2019考研英语一命题人思路讲解

第一部 阅读理解命题思路解 KK文中有明显的例的时候（forexample，forinstance，therefore）结论就在上一（topicKK提醒：不是每个句子都有资格和选项！很多同学的错误就在于习惯了用选例1.Nowantstobethefirsttobearthecostsofupdatingtheinsecurecomputersystemsthatrunmostcars.Weneedfederalsafetyregulationstopushautomakerstomoveasawholeindustry.Lastmonth，abillwithprivacyandcybersecuritystandardsforcarswasintroducedintheSenate.That’sgood，butit’sonlyastart.Weneedanewunderstandingofcarsafety，andofthesafetyofanyobjectrunningsoftwareorconnectingtotheInternet.ItmaybehardtofixsecurityonthedigitalInternetbuttheInternetofThingsshouldnotbebuiltonthisfaultyfoundation.Respondingtodigitalthreatsbypatchingonlyexposedvulnerabilitiesisgivingjustaspirintoaveryillpatient.WhatistherootthreattothesecurityoftheInternetof［A］Thecybersecuritystandardsareinadequateinthe［B］Companiesarenotwillingtoallocatefundstoimprovesecurity［C］TheunderstandingofInternetisbasedontheshaky［D］ThefoundationoftheInternetofThingsis例1.EversinceMrTimCookrecedSteveJobsatApple’shelm，speculationhasmountedthatthehaslostsomeofthemagicthatproducedtheandiPad.MrCook’sfanscontendthatthosewhothinkAppleshouldalreadyhavecomeupwithanewcategory-killerarebeingunrealistic，thatafewyearsbetweenbigideasisnothingtoworryabout.AndtheynotethattheiPadandthearestillmintingmoney.Inthefirstquarterof2013Applereportedrevenueof$43.6billionan11%increasecomparedwiththesameperiodin2012，andafigurethatexceedsthecombinedsalesofand.ButApple’smarginsarebeingsqueezedbytheintroductionoftheiPadmini，whichislesslucrativethanbiggeriPads.1.SupportersofMrCookargue［A］iPadandbringfatmoneyandgreatrevenue withoutnewcategory-killerhaslostthe［C］theintroductionofmoney-earningnoveltyneeds［D］Apple’sprofithasbeensqueezedbylessmoney-earningiPad例2.“IFSOMEONEisshootingatyou，thelastthingyoushouldfocusonisthecaliberofthebullet，”saysGeorgeKurtz，thebossofCrowdStrike，ayoungtech tableatBlackHat，aconferenceforthecyber-securityindustryheldinLasVegasrecently，MrKurtzisexpoundingonthefundamentalflawheseesinthewaymanyfirmsdealwithcyber-intrusions.Most，hesays，spendtoomuchtimetryingtoworkoutwhathitthemandfartoolittletryingtounderstandthemotivationsoftheirattackersandhowtocounterfutureassaults. shouldfocus ［A］thesizeofthebulletfromthecyber［B］thewaytodealwithelectronic［C］whathittheminfuture例3.DonaldTrumpslandersMexicanimmigrantsasdrugdealersands，callsAmerica“adumground”forforeignersandpromisestomakethecountry“greatagain”bygettingridof11millionofthem.“ImmigrationwithoutassimilationisinvasionsaysBobbyJindal，repeatedly.Onandon，thefeverrages.Butthisweek，acoolblastofreasonblewinfromoutsidethefray.Ateamofscholarspresentedexhaustiveevidencethatanti-immigrantbigotryisbaselessandthatthetruismaboutAmericaasameltingpotis–nokidding–stilltrue.ThebasicconclusionisthatthemachineryofAmericanassimilationisworkingprettywellafternearlytwoandahalfWhatistheopinionofscholarsabouttheimmigrantsaccordingtothe［A］Theimmigrantshavehardlybeenassimilatedinthe“melting［B］Amorereasonableopinionshouldbeblewonthe［C］Moreimmigrantsshouldbeassimilatedtomakethecountry［D］anti-immigrantbigotryisthetruismwithno例1.Evolv，a thatmonitorsrecruitmentandworkcedata，hassuggestedthattherearebetterwaystoidentifytherightcandidateforjob.Itysed3mdatapointsfromover30，000employees，comparingtraitsofapplicantswiththoseofexistingemployees，todeterminewhichtraitsaremostindicativeofreliability，trustworthinessandsuitabilityforparticularjobs.Amongotherthingsitsysisfoundthatthoseapplicantswhohavebotheredtoinstallnewwebbrowsersontheircomputers（suchasMozilla'sFirefoxor'sChrome）performbetterandstayintheirpostsfor15%longer，onaverage，thanthosewhousethedefaultpre-installedbrowserthatcamesimplybeacoincidence，butEvolv'systsreckonthatapplicants'willingnesstogotothetroubleofinstallinganewbrowsershowsdecisiveness，avaluabletraitinapotentialemployee.1.AccordingtotheEvolv，webbrowsersworkforrecruiting［A］thebrowserscanshowthevaluabletraitof［B］newbrowsersperformbetterthanpre-installed［C］thebrowserscantraceapplicant’s［D］thehabitofusing