2023年考研考博考博英语华东政法大学考试历年高频考试题专家版答案

2023年考研考博考博英语华东政法大学考试历年高频考试题专家版答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Thepartywasexcellent,andI’dliketothankallthe___.问题1选项A.concerningpeopleB.peopleconcerningC.peopleconcernedD.concernedpeople2.单选题Iwasgreatlydisappointed___thataffair.问题1选项A.outB.inC.toD.toward3.单选题Herefusedto___thathewasdefeated.问题1选项A.burlesqueB.conceiveC.acknowledgeD.probe4.单选题Thesubwaysandbusestendtobe___duringtherushhours.问题1选项A.overcrowdedB.overwhelmedC.overshadowedD.overgrown5.单选题Nooneisso___asthepersonwhohasnowishtolearn.问题1选项A.sensibleB.ignorantC.uselessD.simple6.单选题Let’sspeedupthelesson.Ifwe___toolongongrammar,we___enoughtimefororalactivities.问题1选项A.spent...wouldgetB.spent...wouldnotgetC.hadspent...wouldhavegotD.hadspent…wouldnothavegot7.单选题Thenewcurriculumintendstostrengthenchildren’spracticeofbasicsocial___.问题1选项A.mannersB.politenessC.rulesD.regulations8.单选题Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.Thisconceptdoesnotsimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandthecustomer—andeachmustbesatisfiesbeforetradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantportionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidethenewKingCustomerruled!46.Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,___.47.Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted?48.Accordingtothepassage,“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”(Para.1)means___.49.WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate?50.Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson___.问题1选项A.thepracticeofturninggoodsintomoneyB.makinggoodsavailableforpurchaseC.thecustomer-centeredapproachD.aformofpersuasivesalesmanship问题2选项A.Theneedsofthemarket.B.Theefficiencyofproduction.C.Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D.Thepreferencesofthedealer.问题3选项A.tosellthelargestpossibleamountofgoodsB.totransportgoodsasefficientlyaspossibleC.todisposeofthesegoodsinlargequantitiesD.toredesignthesegoodsforlargescaleproduction问题4选项A.Traditionalgoodshaveastrongerappealtothemajorityofpeople.B.Ittakestimeforanewproducttobeacceptedbythepublic.C.Consumerswithconservativetastesareoftendifficulttoplease.D.Productsmustbedesignedtosuitthetasteoftheconsumer.问题5选项A.itsmaincharacteristicB.itssocialimpactC.itspossibleconsequenceD.itstheoreticalbasis9.单选题Whenitcomes___hiswifewiththehousework,Johnnevergrumbles.问题1选项A.tohelpB.andhelpsC.tohelpingD.tohavehelped10.单选题Inherlovetheseais___symbol:tothenarratoritclearlyrepresentseverythingthatisdestructiveinnature,butatothertimesitseemstostandforeverythinginnaturethatisserenelybeautiful.问题1选项A.anenduringB.anambiguousC.acoherentD.adiscrete11.单选题VeryfewcountriestrulysupportUSmilitary___againstIraq.问题1选项A.actsB.actionsC.behaviorD.deed12.单选题He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.问题1选项A.glancedB.glimpsedC.glaredD.scribbled13.单选题Merdineisherownwoman,withanidentity___fromhermother’s.问题1选项A.discreteB.distinctiveC.distinctD.discreet14.单选题Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(国际刑事法院罗马规约).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.问题1选项A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrationsB.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevelC.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveActionD.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel问题2选项A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleB.tochargeeveryoneresponsibleC.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethodD.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses问题3选项A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.问题4选项A.militarycultureB.religiousortraditionalinstitutionsC.ideologyorlegalsystemD.collectiveaction.15.单选题Ⅱ.