宜立特大学英语1-Unit12-Text-A-课件

1.Inwhatwaycanmusicinfluenceourlife?1.Musiccanrelax

ourbody;2.Musiccanopenourmind,andalsobebeneficialtoourheart;3.Musiccanhelpusfallasleep,enhanceourmemoryandattention;4.Musiccansoothethebaby'sbreathingandheartbeat,calmdownacryingbaby,and

promotethedevelopment

ofthinkingabilityofthebaby's

brain,thusmakinghimorhermoreintelligent.2.Doyouagreewiththeideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusiccanhelppromotethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren?Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.Thetextismadeupofthreeparts.Trytogiveeachpartaheading.Thefirsthasbeengiven.ParagraphsHeadingsPart1(1-6)AnintroductiontotheMozarteffect:themainidea,theoriginalstudy,andtheeffectithashadonhumanlife.Part2()Part3()7-1213Ascientificexplanationfortheso-calledMozarteffectbasedonvariousstudies:brainarousal.Conclusion:apartialrefutationoftheMozarteffect.

DoesListeningtoMozartReallyBoostYourBrainpower?(1)Youhaveprobablyheardofthe“Mozarteffect”.It’stheideathatifchildrenorevenbabieslistentomusiccomposedbyMozarttheywillbecomemoreintelligent.AquickInternetsearchreveals

plentyofproductstoassistyouinthetask.WhateveryouragethereareCDsandbookstohelpyouto

harnessthepowerofMozart’smusic,butwhenitcomestoscientificevidencethatitcanmakeyoumoreclever,thepictureismoremixed.ByClaudiaHammond(2)Thephrase“Mozarteffect”wascoinedin1991,butitwasastudydescribedtwoyearslaterinthejournalNaturethatsparkedrealmediaandpublicinterestabouttheideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusicsomehow

improvesthebrain.Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.(3)Theideatookoff,withthousandsofparentsplayingMozarttotheirchildren,andin1998ZellMiller,theGovernorofthestateofGeorgiaintheU.S.,evenaskedformoneytobe

setasideinthestatebudgetsothateverynewbornbabycouldbesentaCDofclassicalmusic.It’snotjustbabiesandchildrenwhoweredeliberatelyexposedtoMozart’smelodies.WhenSergioDellaSala,thepsychologistandauthorofthebookMindMyths,visitedamozzarellafarminItaly,thefarmerproudlyexplainedthatthebuffaloswereplayedMozartthreetimesadaytohelpthemtoproducebettermilk.(4)I’llleavethedebateontheimpactonmilkyieldtofarmers,butwhatabouttheevidencethatlisteningtoMozartmakespeoplemoreintelligent?Exactlywhatwasitwasthattheauthorsofthe

initial

studydiscoveredthattookpublic

imagination

bystorm?(5)Whenyoulookbackattheoriginalpaper,thefirstsurpriseisthattheauthorsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvinearemodestintheirclaimsanddon’tevenusethe“Mozarteffect”phraseinthepaper.Thesecondsurpriseisthatitwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedwiththosestalwartsofpsychologicalstudies—youngadultstudents.Only36studentstakepart.Onthreeoccasionstheyweregivenaseriesof

mentaltaskstocomplete,andbeforeeachtask,theylistenedeithertotenminutesofsilence,tenminutesofatapeofrelaxationinstructions,ortenminutesofMozart’sSonataforTwoPianosinDmajor(K.448).(6)ThestudentswholistenedtoMozartdidbetterattaskswheretheyhadtocreateshapesintheirminds.Forashorttimethestudentswerebetteratspatialtaskswheretheyhadtolookatfoldeduppiecesofpaperwithcutsinthemandtopredicthowtheywouldappearwhenunfolded.Butunfortunately,astheauthorsmakeclearatthetime,thiseffectlastsforaboutfifteenminutes.Soit’shardlygoingtobringyoualifetimeofenhanced

intelligence.(7)Nevertheless,peoplebegantotheorizeaboutwhyitwasthatMozart’smusicinparticularcouldhavethiseffect.Didthecomplexityofmusiccausepatternsofcorticalfiringinthebrainsimilartothoseassociatedwithsolvingspatialpuzzles?(8)Moreresearchfollowed,andameta-analysisofsixteendifferentstudiesconfirmedthatlisteningtomusicdoesleadtoatemporaryimprovementintheabilitytomanipulateshapesmentally,butthebenefitsareshort-livedanditdoesn’tmakeusmoreintelligent.(9)ThenitbegantoemergethatperhapsMozartwasn’tsospecialafterall.In2010alargermeta-analysisofagreaternumberofstudiesagainfoundapositiveeffect,butthatotherkindsofmusicworkedjustaswell.OnestudyfoundthatlisteningtoSchubertwasjustasgood,andsowashearingapassagereadoutaloudfromaStephenKingnovel.Butonlyifyouenjoyedit.So,perhapsenjoymentandengagementarekey,ratherthantheexactnotesyouhear.(10)AlthoughwetendtoassociatetheMozarteffectwithbabiesandsmallchildren,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonadults,whosebrainsareofcourseataverydifferentstageofdevelopment.Butin2006alargestudywasconductedinBritaininvolvingeightthousandchildren.TheylistenedeithertotenminutesofMozart’sStringQuintetinDMajor,adiscussionabouttheexperiment,toasequenceof

threepopsongs:Blur’s“CountryHouse”,“ReturnoftheMack”byMarkMorrisonandPJ&Duncan’s“SteppingStone”.Onceagainmusicimprovedtheabilitytopredictpapershapes,butthistimeitwasn’taMozarteffect,butaBlureffect.ThechildrenwholistenedtoMozartdidwell,butwithpopmusictheydidevenbetter,sopriorpreferencecouldcomeintoit.(11)Whateveryourmusicalchoice,itseemsthatallyouneedtodoabitbetteratpredictiveorigamiissomecognitivearousal.Yourmindneedstogetalittlemoreactive,itneedssomethingtogetitgoing,andthat’sgoingtobewhicheverkindofmusicappealstoyou.Infact,itdoesn’thavetobemusic.Anythingthatmakesyoumorealertshouldworkjustaswell—doingafewstarjumps5ordrinkingsomecoffee,forinstance.(12)ThereisawayinwhichmusiccanmakeadifferencetoyourIQ,though.UnfortunatelyitrequiresabitmoreeffortthanputtingonaCD.Learningtoplayamusicalinstrumentcanhaveabeneficialeffectonyourbrain.JessicaGrahn,acognitivescientistatWesternUniversityinLondon,Ontario,saysthatayearofpianolessonscombinedwithregularpracticecanincreaseIQbyasmuchasthreepoints.(13)SolisteningtoMozartwon’tdoyouoryourchildrenanyharmandcouldbethestartofalife-longloveofclassicalmusic.Butunlessyouandyourfamilyhavesomeurgentimaginaryorigamitodo,thechancesarethatstickingonasonataisnotgoingtomakeyoubetteratanything.composevt.Vivaldicomposedalargenumberofveryfineconcertos.1.write(music,opera,etc.)写作，创作（乐曲、歌剧等）HestartedatoncetocomposeareplytoAnna.他马上开始给安娜写回信。维瓦尔第创作了很多美妙的协奏曲。3.combinetogethertoformawhole构成（整体）；组成Morethan17millionfirmscomposethebusinesssectorofoureconomy.我们经济中的商业部门由1,700万家公司构成。2.write(apoem,speech,etc.)写（诗、讲稿等）revealvt.Thesurveyrevealedthatthehousewasnotsuitableforliving.1.make(facts,etc.)known使（事实等）显露出来Thecurtainopenedtorevealthegrandprize.大幕拉开，大奖展现在眼前。那所房子经调查表明不适合居住。2.causeorallow(sth.)tobeseen展现或显示（某物）harnessvt.TurkeyplanstoharnessthewatersoftheTigrisriverforbighydro-electricpowerprojects.controlandusethenaturalforceorpowerofsomething控制及利用（自然界的力量）Hepaidtendollarsforthenewharness.他花十美元买了这件马具。土耳其计划利用底格里斯河的河水建设大型水利发电设施。n.equipmentconsistingofleatherstrapsandsaddleandmetalfittingsbywhichahorseiscontrolledandfastenedtothecart,plough,etc.thatitpulls马具（包括皮带和马鞍以及金属器具）It’stheideathatifchildrenorevenbabieslistentomusiccomposedbyMozarttheywillbecomemoreintelligent.

1.Whatisthe“Mozarteffect”?children,listentomusic,clever

听莫扎特的音乐真的有助于智力提高吗？

(1)你可能听说过“莫扎特效应”。这个观点认为孩子，甚至是婴儿如果听莫扎特谱写的音乐会变得更加聪明。在网上查一下可以发现许多能帮你完成这一任务的东西。无论年龄大小，总有CD和书籍能够帮助你领会莫扎特音乐的魔力，但是当真的谈到莫扎特音乐能够使你变聪明的科学证据，情况就变得复杂起来。克劳迪娅·哈蒙德somehowad.SomehowwemustgettoGlasgow.1.insomeway;bysomemeans以某种方式；通过某种途径Somehow,Idon’tfeelwecantrusthim.不知道为什么，我觉得我们不能信任他。我们得设法到格拉斯哥去。2.forareasonthatyoudonotknoworunderstand由于未知的原因undoubtedly

ad.Thenextfewdayswillbeundoubtedlycrucial.usedforsayingthatsomethingiscertainlytrueorisacceptedbyeveryone无疑；必定接下来的几天无疑是至关重要的。Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.

2.WhydoestheMozarteffectseemplausible?Mozartwasageniusinmusic.It'sbecauseheissocleverthathecouldcomposesuchwonderfulmusic.plausible,似合理的

(2)“莫扎特效应”这一术语创造于1991年，但真正激起媒体和公众对这一话题兴趣的是两年后《自然》杂志中的一个相关研究。该研究认为，听古典音乐会从某种程度上提高智商。这一观点听起来似乎有些道理。莫扎特本人无疑是一个天才，他的音乐变化多端，因此如果听他的音乐听得足够多的话，在智力方面受到一点小的影响倒是不无可能。budgetn.Anewcarwillnotbepartofourbudgetthisyear.themoneythatisavailabletoapersonoranorganizationandaplanofhowitwillbespentoveraperiodoftime预算买一辆新车不在我们今年的预算之内。Yes,somepeoplebelieveinit.ThousandsofparentsplayMozarttotheirchildren.In1998ZellMiller,theGovernorofthestateofGeorgiaintheU.S.,evenaskedformoneytobesetasideinthestatebudgetsothateverynewbornbabycouldbesentaCDofclassicalmusic.Besides,anItalianmozzarellafarmerbelievedthatbuffaloswouldproducebettermilkthroughlisteningtoMozart.

3.DopeoplebelieveintheMozarteffect?Why?ThinkabouttheCDsyourparentsboughtforyou,andalsoanyexamplesofitsmagiceffect.

(3)这个观点很快传播开来，成千上万的父母给他们的孩子放莫扎特的音乐听。1998年，美国佐治亚州州长泽尔·米勒甚至请求设置专门的财政预算来为每一位新生儿发放一份古典音乐CD。刻意去听莫扎特音乐的不止是婴儿和孩子。《心智的迷思》一书的作者，心理学家瑟吉欧·戴拉·萨拉曾经参观过一个意大利农场，农场主骄傲地解释说他们每天三次给水牛们播放莫扎特的音乐，以便帮助它们产出更好的牛奶。impactn.Tougherenvironmentallawscouldhavenegativeimpactsoneconomicgrowth.1.aneffect(usuallypowerful)orinfluence影响；效果We’lltestthetremendousimpactoftheshot.我们将对子弹的巨大冲击力进行测试。更苛刻的环境法律会给经济增长造成负面印象。2.theactofoneobjecthittinganother;theforcewithwhichthishappens撞击（力）；冲击（力）initiala.Thetwocountrieshavetakentheinitialsteptowardreconciliation.oforatthebeginning开始的；最初的两国已经迈出了走向和解的第一步。imaginationn.Hisstoryisbeyondthereachofmyimagination.theabilitytocreatepicturesinone’smind想象力他的故事超出了我的想象。

(4)暂且不论农场主所说的音乐和牛奶产量的理论，但是到底有什么证据能够证明听莫扎特的音乐可以使人变得更加聪明呢？最初做这个研究的作者究竟发现了什么，引得了公众后来如此的想象？occasion

n.Herdresswastooshowyforsuchaformaloccasion.aparticulartimewhensth.happens（事情发生的）时刻，时候，场合在如此正式的场合，她的服装过分华丽了。relaxationn.waysofrestingandenjoyingyourself;timespentrestingandenjoyingyourself消遣；松弛；放松Somepeopletakeupyogatoaidrelaxation.有些人通过练瑜伽来帮助放松。ThefirstsurpriseisthattheauthorsoftheoriginalstudyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvinearemodestintheirclaimsanddon’tevenusethe“Mozarteffect”phraseinthepaper.Thesecondsurpriseisthattheexperimentwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedonyoungadultstudents.(Thirdly,theauthorsmadeclearatthetime,thiseffectlastedforashortperiodoftime.)4.Whatarethedifferencesbetweentheoriginalstudyandthepublicunderstandingoftheso-calledMozarteffect?ThedefinitonofMozarteffect:1.onchildren;2.moreclever.Wastheoriginalstudywellconducted?

(5)当你回头审视原来的那篇论文时，第一个让你吃惊的事实就是美国加州大学埃尔文分校的这几位作者在陈述自己的观点时持谨慎的态度，甚至在论文中他们并没有使用”莫扎特效应”这一提法。第二个令你吃惊的事实是，这个实验根本不是在儿童身上做的，而是在一些成年学生身上做的——这些人是心理研究最常使用的被试者。只有36个学生参加了这个实验。在3种情况下，他们被要求完成一系列的智力任务。在每项任务之前，他们或者是听一段10分钟的留白，或者是听一段10分钟的放松引导录音，或者是听10分钟的莫扎特D大调双钢琴奏鸣曲（K.448号作品）。enhancevt.increase(thegoodqualitiesofsb./sth.);make(sb./sth.)lookbetter增强（某人/某事物的优点）；使（某人/某事物）看起来更好；提高；美化Humorcanenhancephysicalaswellasmentalwell-being.幽默感能够增强身心健康。

(6)听了莫扎特音乐的学生更好地完成了那些需要空间想象力的任务。在短时间内，这些学生们更好地完成了对一个被剪过且折叠起来的纸张展开之后的形状进行预测的任务。但不幸的是，正如作者当时就指明的，这种效果仅仅持续了15分钟左右。因此，想藉此获得终身的智力提高几乎是不可能的。neverthelessad.inspiteofsth.thatyouhavejustmentioned虽然如此；然而Theoldsystemhaditsflaws,butneverthelessitwaspreferabletothenewone.旧系统虽然有缺点，但是它仍然比新系统要好一些。confirmvt.provideevidenceforthetruthorcorrectnessof(areport,anopinion,etc.);establishthetruthof证实；证明；确认Iwroteamemorandumtoconfirmourverbalagreement.我写了份备忘录以确认我们的口头协议。temporarya.lastingorintendedtolastonlyforashorttime;notpermanent暂时的；临时的HefoundtemporarylodginginParis.他在巴黎找到了一个临时住所。

(7)然而，人们开始就为什么是莫扎特的音乐尤其具有这种效果进行理论研究。复杂的旋律是否能够使大脑皮质产生与解决空间难题相关的类似的效应呢？

(8)越来越多的研究接踵而至，一项关于此话题的16个不同研究的荟萃分析证实，听音乐确实能够使空间想象力获得暂时性的提高，但是这种效果持续时间不长，也不能使我们变得更加聪明。emergevi.1.(offacts,ideas,etc.)becomeknown（指事实、意见等）暴露，被知悉Lateritemergedthatthecompanyhademployedillegalimmigrants.后来，人们发现该公司雇佣了非法移民。Therabbitwillnotemergefromitsholewhileyouarethere.你在那儿，兔子是不会出洞的。2.appearorcomeoutfromsomewhere出现；露出engagementn.beinginvolvedwithsb./sth.inanattempttounderstandthem/it专注Tohisdelight,hisengagementinonlinelearninghasbroughthimgreatbenefits.使他感到高兴的是，他专注于在线学习一事令他收获颇丰。noten.1.asinglesoundofaparticularlengthandpitch(howhighorlowasoundis),madebythevoiceoramusicalinstrument;thewrittenorprintedsignforamusicalnote（乐器、嗓子等发出的）单音，鸣声，音调，调；音符Mybrothercan’tsinganote.我的兄弟一点也不会唱。Imadeanoteofhernewaddressandphonenumber.我记下了她的新地址和电话号码。2.ashortpieceofwritingtohelpyouremembersth.笔记OnestudyfoundthatlisteningtoSchubertwasjustasgood,andsowashearingapassagereadoutaloudfromaStephenKingnovel.AnotherstudyalsoshowedthatchildrenwholistenedtopopmusicdidevenbetterinpredictingpapershapesthanthosewholistenedtoMozart.5.WhichstudyprovesthatMozartisn’tsospecialininspiringhumanbeings’intelligence?1.Canwelistentoanyothermusician?2.Canwelistentoothertypeofmusicorsimplysomerecordingsifwewanttoperformwell?

(9)接着，又有观点猜测可能莫扎特的音乐并无特殊之处。2010年，一项针对多项相关研究的更大型的荟萃分析再次肯定了某种正面效应的存在，但是该研究发现，其它类型的音乐同样能够起作用。一项研究表明，听舒伯特的音乐效果也不错，甚至听一段大声朗诵的斯蒂芬·金的小说也一样有效果。但是，只有你乐在其中才行。因此，最关键的不是你所听到的确切的音符，而是你在听音乐的过程中的享受与投入。conductvt.organizeand/ordoaparticularactivity指挥（某事物）；控制；操纵Inordertoverifythetheorem,wedecidedtoconductanexperiment.为了验证这条定理，我们决定做一个试验。Thelawyerwasdismissedfromhispostforunprofessionalconduct.这名律师因其行为违反职业道德而被解职。n.thewaysomeonebehaves,especiallyinpublic,intheirjob,etc.（人的）行为；品行

(10)尽管我们总是倾向于把“莫扎特效应”与婴幼儿联系在一起，但大多数此类研究的实验都是在成年人身上进行的，而后者与前者处于截然不同的智力发展阶段。但是，2006年有一项大型研究是以8000名学生作为被试者的。这些学生或者是倾听10分钟的莫扎特D大调弦乐四重奏，或者是倾听一段10分钟的关于这项实验的讨论，或者是连续倾听3首流行歌曲：污迹乐队的《望族之星》、马克•莫里森的《麦克回来了》和PJ&邓肯的《踏脚石》。音乐再次增强了被试者对纸张形状的预测能力，但是这次并不是“莫扎特效应”，而是“污迹效应”。听莫扎特音乐的那组儿童任务完成得不错，但是听流行音乐的那组做得更好，因此后者更应该获得优先命名权。predictivea.relatingtotheabilitytoshowwhatisgoingtohappeninthefuture预言性的；预测性的Moreresearchisneededtoimprovethepredictivevalueofthetests.为了改进这些试验的预测价值，还需要做更多的研究。arousaln.astateinwhichyoufeelexcitedorveryalert,forexampleasaresultoffear,stress,oranger激励；鼓励；唤醒；激发Thatisanareaofthebrainconnectedwithemotionalarousal.大脑的该区域与情绪激发有关。alerta.givingallyourattentiontowhatishappening,beingsaid,etc.警惕的；警觉的；机警的Agoodhuntingdogisalerttoeverysoundandmovementaround.一只好猎犬对四周任何响动均有警觉。Cognitivearousal(orenjoymentandengagement)isthekeytopeople’simprovementinpredictiveorigami.6.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthekeytopeople’simprovementinpredictiveorigami?predictiveorigami:折纸预测任务:对一个被剪过且折叠起来的纸张展开之后的形状进行预测Imaginationisneeded,andshouldbestimulated.

(11)无论你选择的是何种音乐，为了更好地完成折纸预测任务，你需要的似乎就是某种认知激发。你的头脑需要变得更加活跃，它需要一些东西使它运作起来，而你所喜爱的任何一种音乐都能够达到这种效果。事实上，并不一定是音乐。任何能使你变得灵敏的东西都可以——比如做几个星跳或者是喝点咖啡。instrumentn.1.apparatusforproducingmusicalsounds,e.g.apiano,violin,flute,ordrum乐器（如钢琴、小提琴、笛或鼓）Hisneighbouraccusedhimofplayingthemusicalinstrumenttooloudly.他的邻居指责他的乐器弹奏得太响了。Thecompassisaninstrumentofnavigation.罗盘是导航仪器。2.implementorapparatususedinperforminganaction,esp.fordelicateorscientificwork器具；器械；仪器beneficiala.causingagoodresult;advantageous有益的；有用的；有好处的Sunshineisbeneficialtoplants.阳光对植物有益。7.Inwhatwaycanmusichelpdevelophumanbeings’intelligence?Learningtoplayamusicalinstrumentcanhaveabeneficialeffectonhumanbrains.haveaeffecton:对什么起作用InordertoimproveourIQ,Canwejustsitthereandlisten?Shouldwedosomethingelse?

(12)不过，音乐可以以某种方式影响你的智商。遗憾的是，那需要付出比播放CD更多的努力。学习演奏一种乐器能够给你的智力带来有利的影响。杰西卡•格莱恩，西安大略大学的认知科学家说，一年的钢琴课程加上常规练习能够使智商提高三个百分点之多。urgenta.veryimportantandneedingtobedealtwithimmediately紧急的；迫切的Apartofthisurgenttaskwasallottedtous.这项紧急任务的一部分分给了我们。8.WhatisMozart’srealeffectonthedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren?ListeningtoMozartcouldbethestartofalife-longloveofclassicalmusic,whichmaycultivatechildren’sinterestinplayingmusicalinstruments,whichinturnhelpswithdevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren.Therootcause?(根源，最本质的因素)Theseeminglyfactor(表面因素)

(13)因此，听莫扎特的音乐不会给你本人或者你的孩子带来任何坏处，它能够成为对音乐一生钟爱的起点。但是，除非你和你的家人有一些紧急的想象性折纸任务要做，仅仅听一曲奏鸣曲可能不会使你在任何方面有所进步。plentyof Webelieveintakinginplentyoffreshairandgettingplentyofexercise.alotof很多；大量我们主张呼吸新鲜空气和参加足够的锻炼。ruboff(on) Hewasatremendouslyenthusiasticteacherandthatrubbedoffonallthechildren.passaqualityorcharacteristictopeopleafterspendingtimewiththem因接触（相处）而对……产生影响他是一名非常热心的教师，这感染着所有的孩子们。setaside Nomatterhowbusyheis,hesetsaweekendasideforasmalltripwithhisfamilyeverymonth.keeporchoose(moneyortime)forsomepurpose特意留出（钱或时间）无论有多忙，他每个月都会腾出一个周末和家人一起作一次短途旅行。takepart(in) InearlydaysonlymaleathleteswereallowedtotakepartintheOlympicGames.tobeinvolvedinanactivitywithotherpeople参与在奥林匹克运动会早期，只有男性运动员才能参加比赛。aseriesof OxfordUniversityPresshaspublishedanewseriesofreadersforstudentsofEnglish.anumberof(thingsorevents)thatcomeoneaftertheother一系列的；一连串的牛津出版社出版了一套新的英语学习读物。inparticular Iaminterestedinstoriesingeneral,andindetectivestoriesinparticular.especially,particularly,orexactly特别；尤其总的来说，我对小说感兴趣，尤其是对侦探小说感兴趣。asequenceof OnhisbusinesstriptoNewYork,hehadtoattendasequenceofmeetings.anumberof(eventsorthings)thatcomeoneafteranotherinaparticularorder一系列的在纽约出差期间，他得参加一系列会议。justaswell Inprincipleanyphysicscollegegraduatecandojustaswell.alsopreferableoradvisable也；无妨原则上任何一个物理学本科毕业的学生都可以做这件事情。makeadifference Doeshisabsencemakeadifferencetoyourwork?beofimportance;haveaneffect关系重大；有影响；起（重要）作用假如没有他，你的工作会受影响吗?donoharm Withthesepreconditions,pocketmoneywilldonoharmtotheirchildren.beagoodideaandwillnotcauseanyproblems（做某事）并无害处（反而可能带来某些好处）有了这些前提条件，零用钱就不会对他们的孩子产生不利影响了。Exactlywhatwasitwasthattheauthorsoftheinitialstudydiscoveredthattookpublicimaginationbystorm?此句意为：最初做这个研究的作者究竟发现了什么，引得了公众后来如此的想象？Thesecondsurpriseisthatitwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedwiththosestalwartsofpsychologicalstudies—youngadultstudents.本句意为：第二个让你吃惊的事实是，这个实验根本不是在孩子身上做的，而是在一些成年学生身上做的——这些人是心理研究最常使用的被试者。meta-analysis元分析或荟萃分析，其概念为对以往的研究结果进行系统的定量分析。Readthefollowingparagraphandlearnitbyheart.Payparticularattentiontothepronunciationandintonation.AlthoughwetendtoassociatetheMozarteffectwithbabiesandsmallchildren,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonadults,whosebrainsareofcourseataverydifferentstageofdevelopment.Butin2006alargestudywasconductedinBritaininvolvingeightthousandchildren.TheylistenedeithertotenminutesofMozart’sStringQuintetinDMajor,adiscussionabouttheexperiment,orasequenceofthreepopsongs:Blur’s“CountryHouse”,“ReturnoftheMack”byMarkMorrisonandPJ&Duncan’s“SteppingStone”.Onceagainmusicimprovedtheabilitytopredictpapershapes,butthistimeitwasn’taMozarteffect,butaBlureffect.ThechildrenwholistenedtoMozartdidwell,butwithpopmusictheydidevenbetter,sopriorpreferencecouldcomeintoit.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.composealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifference1.Thetransportationindustryisonehumanfactorthathashadasignificant________onourenvironment.2.Theswanseatnativeseaweedsgrowingonthesurfaceropesratherthanthevaluablecropofkelp,sothey_________tothecommercialoperation.3.Betweentheseexplorations,Irestedandtriedto________musicinmycabin.Myplanwastowriteasonataforpianoandviolin.impact

donoharmcompose4.Heisoneofthetop22playersincollegefootballwho_______________intheircommunity.5.Inthefollowingtwohours,youneedtobe________,withyoursensessharp.6.Themayoralcandidateisproposingtwoballotmeasures:anamendmenttotheCityCharterto__________fundsforthehousingprogramandaseparatemeasuretoraisethetransfertax.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.makeadifferencealertsetasidecomposealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifference7.Theeconomistsaidthatiftheeconomy________toosharply,inflationmightsimultaneouslyaccelerate.8.Theanswersintheinterviewcan_______whetheracandidateisanalytical,decisive,andinnovativeorhasgoodjudgment.9.Therecentpensionchangeswerepartlydesignedto________youngeremployeeswantingmoreportableretirementbenefits.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.tookoffrevealappealtocomposealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifference10.Withtheirpreferredfoodsourcesunavailable,theysearchedforfoodsuppliesfartheraway,which________themtogreaterdanger.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.exposedcomposealerttakeoffexposeimpactsetasideappealtorevealdonoharmmakeadifferenceThesuffix-alcanbeaddedtosomeverbs,usuallyverbsofFrenchorLatinorigin,toformnounstorefertoabstractverbalactions,meaning“theprocess”or“theact”.Changetheformofthewordsbelowandputthemintothefollowingsentencesproperly.

arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurvive1.Emotional_________caninfluencepaindirectlybyincreasingmuscletension.

Extensions:moreexamplesofthiskindofsuffixare:-ance(appearance,acceptance,ignorance),-ence(occurrence,existence,interference),-ion(division,distortion,creation),-ment(measurement,replacement,development).arousal2.Unfortunately,thegovernmenthasbeenin_______aboutthetruestateofitsbanksprettymuchsincethecrisisbegan.3.Wehaveinvadedthenaturalenvironmentwithoutregardtotherealcoststohuman_______,untilnow.4.Thepolitician’s________frompowerresultedinaseriesofconflictsthatledtohundredsofthousandsofdeaths.arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurvivedenialsurvivalremoval5.Peoplewouldpreferyougivethemagraciousliethananoutright_______.6.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencywillannouncea________Fridaytotightenthenation’sgasolinestandards.7.The_______ofgoodweatherissupposedtomeanthe_____oftourists.arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurviverefusalproposalarrivalarrival8.Thenewmedicinehasbeenon_______forthepastyear,andnowithasalreadycomeontothemarket.arousearriverefusedenyproposetryremovesurvivetrialSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.

Thephrasethe“Mozarteffect”wascoinedin1991,butitwasastudydescribedtwoyearslaterinthejournalNaturethatsparkedrealmediaandpublicinterestabouttheideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusicsomehowimprovesthebrain.

“莫扎特效应”这一术语创造于1991年，但真正激起媒体和公众对这一话题兴趣的是两年后《自然》杂志中的一个相关研究。该研究认为，听古典音乐会从某种程度上提高智商。medium—media bacterium—bacteriacrisis—crises analysis—analysesterminus—termini/terminuses basis—basesphenomenon—phenomenaSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.ButsomefollowtheEnglishrules(thoughtheiroriginalformsarestillusedsometimes).dogma—dogmas/dogmata formula—formulas/formulaegymnasium—gymnasiums/gymnasia antenna—antennas/antennae

stadium—stadiums/stadiaSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.Sometimestherearetwopluralformswithdifferentmeanings.appendix—appendixes/appendices(医学术语)阑尾—appendices(书的)附录index—indexes(书的)索引—indices(数学术语)指数SomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.Completethefollowingsentences,usingproperpluralformsofnouns.

3.Thethesiscollectioncomprisesover3,000higherdegreeresearch__________(论文).4.Thehistoryof_________(运动场)and__________(体育馆)isa