lsthe2.OVERthepastfewyears，agrowingnumberofAmerica’sparentlesschildrenhavefoundhomes.In2008therewere463，000childreninfostercare，asystemwheretheernmentcesorphansandchildrenwithparentswhoareabusiveorunabletotakecareoftheminthecareofguardians.Thatis11%downsince2002，andgreatnews.Butexpertsworrythetrendmightnowgointoreverse.Somewelfareadvocatesfearthatthebadeconomymaycauseparentswithfrayednervestoabuseandneglecttheirchildren，andevencausesometoabandonthem.Furthermore，manystatesandcountiesinanattempttocopewiththeirfiscalstraitsareconsideringcuttingdownonchild-welfareservices.Withmorebudgetcutstherewillbefewercaseworkerstotakenoticeofabuseandneglect，anditwillbemoredifficulttofindsomeonetoreportproblemsto，potentiallyskewingthecollectiondata.1.Theapprehensionoftheexpertsonthereverseofthetrendmainlyoriginates［A］11%downofparentlesschildrensince［B］thefostercaresystemneglectingabusive［C］parentswithnervesfacingbad［D］theattempts ernmentstocut3.TheFedhasseenquietnominalwagesasevidencethelabourmarkethasmoreslackthanfallingunemploymentsuggests.ButJanetYellen，itschairman，recentlysaidthattheweaknessinwagesmightbedeceptive.NewresearchbytheSanFranciscoFedsuggeststhatmanyemployersfrozepayduringtherecessionbecauseworkersresistcutsinnominalpaymorefiercelythantheerosionoftheirpurchasingpowerbyinflation.Employers，unabletoreducewageswhentimeswerebad，havenotbeenraisingthemnowthattimesarebetter.Butoncethis“pent-upwagedeflation”hasrunitscourse，paygrowthmighttakeoff.1.Whyemployersstagnatethewageduringthe［A］Theweaknessofwagesrunsits［B］Workersprefertotheerosionoftheirpurchasing［C］Employeeshavevoicedtheirdissentonwage［D］Thelabourmarkethasbeenslowingthan4.MusicsalesatApple’siTunesStorehavefallen13to14%world-widesincethestartofthisyear，whichisstarkcomparedwithamuchshallowerdiplastyear.TheplummetingdownloadnumbershelpillustratewhyAppleboughtthe$10-a–monthsubscriptionstreamingserviceBeatsMusicearlierthisyear，aspartofits$3billionacquisitionthatincludedheadphonemakerBeatsElectronics.AppleisrebuildingBeatsMusicandnstorelaunchitnextyearaspartofiTunes，accordingto familiarwiththe1.WhatisthemotivationofApple’acquisitionofBeats［A］ThedipofmusicserviceatApple’siTunes［B］TheheadphonebusinesswouldpromoteApple’smusic［C］TheobviouslurchbackoftheiTunesstoremusic［D］Theworldwideplummetingmusicnumbersinthe例5.It’sunderstandablethatKaciHickox，thenursedetainedinNewJerseyaftertreatingEbolapatientsinSierraLeone，didn’tlikehertreatment.AndinthegreatAmericantradition，shehasretainedacivil-rightsattorneytosue.Meanwhile，Illinoishasalsoimposeda21-daysimilartoNewYork’s，andFloridaisrequiringtwicedailymonitoringforanyonereturningfromEbola-infectedareas.Thispatchworkmessiswhathappenswhenthefederalernmentdemonstratesapersistentrecordof petenceandincredibility.Aslongasthatholds，theernorsshouldn’tbecriticizedforusingevenblunttoolstoprotectthepublic.1.Thereasonwhydifferentstatesadoptdiversifiedmeasures ［A］ThegreatAmericantraditiontopreventpatchwork［B］Theuntrustworthinessofcentralauthorityonthedisease［C］measureisessentialforthedisease［D］Varioussituationsfacingdifferentstatescallforpatch6.TherecoveryfromtheGreatRecessionhasadvancedsufficientlyfaranddomesticspendinghasbeensufficientlyrobustthatanargumentcanbemadeforariseininterestratesatthistimeMs.Yellensaid.But“heighteneduncertainnessabroadandslowinflationpersuadedthecommitteetowaitformoreevidence，includingjobgrowth，“tobolsteritsconfidence.”WhytheFedstillkeepinterestratesnear［A］Therecoveryfromthefinancialcrisisisnotasgoodas［B］Thethreatofforeigncompetitionthreatensthejob［C］TheFedisstilldearthofconfidenceinoversea［D］TheheighteneduncertainnessabroadbolstersFed‘s例7.RoyalMailcouldbemadetoacceptfurthercontrolsonstamppricesaspartofaninquiryannouncedbythecommunications saiditwouldcarryouta“fundamentalreview”ofhowitregulatesRoyalMailtomakesurethe maintainsitsobligationtodelivertoallpartsofthecountry.TheregulatordecidedtoundertakethereviewafterWhistl，RoyalMail’sonlynationalcompetitorfordirectdeliveryofletters，pulledoutofthemarket. wouldconductafundamentalreviewofRoyalMail’s［A］RoyalMaildeclinedtoacceptthefurthercontrolonstamp［B］Thewatchdogintendstoconfirm ’sdutyonthe［C］TheonlynationalrivalofRoyalMailhaswithdrawnfromthe nstoregulateRoyalMailtopullWhistloutofthe1.