2013合肥付博老师翻译部分【课堂笔记】自己补充的一部分-希望对大家有用

翻译炙热考点

英语汉语1用词多变异&^$#&*$^HYPERLINK2表述多抽象表述多具体HYPERLINK3句子多被动句子多主动HYPERLINK4句子多糅合句子多分解HYPERLINK5句子重逻辑句子重语义HYPERLINK6倒装7省略从多变到一致以语境为媒介！英汉词汇均多义——义由境生SoitisabitconfusingwhenVosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?英语用词多替换——互文现义（近义词、指代关系出现）------统一翻译！Virus→thisviciousprogram→thesemaliciouscodes（邪恶代码）翻译必须理解为病毒Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Themonkey’smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,ithadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.不定式做宾语，solo根据上文互文现义，这只猴子最杰出的成就是学会了驾驶拖拉机，九岁的时候他已经学会独自驾驶。Therewillbetelevisionshowshostedbyrobots,将会出现由机器人主持的电视节目andcarswithpollutionmonitors还会出现有污染监控器的汽车thatwilldisablethem在车辆污染超标时，监控器会使车辆停止运行。whentheyoffend.【真题范例】Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.[2003-61-36]而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidence…[2010-46-31]根据语境意译：shakyevidence：不可靠的证据，站不住脚的证据。jumpedtotherescue：跳过去说明是慌乱的状态，jump急忙rescue解围，救驾，n动词化用来解释，用来救驾。科学家赶快用明显站不住脚的证据来救驾【指代关系的例子】hebelievesthatthisverydifficulty…he：达尔文，名词要还原。Thisverydifficulty：指代他的表达困难。[2008-46-32]Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessthesetastes:艺术品位或艺术鉴赏力[2008-50-33]从抽象到具体名词转换为动词词组或分句Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.Evenanelementaryknowledgeofstatisticsissufficienttoenablethejournalisttoavoidmisleadinghisreaders.动词加入适当的宾语或转义（状语）Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.【真题范例】Thisseems这种观点看似ajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,justjustifyjustification在证明忽视那些经济拮据的人是正确的andarationalizationofexploitation,of剥削thesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.Rationalrationalize也在证明剥削、社会上层的优越感及社会底层的自卑感是合理的。[2011-48-31]HYPERLINK【返回】从被动到主动MarywaskissedbyJohn.若by后为动作发出者，以其为主语，将句子主动化翻译；Whatmeasureshavebeenorarebeingadoptedbythegovernmenttoreduceairpollution?将“被”转换为“得到”“受到”“遭到”或“由”；Thediscoveryishighlyappreciatedinthecircleofscience.TheApolloXIIcrewreportedthattheirspaceshipwasbeingfollowedbytwoUFOs.Thisconferenceispresidedoverbyme.可以加入虚拟主语（人们、我们）或逻辑主语（推导），将句子主动化翻译；Theareahasbeenmarkedoutforbuildingmorehotels.Interestinhistoricmethodhasarisen.Thisresearchwasconducted300yearsago.Inthisresearch,themetalshouldbeheatedtoabout3000C.可以将被动句灵活转换为判断句或祈使句（情态动词）MyfirstfortyyearswerespentinSouthernEurope.Newsourcesofpowermustbefound,Thisproblemmustbesolved.andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelyto….被动结构Itshouldberealizedthat…Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat….Itcannotbedeniedthat… 不可否认Ithasbeenillustratedthat… 据说明；据图示；图中表示Ithasbeenprovedthat… 已经证明Itis(usually)consideredthat… 据(通常)估计；人们(通常)认为Itisassumedthat… 假定Itisbelievedthat… 大家相信Itisallegedthat… 据称Itisdemonstratedthat… 已经证明，文中(图中)表明Itisestimatedthat… 据估计Itisexpectedthat… 人们希望Itisfoundthat… 据发现；人们认为Itisgenerallyagreed/recognizedthat….人们通常认为/承认Itishoped/stilltobehopedthat… (我们)希望/仍希望Itismentionedthat… 据说Itisnoticed/notedthat… 人们注意到/前面已经指出Itisproposedthat… 有人提议(指出)Itisrecommendedthat… 有人推荐Itisregardedthat… 人们认为Itisreportedthat… 据报道Itissaidthat… 据说Itisstressedthat… 人们强调说Itissupposedthat… 据推测；假定Itisthoughtthat… 有人认为Itisuniversallyacceptedthat… 普遍认为Itiswellknownthat… 众所周知Itiswellknownthat… 必须承认Itshouldbepointedoutthat… 必须指出Itwillbeseenfromitthat… 由此可见【真题范例】Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperation-processesofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwithscientists’operation-processes,andtheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。HYPERLINK【返回】从糅合到分解欣赏：【英】Thelastfewdayshasfoundmeveryrestless.ThiseveningasIsatintheyardtoenjoythecool,itstruckmehowdifferentthelotuspoolIpasseverydaymustlookunderafullmoon.杨宪益【汉】这几天心里颇不宁静。今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。名词性从句：主语、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句形容词从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句（时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较）同位语从句That…跟随在抽象名词后，详解抽象名词信息；That从句不缺失某个名词。Whether…Wearecaughtinadilemma,whethershouldview…asablessingorcurse.可前：“同位语”，这……。可后：……，即“同位语”。thatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizen有人认为记者必须比普通人更加深刻的理解法律，但是这种观点源自对既定惯例及媒体特殊责任的理解。但是有一种观点源自对既定惯例及媒体特殊责任的理解，即记者必须比普通人更加深刻的理解法律。Buttheidearestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.[2007-48-33]但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更为深刻的理解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的即定惯例和特殊职责的理解定语从句n.+which/that/who…Ipurchasedahousethatissurroundedbyariver.n.+prep.+which…Ipurchasedahousebehindwhichlocatesawell.n.+where/when…IpurchasedahousewhereImarriedmyfirstwife.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIkissedHilaryforthefirsttime.…,which/as…Asisknowntoall,everythinghastwosides.Everythinghastwosides,whichisknowntoall.与主句相比，若从句简短，“……的”；与主句相比，若从句冗长，“另起语句”；若主句空洞，无论从句长短，“……的”；若主从之间蕴含某种逻辑关系，体现这种关系。InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-midiagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroups在欧洲，就像其他地方一样，传媒集团的经营越来越成功，将有业务往来的电视、广播、报纸及出版业整合在一起。whichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapersandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.[2005-47-34]在欧洲，就像其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功，这些集团将业务彼此相关的电视、广播、报纸及出版社组合在一起。Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed–…[2005-46-34]电视是引发和传递这些情感的手段之一Wenowliveinaveryneweconomy,aserviceeconomy,whererelationshipsarebecomingmoreimportantthanphysicalproducts.[附录]现在我们正生活于一种全新的经济，即服务性经济中，各种关系越来越比物质产品更为重要。TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedlanguagescouldbehowdiverse.[2004-61-35]希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。让步状语从句While…,….Although…,…As…,….Youngasheis,hehasalready7wives.Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.[06-48][07-50][08-48][09-48][11-47]HYPERLINK【返回】从逻辑到语义Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingdesks,ratherthanwritinghasended.正义反译；反义正译Youhaveliveduptothepublicexpectation.动词：fail,miss,liveupto,ignore,over-look,excludeEscapeone’sattention名词：absence,failure,refusal,ignorance,形容：befarfrom…（很恶毒的否定，很强烈的否定）双否：no…but..Thereisnomanbuthavefault.（人人都会犯错）Headdshumblythatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.”他谦虚的补充道，有可能自己“在注意到容易被人忽视的事物并对其仔细观察这两个方面优于常人。”[2008-49-33]Icannotdoit.Icannotaffordtodoit.Besuperiorto…Havethesuperiorityover….Beinferiorto…AispreferabletoB.AisseniortoB.AisjuniortoB.特殊结构选择（取舍比较）关系多少关系moreAthanB;与其是B而不如是A主要是A次要是BlessBthanA;notsomuchBas/butA完全否定nomoreAthanB,既不A也不BAnotanymorethanBnoAanymorethanB.否定递进muchless,更不用说，用在后半句。stillless,tosaynothingof,nottospeakof,以下的翻译为更不用说。nottomention,letalone区分形近词Nothingbut（elsethan，only）Anythingbut（elsethan，except）Ratherthan而不是Otherthan除...之外Mr.Fuisnothingbut(only)ahooligan.Mr.Fuisanythingbut(except)ahooligan.Itwasacuriousexchange,lessadebatethanaquarrelbetweentwoaggressivemen,eachofwhomdeterminedtoimpresstheaudienceasmorepeacefulthantheother.这是一次奇妙的交谈，与其说是两个好斗的人之间的一场辩论，还不如说是一次吵嘴，双方都竭力想使听众觉得自己比对方更爱和平。Thereisnoreasonanyoneshouldlimithowmanyhoursyouspendonstudyeveryday,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchphysicalexerciseyoudo.绿色分句子被否定。Heknowslittleofmathematics,andstilllessofchemistry.更不用说...Theyoungman’sfailureintheNETEMisnothingelsethanhislaziness.Hisfailurewasduetonothingelsethanhisowncarelessness.完全是由...导致的【例】Thoseconfidencemenspentnoeffortondevelopingproductsondevelopingproductsoftheirown,stilllessdotheyproducesocialvalue.Stillless后面要用倒装。Thoseconfidencemen:骗子sportshouse：妓院Dogday:三伏天从倒装到顺畅语法倒装部分倒装：历年真题考的比较多！Only强调状语开头,…否定意义的状语开头表语as/though主语，is....Youngasheis,hasalready7wives...完全倒装：状语开头；谓语：“移动”或“处所”；主语不是代词。(名词)Undertheamusingappearanceofthecartoonliesatruththat…….Thencomestheordertofire[Onlygradually]theby-productoftheinstitutionwasnoted,and[onlymoregraduallystill]thiseffectwasconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.【作业】MisconductMisdeedDelinquency[2009-47-32]人们只是逐渐的才注意到机构这一副产品，而人们把这一作用视为机构运作的知道因素的过程则更为缓慢。and[perhapsneverbefore]ithasservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.电视从来没有像在最近的事件中那样，将欧洲的不同民族和国家联系起来。[2005-46-34]在欧洲最近发生的事件中，电视把不同的民族和国家联系在了一起，其作用之大，前所未有。修辞倒装冗长成分无条件后置Acceptsth.………………aswellfounded认为……是有理有据的Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.Aswellfounded:有理有据的that引导同位语从句，他不认为黄色内容是有理有据的-转变为翻译黄色内容之后，他不认为黄色内容是有理有据的！[2008-48-33]另一方面，有些人批判他虽然善于观察，但不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法是缺乏依据的。Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.[2007-50-33]虽说律师的评论和反映会提升报道的质量，但记者最好根据自己对重要性的理解自省做出判断。从省略到完整A类似成分相同内容可以省略B注意英语与汉语语序的差异“Attwentyyearsofage,thewillreigns;atthirty,thewit;andatforty,thejudgment”(BenjaminFranklin)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.That引导主语从句Ifourenvironmenthasanythingtodowithcharacteristicsandbehavior如果说我们的环境与我们的能力性格和行为有任何关系时，这种关系也不明显，这一点是理论的核心。Medicalopinionsuggestedthattrainingprogramsofferedfew,ifany,healthybenefits.suggested：表明。Ifany=iftrainingprogramsofferedanyhealthybenefits.医学观点表明：如果说培训项目对我们的健康有任何好处的话，这种好处也不明显！调整语序，然后再翻译！翻译真题训练读文章首句或首段，了解文章话题范围；遇到代词或陌生的概念时，参与上下文进行释义。【2006-P34】IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerican.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerican,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanintellectualhaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginaSocratic（苏格拉底）wayaboutmoralproblems.ElectasBA.....选择黄色内容当绿色内容。定语从句比主句长，另起一句HeexplorIessuchproblemsconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,isanalogousto：和...类似Hisfunction：指知识分子。whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoning.Who指法官，因为知识分子和法官类似，先讲知识分子，再讲法官。①知识分子和法官的功能类似，②他必须接受一项义务，即以尽可能地清晰地方式来揭示（③引导他作出决定的）推理过程whichledhimtohisdecision.翻译成“的”让他作出决定的Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals—theaveragescientistforone.(48)Ihaveexcludedhimhim：指averagescientist普通科学家我未将普通科学家包括在内（正义反译，反义正译）because,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,While因为，虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.hasnotbeenchargedwith:承担任务，起到作用。但他仅仅承担起了解决这些问题的现实方面或但是他仅仅针对这些问题的现实方面。Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhis