2012英语一真题阅读男哥标注版

PartAComeon–Everybody’sngit.Thatwhispered说服性的message,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure同辈压力.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasual随意性行为.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontends认为thatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositive积极的throughwhatshecallsthesocialcure社会治愈,inwhichorganizations组织andofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamics群体动力tohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheRosenberg,therecipient接收者ofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostof大量exampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsored发起antismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafeamongtheirpeersTheideaseemspromising有希望的，andRosenbergisaperceptive洞察力的observer.Hercritiqueofthelameness不足ofmanypubic-healthns运动isspot-on在点儿:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawed有瑕疵的understandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboard栏naimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapage学习fromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactors因素thatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflaw明显的缺点ofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluence施加onourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtle细微的formofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitate模仿thebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuous有道德的directions.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetactic战术neverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineered制造fromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.asupplementtothesocialastimulustogroupanobstacletoschoolacauseofundesirable yprobesocialandbiologicaleffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialisharmfultoournetworksofoccurswithoutourrealizingTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressuredesirableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved包含.The ,amajorenergyr供应商inNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounced宣称itwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitment承诺toabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,the hasdoneprecisely精确地whatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionality性ofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateeffort绝望的努力tokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowernt核能工厂running.It’sastunningmove惊人之举. hasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporation公司boughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactor老化的反应堆inVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapproval允许forthesale,the agreedtoseekpermission寻求fromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextension延长ofthent’slicense执照besubjectto受制于Vermontlegislature’approval.Then,too,the wentalong独自走开.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents一系列,includingthepartialcollapse垮塌ofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthe mademisleadingstatements陈述aboutthepipe.Enraged激怒byEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenate参议院voted投票26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthe issuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalid无效becauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernment hasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruled裁决thatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-setting预先设定的testofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchwork补丁regulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint不重要. seemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputation名誉inVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.Pledging发誓torunPilgrimsafely,the hasappliedfor申请federalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviews复审the ’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicensegetpermissiontopurchaseapowerEntergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefiedEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthVermont’sreputationmightbedamaged损害.Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldaretobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguous模糊的andcomplicated复杂的route路线.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescape逃脱thecontext环境ofouruniquelifeexperience.Prior以前的knowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation误解errorandself-deceptionabound随处Consequently,discoveryclaims发现shouldbethoughtofasprotoscience原初科学.Similartonewlystaked立桩子mining矿claims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutiny详细andacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery成熟的发现.Thisisthecredibilityprocess取信过程,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,now esthecommunity’s公共社区，圈子anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaim espublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualcredit知识信誉.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunity圈子takescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplex复杂的socialstructureofthescientificcommunity科学界,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewers评审者actasgatekeepers守门员bycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossibly panying伴随性的technology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthrough穿过thecommunity,theinction 面对betweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scredibleTwoparadoxesexist存在throughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedas pleteorincorrect.Little paniesduplicationandconfirmation确认ofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodification修改orrefutation驳斥byfutureresearchers.Second,novelty新颖itselffrequentlyprovokes挑衅disbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated欣赏.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”logicalityandessandstrictindividualwisdom. escredibleafterhasbeenexaminedbythescientifichasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.scientificworkcallsforacriticalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleoftheNoveltyasanEngineofScientificEvolutionofCredibilityinngChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresent代表civilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprime黄金时期in1960,onlyoneintenAmericanernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion工会;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector私有企业.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized属于工会.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving兴旺.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences结果.Second,theyaremostlybright聪明andwell-educated.Aquarter四分之一ofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics左派政治.Someoftheirties关系gobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies暗示,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome吓人MarkBaldassareofthePublicInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolled监督byunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theOAonprisonsandavarietyof各种各样laborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedlybackloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keethepayincreasesmodest适度的butaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensions金thatarealreadygenerous大量.Reformhasbeenvigorously强烈地opposed,perhapsmostegregiously异乎寻常ineducation,wherecharterschools特许经营学校,academiesandmeritpay绩效奖金allfaceddrawn-out长久的battles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityofthe