础知识和基本概念2.语言实例与语言学概念的联系3.著名的语言学家及其著名理论TEM8英语语言学讲座语言学部分出题特点1.强调基础知识和基本概念TEM8英语语基础知识和基本概念题(1)1._______referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.(2005)A.Phonology B.MorphologyC.Semantics D.SociolinguisticsKey:B2.Syntaxisthestudyof

.(2007)A.languagefunctions. B.sentencestructures.C.textualorganization. D.wordformation.Key:B3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?(2007)A.Arbitrariness B.Productivity.C.Culturaltransmission D.Finiteness.Key:DTEM8英语语言学讲座基础知识和基本概念题(1)1._______refers4.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?(2008)A.Arbitrariness B.DisplacementC.Duality D.DiachronicityKey:D5.Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming

.(2009)A.anillocutionaryact B.aperlocutionaryactC.alocutionaryact D.noneoftheaboveKey:A6.__________referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.(2010)A.Languageacquisition B.LanguagecomprehensionC.Languageproduction D.LanguageinstructionKey:A基础知识和基本概念题(2)TEM8英语语言学讲座4.Whichofthefollowingisn1.Thewordtailoncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal.”Thisisanexampleof_____.（2005）A.wideningofmeaning

B.narrowingofmeaningC.meaningshift D.lossofmeaningKey:A2.Thewords"kid,child,offspring"areexamplesof

.(2006)A.dialectalsynonyms B.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonyms D.collocationalsynonymsKey:B3.Whattypeofsentenceis“Marklikesfiction,butTimisinterestedinpoetry”?(2008)A.asimplesentence

B.AcoordinatesentenceC.acomplexsentence D.noneoftheaboveKey:B语言学实例与语言学概念相联系(1)TEM8英语语言学讲座1.Thewordtailoncereferred4.Theword"Motel"comesfrom"motor+hotel".Thisisanexampleof__________inmorphology.(2010)A.backformation B.conversionC.blending D.acronymKey:C5.Languageisatoolofcommunication.Thesymbol"HighwayClosed"onahighwayserves_________.(2010)A.anexpressivefunction B.aninformativefunctionC.aperformativefunction D.apersuasivefunction.key:B语言学实例与语言学概念相联系(2)TEM8英语语言学讲座4.Theword"Motel"comesfrom1.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby

.(2006)A.Halliday B.ChomskyC.Bloomfield D.SaussureKey:D2.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby

.(2007)A.JohnSearle B.JohnAustinC.NoamChomsky D.M.A.K.Halliday.Key:B著名的语言学家及其著名理论TEM8英语语言学讲座1.ThedistinctionbetweenparoDesignFeaturesofLanguage

结构特征Arbitrariness

---illogicalbetweensymbolandmeaningProductivity

---varietyofsentencesDuality

---structureofsounds&meaning(centralfeature)Displacement

---notinthespecificplaceCultureTransmission---amonggenerationsTEM8英语语言学讲座DesignFeaturesofLanguage

结构TheoreticallinguisticsPhonetics

语音学Phonology

音位学Morphology

形态学Syntax

句法学Semantics

语义学pragmatics语用学UseoflinguisticsAppliedlinguistics应用语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学......TEM8英语语言学讲座ScopesandBranchesofLinguistics

TheoreticallinguisticsTEM8英语PhoneticsandPhonologyPhonetics(语音学):studyofhumansoundmaking(organs),thedescription(transcription)andclassificationofsounds,etc.e.g.vowelsvs.consonantsphone(音素)----aphoneticunitincludingallspeechsoundswehearandproduce.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguish

meaning.leap:[l]/peel:[l~],stop[t]top[t(h)]

Phonology(音位学):studyofthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.

phonemes(音位):aphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalue,e.g.fat,rat(minimalpair);/f/,/r/e.g.ping,bing(phonemesinChinese),spin,sp(h)in(allophonesinEnglish),therefore,phonologyislanguagespecific.