“OURprimarygoalisforouruserstoseeusasagym，wheretheycanworkoutandkeepmentallyfitsaysMichaelScanlon，theco-founderandchiefscientistofLumosLabs.For$14.95amonth，subscriberstothefirm’sLumositywebsitegettoyaselectionofonlinegamesdesignedtoimprovetheircognitiveperformance.Therearearound40exercisesavailable，includingmatch，inone“memorymatrix，whichrequiresrememberingwhichsquaresonamatrixwereshaded；and“raindrops，whichinvolvessolvingarithmeticproblemsbeforetheraindropscontainingthemhittheground.Thepuzzlesarevaried，accordingtohowwellusersperform，toensuretheyaregivenasuitablychallengingbrain-trainingsessioneachday.Whichofthefollowingtasksispresentedbythewebsiteaccordingtothefirst［A］Toremembersomeshadedmatrixin［B］Toclickthepreviousmatchesin［C］Topreventmentaldeteriorationwithsome［D］Tohitraindropscontainingarithmetic2.Workingouttowhatextentthelowparticipationrateisstructural，meaningthatitwillwhentheFederalReserveraisesinterestrates.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothe［A］LowparticipationrateiscriticalforFederalReserve’sdecisiononinterest［B］Thereisnocorrelationbetweenstructurallowrateandinterestrates［C］Thestructurallowparticipationrateusuallywillcontinueasitisfora［D］ThecyclicallowparticipationiscausedbyFederalReserve’s3.Advertisingsustainsprettymuchallthecontentyouenjoyontheweb，notleastthisverynewspaperanditshandsome，charmingtechnologycolumnist；asI’vearguedbefore，manyoftheworld’smostusefulmayneverhavecomeaboutwithoutonlineadvertising.Butatthesametime，adsandthevast，hidden，data-suckingmachinerythattheydependontotrackandprofileyouareroutinelythemostterriblethingabouttheInternet.Now，moreandmorewebusersareescathedailybombardmentofonlineadvertisingbyinstallinganadblocker.Thissimple，softwareletsyouroamthewebwithoutencounteringanyadsthatshuntthemselvesbetweenyouandthecontentyouwanttoreadorwatch.Withanadblocker，yourwebbrowserwillgenerallyrunfaster，you’llwastelessbandwidthdownloadingads，andyou’llsufferfewerannoyanceswhennavigatingtheInternet.You’llwonderwhyeveryoneelseintheworlddoesn’tturntothedarkside.Whatoffollowingistrueaboutthewebad［A］Itwillhelpusersconfronttheadbeweenthemandthewanting［B］Itwilljeopardisetheuser-friendlyInternetsurfingexperienceontheweb［C］Itwilltakeusersintoadarksideofthe［D］Itwillwastemorebandwidthdownloading4.Justunderadecadeago，AmericaseemedonthecuspofanautorevolutionFacedwithaslumeconomyandskyingoilprices，driverswereturningawayfromcostly，gas-guzzlingSUVs—thinkoftheHummerbrandthatGeneralMotorskilledin2010—andtowardhybrid-electriccarsthatpromised，overtime，tosavethemmillionsatthepump.Thetechnologywaspoisedtogomainstream，thanksinparttoafreshlyelectedObama，whopromisedtomakeitcheapertoproducegreenercars—whichinturnwouldmakeitcheapertobuythem.Whichofthefollowingoneistrueaccordingtothefirst［A］Thedramaticriseoftheoilpricehasspeltthedeathof［B］TheObamahasmadetheautorevolutionofhybrid-electric［C］ThepriceofgasolinehasmadethecuspofGeneral［D］ThetechnologyhasmadethegasolinemuchcheaperthanForthepastseveralyears，theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant，whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold；thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualogies，toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut，andtodeducenumericalsequences，amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe（whoseIQisthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly，inligence passesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofinligencecanbespecified，andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology，genetics，computerscienceandotherfields?30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQ 2.Anotherunexaminedfactormayalsohavecontributedtorisesinproductivity.Slaveswerevaluableproperty，andmuchharderand，thankstothedeclineinsupplyfromAfrica，costliertorecethan，say，theIrishpeasantsthattheiron-mastersimportedintosouthWalesinthe19thcentury.Slaveryownerssurelyhadavestedinterestinkeetheir“hands”everfitterstrongertopickmorecotton.Someoftheriseinproductivitycouldhavecomefromtreatment.UnlikeMrThomas，MrBaptisthasnotwrittenanobjectivehistoryofslavery.Almostalltheblacksinhisbookarevictims，almostallthewhitesvillains.Thisisnothistory；itisadvocacy.1.WhatistheMrBaptist’sattitudetowards 3.Theresultshavebeendeeplytroubling.Theproblemisnotjustthatcompaniesareevermorefrequentlytreatedascriminals.Itisthatthecrimestheyareaccusedofareoftenobscureandthereasoningbehindtheirpunishmentsopaque，andthatitisfarfromobviousthatjusticeisbeingdoneandthepublicinterestisbeingserved.Itistruethatmanyoftheallegedwrongngstakeceaspartofcomplexsetofactivities，especiallyinthefinancialmarkets，whichcanmakethemhardtoWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsaccusationon 1.BritishgreengroupsspankedthePrinceCharlesfordecidingtoflytotheU.S.topickupaprestigiousenvironmentalaward，arguingthatthecarbonemissionscreatedbyhistravelcanceledouthisgreencredit.Hiscriticsmaybeontosomething.Jetsareuniquelypolluting.Onanindividuallevel，asinglelong-haulflightcanemitmorecarbonperpassengerthanmonthsofSUVdriving.Thoughairtravelisresponsibleforonlyl.6%oftotalgreenhousegasemissions，accordingtooneestimate，inmanycountriesit’sthefastest-growingsinglesource.Oneofthebiggestproblems，astheInterernmentalPanelonClimateChange（IPCC）pointsout，isthatthecarbonemittedbyairtravelcurrentlyhas“notechnofix.”Asmessyasourceofpollutionaselectricitygenerationandgroundtransportationare，doexistthatcoulddrasticallycutcar-bonfrompowerntsandcars.Notsofornes.Whatcanweinferfromthefirsttwo［A］PrinceCharlesisblamedforhisindifferencetowards［B］Airindustryisthemajorcontributortoglobalgreenhouse［C］Notechnologysolutioncangreatlyreduceairlineemissions2.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouragedthoughnotjustifiedbythelackoflegalpenalty（inAmerica，butnotEurope）fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedlaw，Americanfirmsdidnothavetolanyone，eventhevictim，whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowngtheroundsinWashington，D.C.Meanwhile，thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica，disclosedonJune17th，overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission（FTC）thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5［A］dataleakageismoreseverein［B］FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodata［C］Californiatakestheleadinsecurity［D］legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodata3.AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals，assumptions，andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And，ofcourse，speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample，whenanAmericanusesthewordfriendtheculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.etbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraph ［A］cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocial［B］courteousconventionandindividualinterestare［C］variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamong［D］socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofcultural4.