2023年考研考博考博英语南昌大学考试历年高频考试题专家版答案

2023年考研考博考博英语南昌大学考试历年高频考试题专家版答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Peoplehavebeendonatingbloodsincetheearlytwentiethcenturytohelpaccidentvictimsandpatientsundergoingsurgicalprocedures.Usuallyapintofwholebloodisdonated,anditisthendividedintoplatelets,whitebloodcells,andredbloodcells.Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths.Transfusingthebloodfromthedonortotherecipientisstraightforward.D.Itinvolvestakingthebloodfromadonor’sarmveinbymeansofahypodermicsyringe.Thebloodflowsthroughaplastictubetoacollectionbagorbottlethatcontainssodiumcitrate,whichpreventsthebloodfromclotting.Whenthebloodisgiventoapatient,aplastictubeandhypodermicneedleareconnectedtotherecipient’sarm.Thebloodflowsdownfromthecontainerbygravity.Thisisaslowprocessandmaylastaslongas2hourstocompletetheinfusionofbloodintotherecipient.Thepatientisprotectedfrombeinginfectedduringthetransfusion.Onlysterilecontainers,tubing,andneedlesareused,andthishelpsensurethattransfusedorstoredbloodisnotexposedtodisease-causingbacteria.Negativereactionstotransfusionsarenotunusual.Therecipientmaysufferanallergicreactionorbesensitivetodonorleukocytes.Somemaysufferfromanundetectedred-cellincompatibility.Unexplainedreactionsarealsofairlycommon.Althoughtheyarerare,othercausesofsuchnegativereactionsincludecontaminatedblood,airbubblesintheblood,overloadingofthecirculatorysystemthroughadministrationofexcessblood,orsensitivitytodonorplasmaorplatelets.Today,hospitalsandbloodbanksgotogreatlengthstoscreenallblooddonorsandtheirblood.D.Alldonatedbloodisroutinelyandrigorouslytestedfordiseases,suchasHIV(whichcauseAIDS),hepatitisB,andsyphilis.Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement.Donatedbloodiswashed,andthewhitebloodcellsandplateletsareremoved.Storingthebloodsometimesrequiresafreezingprocess,tofreezetheredbloodcells,aglycerolsolutionisadded.D.Tounfreeze,theglycerolisremoved.D.Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth.1.Accordingtothispassage,howoftencanpeopledonatebloodforredbloodcells?2.Whichsentenceinparagraph2explainshowclottingispreventedinthebloodcontainer?3.AllofthefollowingarementionedaspotentialnegativereactionstotransfusionsEXCEPT?4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutbloodtransfusedtoinfantsandnewborns?5.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthepassage?问题1选项A.EverymonthB.EverytwomonthsC.EverythreemonthsD.Everyyear问题2选项A.ThefirstsentenceB.ThesecondsentenceC.ThethirdsentenceD.Noneoftheabove问题3选项A.allergiesB.sensitivitytodonorleukocytesC.red-cellincompatibilityD.airbubblesintheblood问题4选项A.ItisasrigorouslytestedasbloodforadultsB.ItistreatedwithradiantenergyC.ItisnottreateddifferentlyfromadultsD.Itisnotdangerousforchildren问题5选项A.TransfusingbloodisadangerousprocessB.FreezingblooddestroysplateletsC.ClottingcannotbepreventedD.Storingbloodbenefitsmankind2.单选题BillGatesisnottheonlyAmericanentrepreneurwithbusinessplantosavetheworld.D.Therearethousands.ConsiderSteveKirsch,whohadjustturned35whenhehadeveiythingeverythinghecouldwant.Adobe,thesoftwaregiant,hadjustpurchasedoneofhisstartups,Eframe.,ThesalemadeKirschveryrich,withashareinaprivatejet,anestateinCalifornia’sLosAltosHillsandaburningquestion:whattodowiththerestofa$50millionfortune?Afterafewyearsofdolingoutmoneytotraditionalcharities—hisalmamater,theUnitedWay—Kirschgotambitious.Hesetuphisownfoundationtobenefit“everyone”,fundingresearchoneverythingfromcancertonear-earthobjects."