(特定语言的语音系统)TEM8英语语言学讲座PhoneticsandPhonologyTEM8英DistinctionPhonetics

isofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonologyislanguage-specific.Itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinaspecificlanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

TEM8英语语言学讲座DistinctionTEM8英语语言学讲座Somephonologicalrules1.SequentialRule:a./s/;b./p/,/t/,/k/;c./l/,/r/,/w/2.AssimilationRule:impossible,immortalbean,green,team:/i:/的鼻化Cf:tea,flee:/i:/未鼻化3.DeletionRule:sign,signature;resign,resignationTherule:[g]出现在位于词尾的鼻辅音前，其发音省略。Somephonologicalrules1.SequeSuprasegmentalFeatures

超切分特征Stress:import-importTone:马，麻Intonation：risingtoneandfallingtonemeandifferently.SuprasegmentalFeatures

超切分特征SMorphology形态学,构词法Morphology:thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Morphologyisdividedintotwofields:Inflections：grammatical(e.g.s,ed,ing,’s)Word-formation：newmeaning&grammaticalclass

compound:

daybreakderivation:

un-conscious,nation+al+izeMorpheme(词素):thesmallestunitoflanguage.e.g.dogs(2),undesirability(4)roots+affix（freemorpheme自由+boundmorpheme粘着）Morphology形态学,构词法Syntax句法学Syntax:studyoftherulesgoverningthewayswordscombinedtomakesentences.1.StructuralistApproach:ICAnalysis

(ImmediateConstitutentAnalysis直接成分分析法):structuallinguistsview"sentence"asthelargestindependentgrammaticalunitwhichiscomposedofasequenceofsmallerlinguisticforms.

Bloomfield,afamousAmericanstructuallinguist.e.g.John|left||yesterday.Thecatranuptheclock.

sentenceTEM8英语语言学讲座Syntax句法学TEM8英语语言学讲座2.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar(TGGrammar转换生成语法)Norm.Chomsky,themostinfluentiallinguistin20thcenturyChomskyproposedthatthegrammarsofallhumanlanguagesshareacommonframework(UniversalGrammar).ByChomsky’sStandardTheory,thesyntacticalcomponentinTGconsistsof:

PhraseStructureRules(PSrules)

TransformationalRules(T-rules)DeepstructureSurfacestructureTEM8英语语言学讲座2.Transformational-GenerativeSemantics语义学Semantics:studyofmeaninginlanguage.Sense:meaning.Senserelationsinclude:Synonymy

(dialectal/stylistic/emotive/collocational/nearsynonyms)同义accuse...of,charge...with/govern:control,direct,determineAntonymy

(gradable:hot;cold/complementary:dead;alive/relationalantonyms:buy;sell)反义Polysemy

一词多义(mouth:organ;entranceofcave)Homonymy

(homographslead:lead/homophonerain:reign/completehomonymsball,fast/)同音异义现象Hyponymy

（superordinate/hyponym

/co-hyponym）下义现象animal:horse,dogTEM8英语语言学讲座Semantics语义学TEM8英语语言学讲座AnalysisofMeaning意义分析ComponentialAnalysis(成分分析法):isawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Themeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.man[+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE]woman[+HUMAN+ADULT-MALE]boy[+HUMAN-ADULT+MALE]girl[+HUMAN-ADULT-MALE]TEM8英语语言学讲座AnalysisofMeaning意义分析TEM8英Predicationanalysis(述谓分析法):---Sententialmeaninganalysis,theabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.---byBritishlinguistG.LeechThisappliestoallformsofsentence.Apredicationconsistsofargument(s)论元

(nominalelement(s)inasentence)andpredicate谓词

(somethingthatissaidaboutanargumentorthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence).Forexample:Hiscarisnexttomycar.(Two-placepredication)Heissinging(One-placepredication)Itisraining.(No-placepredicationTEM8英语语言学讲座Predicationanalysis(述谓分析法):TPragmatics语用学Pragmatics:studyoflanguageinuse(context)

sentencemeaning&utterancemeaning

SpeechActTheory(言语行为理论)

J.Austin:languageisusedto“do”things,e.g.assert,direct,declare,etc.threeactsofaspeech:Thelocutionaryact(言内行为)Theillocutionaryact(言外行为)Theperlocutionaryact(言后行为)Classificationofspeechacts(言语行为分类)：J.Searlerepresentatives阐述类

Ihaveneverseenhimbefore.directives指示类

Openthedoor!commissives承诺类

Ipromisetocome.expressives表达类I'msorryforthemessIhavemade.declarations宣告类Ifireyou.TEM8英语语言学讲座Pragmatics语用学TEM8英语语言学讲座英语专业八级考试在线课堂CooperativePrinciple(4Maxims)会话的合作理论(PaulGrice)人们谈话总是相关的，如果某方面的合作缺失，恰恰是因为某种原因造成了会话含意ConversationalImplicaturemakeyourcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.a.theMaximofQuantity:-Whenistheparty?-Sometimenextweek.b.theMaximofQuality:-WouldyouliketojoinusforthepicniconSunday?-I'mafraidIhavegotaclassthatday.c.theMaximofRelation:-Howdidthemathexamgotoday?-Wehadabasketballmatchandwewon.d.theMaximofManner:-Shallwegetsomethingforthekids?-Yes,butIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.TEM8英语语言学讲座英语专业八级考试在线课堂CooperativePrinci英语专业八级考试在线课堂LanguageChange(1)AdditionofNewWordsCoinage:Kodak,Xerox,FordClippedwords:gym,burger,fridgeBlending:motel,brunch,comsat,videophoneAcronyms:CAD,IT,WTOBack-formation:editor–edit,baby-sitter–baby-sit

Functionalshift:

changeinpartofspeech,toknee,tocool,areject,therichBorrowing:

ranch,guitar,barbecue,balcony,opera,beer,waltz,freight,buoy,tea,kowtow,sputnik,vodka,zero,algebraTEM8英语语言学讲座英语专业八级考试在线课堂LanguageChange(1英语专业八级考试在线课堂LanguageChange(2)SemanticChangeWideningofmeaning:holiday,tailNarrowingofmeaning:hound,girl(M+f),cornMeaningshift:elevatedmeaning:inn,nicedegradedmeaning:lust,silly(happy)TEM8英语语言学讲座英语专业八级考试在线课堂LanguageChange(2LanguageandSociety(ScopeofSociolinguistics)LanguageVarietiesDialect:方言(regionaldialect,socialdialect,idiolect,ethnicdialect,etc.)Pidgin:洋泾浜语(speechvariety,simplified)Creole:克里奥语(mothertongue)起源于殖民化初期。它的词汇主要是法语，但是用的却是非洲语言的句法。经过几个世纪的演变，克里奥尔语变成了一种完全独立的语言。register:语域thechangeoflanguageaccordingtothesocialcontext1.fieldofdiscourse:话语场,theme:biological2.tenorofdiscourse:

话语意旨,formality:teacher-student3.modeofdiscourse:话语方式,spokenTEM8英语语言学讲座LanguageandSociety(ScopeofLanguageandCulture---closelyrelated,part-wholerelationship---Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

(onrelationbetweenLanguageandThought)Strongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior;Weakversionholdsthattheformerinfluencethelatter.“IfAristotlehadspokenChinese,hislogicwouldhavebeendifferent.”TEM8英语语言学讲座LanguageandCultureTEM8英语语言学LanguageAcquisition---thechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.Abehavioristviewoflanguageacquisition(Skinners)ImitationRecognitionReinforcementAninnatistviewoflanguageacquisition(Chomsky)Aninteractionistviewoflanguageacquisition(motherese)Cognitivefactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment---SecondLanguageAcquisition:onepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.TEM8英语语言学讲座LanguageAcquisitionTEM8英语语言SomeDistinctionsDescriptivevsPrescriptive:describeandanalyzefactsobservevs.laydownrulesfor"correct"behaviors.Modernlinguisticsaremostdescriptive.Synchronicvs