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeewithourexaminationofsoutherninlectuallife，wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNew ［A］experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearly［B］broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOld［C］paidlittleattentiontosoutherninlectual［D］wereobsessedwithreligious5.MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices，therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byheltoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour，andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch，thepriceofyourevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthorimplies ［A］heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostof［B］everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoney［C］advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverything［D］itisworthwhiletospendmoneyon6.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don’tusuallyseetheys，andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However，theygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirygoing.Itistheygoers，theRSCcontends，whobringinmuchofthetown’srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight（someofthemfourorfivenights）pouringcashintothehosandrestaurants.ThesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbyItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 ［A］thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalace ［B］theygoersspendmoremoneythanthe［C］thesightseersdomoreshopthanthe［D］theygoersgotonoothercesintownthanthe7.Overthepastcentury，allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrivealphabetism.This，forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage，referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanandvice-havesurnamesstartingwithBandChalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking，sixofthesevenheadsofernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged（Berlusconi，Blair，Bush，Chirac，ChrétienandKoizumi）.Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers（Greenspan，Duisenbergandi）areallclosetothetopofthealphabet，evenifoneofthemreallyusescharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen（Gates，Buffett，Allen，EllisonandWhatcanweinferfromthefirstthree［A］InbothEastandWest，namesareessentialto［B］ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoë［C］Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’［D］Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtleto8.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivayfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation，butinaphoneinterview，hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair.”Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph ［A］someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloning ［B］alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinno［C］privayfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’s［D］theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbe9.Withadiseaseascomplexascancer，it’seasytoforgetthatsometimesthemosteffectivedefensecanbethesimplest.Despiteallthegadgetsthatmodernmedicinehastoimage，diagnoseandtrackatumor，thereisaneasierwaytogoaboutthings.ResearchersattheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncology（ASCO）conferenceinChicagoreportedearlierthismonththatthebestwaytofigureouthowacancerisprogressingistodrawalittleblood.Whatcanbeinferredfromthefirst［A］ResearchersatASCOtaketheleadinthecancer［B］Thegadgetsthatdiagnoseatumorwilldrawthe［C］TheconferenceinChicagoreportedthemosteffectivewaytoprevent［D］Themosteffectivediagnosisforcancercomesfromtheblood10.Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed，ifhehasareputationforslacking，youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta，Georgia，whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature，suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey，aswell.monkey（Last ［A］monkeysarealsooutragedbyslack［B］resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’［C］monkeys，likehumans，tendtobelousofeach［D］noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuch11.