“Itisguaranteedthatwewillbehitbyanasteroidsometimeinthefuture,，”perhaps“beforeweendthisphoneconversation.”Kirschexplains.“Itwouldcostseveralbillionlives,andwecansavethoselivesfor$50million,whichislessthanthecostofaprivatejet.Icallitenlightenedself-interest.”Americanphilanthropyisn’twhatitusedtobe.Gonearethedayswhenoldmoneywasdoledoutbybureaucratsfrommahogany-paneledrooms.Morepeoplearegivingoutmoremoneythaneverbefore,atmuchyoungerages,andtoamuchwidervarietyofcauses.In1980s,RonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessewasgreetedwithhootsofliberalderision—andanoutbreakofgiving.Thenumberofprivatefoundationsrosefrom22,000in1980to55,000today.Theynowdoleoutabout$23.3billionayear,a700percentincreasesince1980.Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity.VanessaKirsch,presidentandfounderoftheentrepreneurialcharityNewProfitInc.,says,“There’sthisnewbreedofsocialentrepreneurscomingoutofHarvardBusinessSchoolorfaileddot-coms,andthey’resaying,'‘Iwanttomakebigthingshappen.’”’’Theiroutlookisincreasinglyglobal,intheGatesmold.D.Theshareoffundingthatthe1,000largestfoundationsdevotetointeractionalcausesjumpedfrom11.3percentin1999to16.3percentin2000.AndwhiletheU.S,governmentisoftencriticizedforstingyforeignaid(wellunder1percentofGNPeachyear),thesamecan’tbesaidofprivatedonors,whonowgiveaway2.1percentofU.S.GNPeachyear.“NonationcomesevenremotelyclosetotheU.S.onthesethings,”saysScottWalkerofthePhilanthropyRoundtable.“Ifyou’reinSwedenorFrance,it’ssomethingthegovernmentissupposedtodo.IfyouwereinEngland,itisthenobility.Americansdon’tthinkit’senoughtosay,‘Igaveattheofficewithtaxes.’”’’Tobesure,businessandphilanthropyareoldbedfellowsintheUnitedStates.TheRockefellers,theCarnegiesandtheFordssetthemold.D.ButmanywerewhatMarkDowie,authorof“AmericanFoundations:AnInvestigativeHistory,，”calls“s.o.b.B.s”—patronsof“symphonies,operas,ballets,”and“museumsandhospitalswhererichpeoplegotodie.”Thenewfoundationsaremorelike“quasi-publictrusts—progressiveinstitutionsofchange,”arguesDowie.ThenewmoversandshakersofAmericancharityaremorelikelytobeflashyTVtitanslikeTedTurner.ThestoryofhowTurnergaveawayabillionisafoundinglegendofthisclass.InacabonhiswaytomakeaspeechattheUnitedNations,thecabletitan,sickofofficialU.S.reluctancetopayU.N.dues,decidedtoponyupI$1billionhimself.ThisshamedWashingtonandinspiredimitators.“Itisalotmorepersonality-orientedinthiscultureofnewwealth.,”saysEllenDadisman,vicepresidentoftheCouncilonFoundations.“It’ssortoflikewealthmeetsPeoplemagazine.”InSiliconValley,thenewfashioniscalled“venturephilanthropy”,Accordingtoonesurvey,83percentofvalleyhouseholdsgivetocharity,comparedwith69percentnationally.Buttheypreferto“invest”,not“give”.Andtoattract“investors”,fund-raiserspromisehands-onmanagementofthenonprofitstheysupport.Theydemandseatsontheboard,setperformancegoalsandplananexitstrategyincaseexpectationsaren’tmet.“Traditionally,foundationshavenotbeenasinvasive,”saysDadisman.“Theydidn’tgotothenonprofitandsay,‘Howmuchareyoupayingforrent?Whyareyouusingtheseold-fashionedcomputers?’”Itmaybeinvasive,butifitworks,itcouldhelpsavetheworld.D.Evenfromasteroids.1.WhydoestheauthorintroducesomeAmericanmillionairesatthebeginningofthepassage?2.TheauthormentionsRonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessas______.3.Theexpression“whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity”fromthesentence“Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity.”(Para.A.2)means______.4.WhichofthefollowingcanbeconcludedfromScottWalker’scomment(Para.A.3)?5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?问题1选项A.TointroducetherapidgrowthofAmericanmillionairesB.ToshowhowtheybecomemillionairesC.TodisplaytherelationshipbetweenbusinessandphilanthropyD.Toexplaintheirchangingattitudetowardscharities问题2选项A.RonaldReaganwasthethenAmericanPresidentB.hiscallwasseverelycriticizedbythepublicC.RonaldReaganfirstunderstoodthesignificanceofprivatefoundationsD.hiscallreceivedmixedresponsesbutpointedthewayforphilanthropy问题3选项A.whoruncharitiesinthesamewayastheyrunbusinessesB.whoupholdtheprinciplesofbusinessinmanagingcharitiesC.whomanagethemoneytheysendtocharitiesD.whothinkphilanthropistsshouldreceivetraining问题4选项A.CharitiesinEuropeancountriesarerunbythegovernmentaldepartmentB.AmericashouldearnestlylearnthepracticeofcharityfromFranceandSwedenC.EuropeancountriesshouldlearnfromAmericancharityD.TheconceptofAmericancharityisdifferentfromthatofEuropeanones问题5选项A.CharitieswillbecomeprofitablebusinessesinthefutureB.MorepeopleinSiliconValleygivemoneytocharityC.ManagementofcharitiesisrequiredtoundergochangesD.Foundationsarebeginningtocheckhowthecharitiesarerunning3.单选题______conflictamongcity-statescausedtheeventualdeclineofGreekcivilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary4.单选题Thoughhewheedledandthreatened,shedidn’t

anydetailsoftheplan.问题1选项A.giveoffB.giveawayC.giveoverD.giveup5.单选题Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydead,unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A.,youareonthelaunchingpad（发射台）.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanandonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthis,thefamouslawofdiminishingreturns（报酬递减率）beginstotakeeffect.Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust$23,030.APh.D.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget,butexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistry,wherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,youarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesor—worstofall—inphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegepaysmuchlessthanthejanitor（看门人）earns.Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho______.2.IfyouareasgiftedasBernardShaworEdison,______.3.Ph.D.saremostlikelyto

.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?5.Thewriteriscriticalof

.问题1选项A.willnotbeashametothesocietyB.willbecomeskilledworkersC.cantakecareofthemselvesD.canmeetthedemandsasasourceofmanpower问题2选项A.youcangetahighschooldiplomawithoutdifficultyB.youwillbesuccessfulinagradeschoolC.youcanbeprofessionallysuccessfulwithoutadiplomaD.theleastyoushoulddoistogetadiploma问题3选项A.havedifficultiesgettingproperlyemployedB.beemployedinthefieldsofcommerceorindustryC.havetofilloutapplicationformsmonthaftermonthforothersD.workinschoolsorcollegeswithlowpay问题4选项A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschools,nordidEdisonB.TherearefarmorePhDsthanthesocietydemandsC.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyouwillearnD.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you’llmakethingsdifficultforthesociety问题5选项A.theemployeesB.thePhDsC.theemployersD.thesociety6.填空题TheFoodandDrugAdministrationonFridayproposedtwoimportantrules_1_atpreventingthecontaminationofproduceandprocessedfoods.The_2_rulerepresentaseachangeinthewaytheagencypolicesfood,aprocessthatcurrently_3_takingactionaftercontaminationhasbeenidentified.Changesincluderequirementsforbetterrecordkeeping,contingency（应急的）plansforhandlingoutbreaksandmeasuresthatwouldpreventthespreadofcontaminationinthefirstplace.Whilefoodproducerswouldhavelatitudein4howtoexecutetherules,farmerswouldhavetoensurethatwaterusedinirrigationmeetcertainstandardsandfood_5_needtofindwaystokeepfreshthatmaycontainbacteriafromcominginto_6_withfoodthathasbeencooked.Newsafetymeasuresmightincluderequiringthatfarmworkerswashtheirhands,_7__portabletoiletsinfieldsandensuringthatfoodsshouldbecookedattemperatureshighenoughtokillbacteria.Whetherconsumerswill_8_bearsomeoftheexpensesofthenewruleswasunclear,theagencyestimatedthattheproposalswouldcostfoodproducerstensofthousandsofdollarsayear.PresidentObamarequested$220millioninhis2013_9_,butDr.MargaretHamburg,commissioneroftheF.D.A,said“resourcesremainanongoingconcern.”Nonetheless,agencyofficialswere_10_thatthenewruleswouldprotectconsumersbetter.7.单选题Beingsomewhatshort-sighted,Sallyhasdevelopedthehabitof

atpeople.问题1选项A.peeringB.gazingC.glancingD.scanning8.单选题Manyathletestakeextravitaminsasa______totheirdietwhentheyarepreparingforcompetition.问题1选项A.nutritionB.complimentC.supplementD.component9.单选题Designofallthenewtoolsandimplementsisbasedoncarefulexperimentswithelectronicinstruments.First,ahuman“guineapig”istestedusingaregulartool.Measurementsaretakenoftheamountofworkdone,andthebuildupofheatinthebody.Twistedjointsandstretchedmusclescannotperformaswell,ithasbeenfound,asjointsandmusclesintheirnormalpositions.Thesamepersonisthentestedagain,usingatooldesignedaccordingtothesuggestionsmadebyDr.Tichauer.Allthesetestshaveshownthegreatimprovementofthenewdesignsovertheold.OneoftheelectronicinstrumentsusedbyDr.Tichauer,themyograph,makesvisiblethroughelectricalsignalstheworkdonebyhumanmuscle.Anothermachinemeasuresanydangerousfeaturesoftools,thusprovinginformationuponwhichtobaseanewdesign.Oneconclusionoftestsmadewiththismachineisthatatripodstepladderismorestableandsafertousethanonewithfourlegs.Thisworkhasattractedtheattentionofefficiencyexpertsandtime-and-motion-studyengineer,butitsvaluegoesfarbeyondthat.Dr.Tichauer’sfirstthoughtisforthehealthofthetooluser.Withtherepeateduseofthesametoolalldaylongonproductionlinesandinotherjobs,evenlightmanualworkcanputaheavystressononesmallareaofthebody.Intime,suchstresscancauseadisablingdisease.Furthermore,musclefatigueisaserioussafetyhazard.Efficiencyistheby-productofcomfort,Dr.Tichauerbelieves,andhisnewdesignsfortraditionaltoolshaveprovedhispoint.1.Whatareinvolvedinthedesignofanewtoolaccordingtothepassage?2.Fromthepassageweknowthatjointsandmusclesperformbestwhen.3.A“myograph”(Para.A.2,Line1)isanelectronicinstrumentthat.4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.5.Dr.Tichauerstartedhisexperimentsinitiallyto.问题1选项A.ElectronicinstrumentsandaregulartoolB.Ahuman“guineapig”andaregulartoolC.Electronicinstrumentsandahuman“guineapig”D.Electronicinstruments,ahuman“guineapig”andaregulartool问题2选项A.theyaretwistedandstretchedB.theyareintheirnormalpositionsC.theyaretestedwithahuman“guineapig”D.theyaretestedwithelectronicinstruments问题3选项A.isabletodesignnewtoolsB.measurestheamountofenergyusedC.enablepeopletoseethemuscularmovementsD.visualizeselectricalsignals问题4选项A.astepladderusedtohavefourlegsB.itisdangeroustousetoolsC.atripodissaferinatooldesignD.workersaresaferonproductionlines问题5选项A.improveefficiencyB.increaseproductionC.reduceworkloadD.improvecomfort10.单选题Competition,manypeoplebelieve,

thenationalcharacterratherthancorruptit.问题1选项A.enforcesB.confirmsC.intensifiesD.strengthens11.单选题Doctorsbelievethatsecondhandsmokemaycauselungcancerinpeoplewhodonotsmoke.Nonsmokersoftenbreatheinthesmokefromotherpeople’scigarettes.Thisissecondhandsmoke.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke.Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals.Inthepast,scientistsdidnotthinkthesechemicalsharmanonsmoker’shealth.Recently,though,scientistsexpressedtheiropinionaftertheystudiedalargegroupofnonsmokers.Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies.Asamatteroffact,almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot.Forexample,wecannotavoidsecondhandsmokeinrestaurants,hotels,andotherpublicplaces.Eventhoughmanypublicplaceshavenonsmokingareas,smokeflowsinfromtheareaswheresmokingispermitted.Itisevenharderforchildrentoavoidsecondhandsmoke.InAmerica,ninemillionchildrenundertheageoffiveliveinhomeswithatleastonesmoker.Researchshowsthatthesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes.Thedamagingeffectsofsecondhandsmokeonchildrenalsocontinueastheygrowup.Thechildrenofsmokersaremorethantwiceaslikelytodeveloplungcancerwhentheyareadultsasthechildrenofnonsmokers.Theriskisevenhigherforthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherebothparentssmoke.1.Itcanbeinferredthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmerica.2.Non-smokersgetharmedbysmokers.3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasanegativeeffectimposedbysecondhandsmokingonchildren?5.Whichgroupofchildrensufferfromsecondhandsmokingtothegreaterextent?问题1选项A.becauseofsmokingB.thoughtheydon’tsmokeC.becausetheirparentssmokeD.thoughtheirparentsdon’tsmoke问题2选项A.becauseofthepoisonoussmoketheybreatheinB.iftheylivetogetherC.whenthereisnonon-smokingareainthepublicutilitiesD.thoughthepoisonouschemicalscontainedinthesmokedon’tharmthem问题3选项A.Non-smokersmaybepassivelyinvolvedinsecondhandsmokingB.Non-smokersmaydieofsecondhandsmokingC.Weall,moreorless,sufferfromsecondhandsmokingD.Secondhandsmokingisevenmoreharmfulthansmokingitself问题4选项A.TheyaresickmoreoftenB.TheyaremorelikelytodevelopmentaldiseaseC.ItwillinfluencetheirfuturelifeD.Theyaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancer问题5选项A.ChildrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithnosmokersB.ChildrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithoneparentsmokingC.ChildrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithtwoparentssmokingD.Childrenundertheageoffivelivingawayfromtheirparents12.单选题______he’salreadyheardthenews.问题1选项A.ChancesareB.ChanceisC.OpportunitiesareD.Opportunityis13.单选题Ifhehadknownhowtorepairthetoaster,hesurely

her.问题1选项A.wouldtellB.wouldhavetoldC.willtellD.tells14.单选题Thisisanidealsiteforauniversity

itisfarfromthedowntownarea.问题1选项A.providedthatB.nowthatC.inthatD.sothat15.翻译题我们既面临难得的机遇，也面临严峻的挑战。地区热点问题错综复杂，南北差距进一步拉大。国际恐怖势力、民族分裂势力、极端宗教势力在一些地区还相当活跃。16.单选题Accordingtodoctors,ifonecan

thebottleandcigarettes,onecanusuallybemuchhealthier.问题1选项A.takeoffB.keepoffC.getoffD.leaveoff17.单选题Ididn’tsendoutmyapplicationformlastweek,butI

.问题1选项A.hadtoB.woulddoC.shouldhaveD.mighthaveto18.单选题______beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.问题1选项A.HadtheyarrivedB.WouldtheyarriveC.WeretheyarrivingD.Weretheytoarrive19.单选题Inaseminar,everyoneshouldtakepartratherthanallowonepersonto______thediscussion.问题1选项A.overwhelmB.dominateC.oppressD.determine20.单选题Itisnotuncommonforthere______problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.问题1选项A.beingB.wouldbeC.beD.tobe第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段最后一句话提到的内容Peoplecandonateblood(forredbloodcells)aboutonceeverytwomonths可知选项B符合题意。2.判断推理题。第二段第一句话提到把献血的血液输血给接受者很简单。第二句话提到通过皮下注射器从献血者手臂的静脉中抽取血液。第三句话提到柠檬酸钠可以防止血液凝固。因此可知是第三句话讲述了如何防止血液凝固，选项C符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第四段前三句话，可以排除A、B、C三个选项，因此选项D符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章第五段倒数第二句话提到当接受者是新生儿或婴儿时，通常对血液进行辐射处理以消除有害的毒素（Whentherecipientisanewbornoraninfant,thebloodisusuallyirradiatedtoeliminateharmfulclement），由此可知选项B符合题意。5.细节事实题。文章第六段最后一句话提到长期储存血液的能力对人类健康大有裨益（Theabilitytostorebloodforlongperiodshasbeenaboontohumanhealth），因此选项D符合题意。2.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。文章主要讲述了很多亿万富翁投身于慈善事业，开启了慈善事业的新的模式，因此选项C符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第二段提到里根呼吁用私人慈善机构来取代政府的捐赠引起了自由派的嘲笑和捐赠狂潮（In1980s,RonaldReagan’scallforprivatecharitytoreplacegovernmentlargessewasgreetedwithhootsofliberalderision—andanoutbreakofgiving），由此可知对他的做法褒贬不一，因此选项D符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第二段提到里根呼吁私人慈善机构代替政府捐赠之后，捐赠狂潮涌现，他们很多都是资本家的后代，把商业的语言带入了慈善事业（Andmanyaretheoffspringofcapitalists,whobringthelanguageofbusinesstocharity），根据后文都是在讲述如何将商业的规则用于慈善事业，因此可知选项B符合题意。4.推理判断题。文章第三段提到ScottWalker的观点，他认为美国的私人慈善是其他国家无法比拟的，其他国家的慈善都是国家负责（“NonationcomesevenremotelyclosetotheU.S.onthesethings,”saysScottWalkerofthePhilanthropyRoundtable.“Ifyou’reinSwedenorFrance,it’ssomethingthegovernmentissupposedtodo…），因此选项D符合题意，美国慈善的概念与欧洲其他国家的不同。5.细节事实题。文章最后一段提到基金会并没有侵略性，换句话说，基金会不会不干涉慈善的运作（“Traditionally,foundationshavenotbeenasinvasive,”saysDadisman.“Theydidn’tgotothenonprofitandsay,‘Howmuchareyoupayingforrent?Whyareyouusingtheseold-fashionedcomputers?’”），因此选项D符合题意。3.【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。continuous“连续的，持续的”，中间没有间断；continual“持续不断的；频繁的”，中间可能有间断；constant“不变的；恒定的；经常的”；contrary“相反的，对立的”。句意：城邦之间持续不断的冲突最终导致了希腊文明的衰落。选项B符合题意。4.【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。giveoff“发出（光）等”；giveaway“赠送，丧失；泄露”；giveover“停止；交出”；giveup“放弃；交出”。句意：尽管他时而甜言蜜语，时而威胁，她没有透露计划的任何细节。5.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段第二句提到他们真正的期望是获得足够的教育来为社会提供人力（Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety），因此选项D符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章第二段提到高中文凭是必要的，如果没有的话，除非你是萧伯纳或者爱迪生，如果你是他们，你小学辍学都行（unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool），因为他们就算没有文凭，也在各自领域中脱颖而出，因此选项C符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第五段倒数第一句话提到美国失业或未充分就业的博士人数比世界上其他国家要多（TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar），由此可知选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章第五段可知很多博士就业问题并不是很理想，由此可知选项C表述是错误的，符合题意。5.判断推理题。无论是雇主、雇员还有博士生本人都是属于社会中的一员，一系列状况都是社会发展导致的，因此作者批判的是这个社会，因此选项D符合题意。6.【答案】1.A2.N3.H4.F5.M6.D7.G8.O9.C10.I【解析】1.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：美国食品和药物管理局在周五提出了两项重要规定，__防止生产和加工食品的污染。从选项中的动词可以判断aim针对、目的在于符合句意，aimat为固定搭配。2.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由上文内容“proposedtwoimportantrules”可判断空格部分“The__rule”。从选项中的形容词可以判断proposed被提议的、建议的符合句意。3.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：这项规定标志着该机构监管食品的方式发生了巨大变化，目前这一过程__在确定污染后采取行动。从选项中的动词可以判断involve包含符合句意，involvedoingsth包含。4.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商可以自由__如何执行这些规定。从选项中的动词可以判断determine决定符合句意。5.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。由上文内容“Whilefoodproducerswouldhave……”可判断空格部分“food__”。句意为：食品__需要找到保持新鲜的方法。从选项中的名词可以判断producers生产者、制造者符合句意。6.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：食品生产商需要找到保持新鲜的方法，防止可能含有细菌的食品__煮熟的食品。从选项中的动词可以判断contact接触符合题意，comeintocontactwith和……接触、接触到。7.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入动词。句意为：新的安全措施可能包括要求农场工人洗手，在田地里__便携的洗手间，确保食物在足够高的温度下烹饪以杀死细菌。从选项中的动词可以判断install安装符合句意。8.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入副词。句意为：消费者__是否会承担新规定的部分费用尚不清楚。从选项中的动词可以判断ultimately最后、最终符合句意。9.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入名词。句意为：奥巴马总统在2013年的__中要求2.2亿美元。这里提到金额，因此从选项中的名词可以判断budget预算符合句意。10.根据句意和句子结构可以分析空格处填入形容词。由Nonetheless尽管如此可以判断空格部分需要填入一个与前文相反的态度，从选项中的动词可以判断optimistic乐观的符合句意。7.【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。四个单词均有“看”的意思，但又有区别。Peer指当看不清时仔细去端详；gaze表示由于对某事物感兴趣或者惊讶而注视；glance表示快速地瞥一眼；scan表示非常仔细地察看某事物。根据前半句的意思“由于她近视”，因此可知选项A符合题意。句意：由于有点近视，萨丽养成了盯着他人看的习惯。8.【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。nutrition“营养”；compliment“恭维，称赞”；supplement“增补，补充”；component“组成部分”。句意：当为比赛做准备时，许多运动员把额外的维生素作为饮食的补充。选项C符合题意。9.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段前面两句Designofallthenewtoolsandimplementsisbasedoncarefulexperimentswithelectronicinstruments.First,ahuman“guineapig”istestedusingaregulartool可知做该实验涉及到了electronicinstruments,ahuman“guineapig”和aregulartool，选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第四句话Twistedjointsandstretchedmusclescannotperformaswell,ithasbeenfound,asjointsandmusclesintheirnormalpositions可知选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段内容themyograph,makesvisiblethroughelectricalsignalstheworkdonebyhumanmuscle可知选项C符合题意。4.推理判断题。文章第三段第二句提到用新机器做实验的一个结论是，三脚架的活梯比四脚活梯用起来更稳定、更安全（Oneconclusionoftestsmadewiththismachineisthatatripodstepladderismorestableandsafertousethanonewithfourlegs），由此可知以前的梯子都是四脚的，因此选项A符合题意。5.推理判断题。文章倒数第二段第二句提到Dr.Tichauer最初的想法是为了工具使用者的健康（Dr.Tichauer’sfirstthoughtisforthehealthofthetooluser），随后提到使用新机器可以减少人的压力，由此可知选项D符合题意。10.【答案】D【解析】than决定了这里的corrupt(腐坏，破坏)与空格处的词相对，所以空白处应填入D，表示“加强”的意思。句意：很多人相信竞争会加强民族性格而不是破坏它。11.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段最后一句话提到美国每年大约有五万三千人死于二手烟（TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke），由此可知选项B符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章第二段提到点燃的香烟产生的烟雾含有许多不同的有毒化学物质（Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals），接着提到即使不吸烟的人体内也含有大量有害的有毒化学物质（Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies），由此可知不吸烟的人之所以受吸烟人的影响是因为他们吸入了有毒气体，因此选项A符合题意。3.细节事实