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptiveandnewlysingle–momSandraBullock，aswellastheusual“JenniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom，ormom-to-be，smilingontheInasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation，isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair，then，tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids，butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegababy-sizeholesintheirlives.WelearnfromParagraph2［A］celebritymomsareapermanentsourcefor［B］singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreater［C］newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesis［D］havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbytheItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildless［A］areconstantlyexposedto［B］arelargelyignoredbythe［C］failtofulfilltheirsocial［D］arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeir12.AlthoughadvocatesofthemotiontosplitMrDimon’srolesinsistedthattheywerenotouttogethim，hewasclearlythemainfocusofthedebate.Astronganddecisivemanager，MrDimonhasshapedJPMorgan’sstrategyandthusitsremarkablesuccess.Buthiswillingnesstocriticizethechaoticregulatorystructureimposedonbanksafterthefinancialcrisishasexposedhimtopoliticalretribution.AndthesheersizeofJPMorganmakespeoplecautiousaboutriskswithintheinstitutionanditsleadership.Whatcanwelearnfromthesecond［A］ThereislittlecorrelationbetweensplitmotionandMrDimon’s［B］MrDimon’scriticiseonthebanksinvitespolitical［C］ThescaleoftheJPMorganisthesourceofchaoticregulatory［D］ThecautionofthepublicisarousedbyJPMorgan’sgreat13.Americanofficialskeeprepeatingthattheyhoover（vacuum）upverylittlecontentbelongingtotheirowncitizens.ThatisnocomforttothemanymillionsofforeignerswhovisitAmericanwebsitesorwhosetraffichappenstopassalongnetworksownedbyAmericanfirms.OnJune10thWilliamHagueBritain’sforeignministerpromisedthathiscountry’sspieswouldexintoaparliamentarycommitteehowtheymayhavebenefitedfromAmerica’sPRISMsurveillance.BritishMPsfearthatspooksareaskingAmericanagenciestofishoutinformationonBritonstheyareforbiddentocollectthemselves—aclaimMrHaguesaidwasItissuggestedinParagraph5 ［B］Parliamentarycommitteehavebenefitedfromthe［C］BritishMPsproposeanimpossible［D］BritishSpooksvacuumedupforbiddendatawiththehelpof国国会议员担心本国们会请求机构帮忙收集英国法律收集的信息，黑格认例14.Somemusichasalwaysbeenabouttheperformance.Watchingarockbandlive，forexample，isnotjustamatterofappreciatingthequalityofthesound.Whatthemusiciansgetuptoonstageisalmostasimportant.Butyoumightthinkthatclassicalmusicwouldbeimmunefrom competition.However，astudybyChia-JungTsay，aconcertpianistwhoisalsoaresearcheratUniversityCollegeLondonsuggeststhatevenjudgesawardingprizescanbeswayedbywhattheyseeaswellaswhattheyhear.DrTsay’sstudy，justpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences（NAS，employedover1，000volunteers（halfnovicesandhalfexperts）toevaluatetheperformancesofcandidatesintenprestigious petitions，toseeiftheyagreedwiththejudges’decisions.Eachvolunteerassessed30performances—thetopthreefromeachcompetition.Thecatchwasthatonlyathirdofvolunteerswereshowntheperformancespaniedbythesoundtrack.Theothertwo-thirdsgoteithertoseeeachperformanceortohearit，butnotboth.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwo［A］Thesoundtrackofmusiccompetitioncanbeassessedby［B］Volunteerswithoutanyexperiencearecompetingwithexpertise［C］Theperformanceofthemusicexertscertaininfluenceon［D］Thetopthreeof30performancesareevaluatedby15.Itisnotsurprisingthatgeneralizationsaboutmillennials—oraboutanygeneration—largelycollapseunderscrutiny.Itiseasytoconfuseanobservationaboutpeopleofagivenagewithobservationsaboutagivengeneration.