(EconomicLaw)Considerfirstshareholders’votingrights.Asamatteroflawtheseareseverelylimitedinscope,principallytotherighttoelectandremovedirectors.Shareholdershavenorighttoselectthecompany’sCEO;theycannotrequirethecompanytopaythemasinglepennyindividends;theycannotvotetochangeorpreservethecompany’slineofbusiness;theycannotstopdirectorsfromsquanderingrevenuesonemployeeraises,charitablecontributions,orexecutivejets;andtheycannotvotetosellthecompany’sassetsorthecompanyitself(althoughtheymayinsomecasesvotetovetoasaleormergerproposedbytheboard).Therulesofvotingprocedurefurtherlimitexerciseoftheshareholderfranchise.Delawarelaw,forexample,presumesonlydirectorshaveauthoritytocallaspecialshareholders’meeting,andshareholderswhowaitfortheregularlyscheduledannualmeetingtotrytoelectorremovedirectorsusuallymustpaytosolicitproxies.Finallyandperhapsmostsignificantly,inapublicfirmwithwidely-dispersedshareownership,shareholderactivismisapublicgood,andshareholders’own“rationalapathy”raisesanoften-insurmountableobstacletocollectiveaction.AsRobertClarkhasputit,acyniccouldeasilyconcludethatshareholdervotinginapubliccompanyis“amereceremonydesignedtogiveaveneeroflegitimacytomanagerialpower”.Whataboutshareholders’righttosuecorporateofficersanddirectorsforbreachoffiduciarydutyiftheyfailtomaximizeshareholderwealth?Here,too,shareholders’“rights”turnouttobeillusory.Thefiduciarydutyofloyaltyprecludesofficersanddirectorsfromusingtheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets.Theyremainfree,however,topursueother,nonshareholder-relatedgoalsunderthecomfortingmantleofthebusinessjudgmentrule.AsIhavepointedoutinwritingswithMargaretBlair,courtsconsistentlypermitdirectors“tousecorporatefundsforcharitablepurposes;torejectbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity;toavoidriskyundertakingsthatwouldbenefitshareholdersatcreditors’expense;andtofendoffahostiletakeoveratapremiumpriceinordertoprotectemployeesorthecommunity”.Contrarytotheshareholderprimacythesis,shareholderscannotrecoveragainstdirectorsorofficersforbreachoffiduciarydutysimplybecausethosedirectorsandofficersfavorstakeholders’interestsovertheshareholders’own.55.ThefirstparagraphtellsusthefollowingBUT___.56.Whichofthefollowingsentenceclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedsentence?57.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,whatcanthecompanyofficersdo?58.Courtshavenotalloweddirectorsofcompaniesto___.问题1选项A.ShareholdershavenorighttoelectandremovedirectorsB.ShareholderscanrequirethecompanytopaythemdividendsC.ShareholderscannotchangethelineofbusinessofthecompanyD.Shareholderscannotcallaspecialshareholders’meeting问题2选项A.Shareholdersinapubliccompanyhavenopoweratall.B.Someonewantsthemanagerialpowertobelegitimate.C.Theshareholdervotingisaceremonyforacompany.D.Shareholders’votinginapubliccompanyhasnosubstantivemeaning.问题3选项A.Theycanusetheircorporatepositionforthemselves.B.Theycanlineupforshareholders.C.Theycanpursuenonshareholder-relatedgoalsaslongastheythinkitiscorrectinbusiness.D.Theycancarryoutbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity.问题4选项A.usetheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpocketsB.donatecorporatemoneytochurchesC.rejectaprofit-makingprojectthatwouldpollutetheenvironmentD.refusetosellacompanyfortheinterestoftheneighborhood16.单选题He___afewmoreboardsfromthecabinettomaketheinsidemorespacious.问题1选项A.separatedB.dividedC.detachedD.parted17.单选题Operationwhichleftpatients___andinneedoflongperiodofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.问题1选项A.exhaustedB.abandonedC.injuredD.deserted18.单选题Weare___facedwiththenecessitytorecognizethathavingmorepeopleimpliesalowerstandardofliving.问题1选项A.readilyB.smoothlyC.inevitablyD.deliberately19.单选题Ms.Breenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobe___witheveryonewhocomestothestore.问题1选项A.acceptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted20.单选题Iwasnot___byhismanyargumentssofinallyweagreedtodiffer.问题1选项A.convictedB.assuredC.convincedD.concerned第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】C【解析】考查定语。concerned是分词形容词，其意为“有关的”（involved）；concerning是由分词转换而成的介词，其意为“关于”（relatingto），结合句意：这个聚会太棒了，我要感谢所有___人。可知本句表达“有关的人”，排除A选项和B选项，concerned通常作后置定语，放在修饰的词之后。因此C选项正确。2.【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。bedisappointedin“对……感到失望”，A选项，C选项以及D选项不和bedisappointed搭配。句意：我对那件事非常失望。因此B选项正确。3.【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项burlesque“模仿嘲弄；取笑”；B选项conceive“怀孕；构思；以为；持有”；C选项acknowledge“承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到”；D选项probe“探查；用探针探测”。句意：他拒绝___自己被打败了。本句表达“拒绝承认被打败”。因此C选项正确。4.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项overcrowded“过度拥挤的”；B选项overwhelmed“被压倒的，被淹没的；受宠若惊的，不知所措的”；C选项overshadowed“使失色；使蒙上阴影；遮阴；比……更显眼”；D选项overgrown“蔓生的；生长过快的”。句意：地铁和公共汽车在高峰时间往往___。本句表达“在高峰期间过度拥挤”。因此A选项正确。5.【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sensible“明智的；通情达理的；合乎情理的；意识到的；能感觉到的”；B选项ignorant“无知的；愚昧的”；C选项useless“无用的；无效的”；D选项simple“简单的；单纯的；天真的”。句意：没有人比不愿学习的人更___。本句表达“比不愿意学习的人更无知”，因此B选项正确。6.【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：让我们加快上课速度。如果我们___太多在语法上，我们___足够的时间进行口语活动。根据句意可知提出对于现在的条件，主句：主语would/should/might/could＋动词原形；从句：动词过去式。因此B选项正确。7.【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项manners“方式；习惯；种类；规矩；风俗”；B选项politeness“有礼貌；优雅”；C选项rules“规则（在特定情况下或玩游戏时可以做什么、必须做什么或不能做什么的陈述）；建议；统治；习惯；定律；法治；尺子；破折号”；D选项regulations“管理；规则（政府或其它权威制定的官方规定）；校准”。句意：新课程旨在加强儿童的基本社交___实践。本句表达“基本社交礼仪”，因此A选项正确。8.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】46.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept（市场营销注重顾客的需求。它首先分析顾客的喜好和需求，然后再生产出他们满意的商品。这种着眼于顾客的销售方式就是人们所说的市场营销），说明市场营销是以顾客为中心的销售方式。选C选项“一种以客户为中心的方法”。A选项“把产品变成金钱的一种做法”和D选项“销售人员说服劝导的一种方式”是传统销售的方式，排除；B选项“根据人们的购买需求生产产品”，由原文可知，这只是市场营销的一个步骤，而不是其本质，错误。因此C选项正确。47.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文首段Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.（就在几年前，大多数行业主要专注于产品的高效生产，然后依靠“有说服力的销售技巧”来尽可能多地销售这些产品）可知，市场营销这一概念被普遍采用之前，企业家们主要关心的是生产效率，选B选项“生产效率”；A选项“市场需求”，C选项“用户的满意度”以及D选项“经销商的偏好”都不符合原文给出的信息。因此B选项正确。48.【试题答案】A【试题解析】语义推测题。由题干关键词“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.（就在几年前，大多数行业主要专注于产品的高效生产，然后依靠“有说服力的销售技巧”来尽可能多地销售这些产品。），说明“tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible”在文中是指“尽可能多地销售产品”的意思，选A选项“尽可能多地销售产品”；B选项“尽可能高效地运输产品”，C选项“大批量地处理这些产品”，D选项“重新设计这些产品以便可以大规模制造”均不符合题意。因此A选项正确。49.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第三句Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingandcateringtocustomers.（然而，成功的商人和生产者认识到，最可靠的盈利途径是通过了解和迎合消费者。），接着举了可口可乐公司重新恢复经典口味可乐的例子，说明恢复经典配方是为了迎合顾客的口味，选D选项“商品的设计应该贴合消费者的口味”；A选项“传统型产品对于大多数人来说有着更强的吸引力”，B选项“一种新的产品为公众所接受是需要时间的”，C选项“那些口味保守的消费者最难取悦”在文中均没有提及。因此D选项正确。50.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。结合全文可知，作者旨在向读者介绍市场营销这一概念的基本特征，即根据顾客的需求组织生产，并通过讲述可口可乐公司恢复原配方这一让人印象深刻的例子强化了读者对其基本特征的了解，选A选项“其主要特点”；B选项“其社会影响”，C选项“其可能带来的后果”，D选项“其理论基础”在文中均没有提及。因此A选项符合题意。9.【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。whenitcomestosth./doingsth.“当提到；就……而论”。句意：当谈到帮助妻子做家务时，约翰从不抱怨。因此C选项正确。10.【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项enduring“持久的；能忍受的”；B选项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的；不明确的，不明朗的；引起歧义的”；C选项coherent“连贯的，一致的；明了的；清晰的；凝聚性的；互相耦合的；粘在一起的；共格的”；D选项discrete“离散的，不连续的”。句意：在她的爱中，海是一个___象征：对叙述者来说，它清楚地代表了自然界中所有破坏性的东西，但在其他时候，它似乎代表了自然界中所有宁静美丽的东西。本句表达“海是一个不明确的象征”，因此B选项正确。11.【答案】B【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项acts“行为（具体、简单、短时）；假装；某种行为（或常规等）；法令；判决书；会议记录；（戏剧等的）幕；表演；演出团体”；B选项actions“行动（抽象、复杂、持续）；活动；功能；战斗；情节；（非正式）精彩活动”；C选项behavior“行为；举止（某人的行为方式，尤指对他人的行为方式）；态度；反应”；D选项deed“行动（智慧与力量达到一定境界而产生的行为，常指辉煌与成就）；功绩；证书；[法]契据”。句意：很少有国家真正支持美国对伊拉克的军事___。本句表达“伊拉克的军事行动（是复杂、持续的行动）”，因此B选项正确。12.【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项glanced“瞥闪，瞥见，扫视，匆匆一看（强调主动的加以注意瞥了一眼）；浏览；斜击某物后斜弹开来；反光；轻擦（球）；（板球）斜击”；B选项glimpsed“瞥见（强调被动的，比如某个东西在眼前闪了一下，不是主动去看）”；C选项glared“怒目而视，瞪眼看；发出刺眼的光”；D选项scribbled“乱画；潦草地书写；写作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他离开办公室前___手表。本句表达“主动地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A选项正确。13.【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项discrete“离散的，不连续的”；B选项distinctive“独特的，有特色的；与众不同的（常用来说某个人或物具有独有的、区别于其他的特质）”；C选项distinct“明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的（用于描述两个或多个不同事物或事物群体）”；D选项discreet“谨慎的；小心的”。句意：玛丁是她自己的女人，有着与她母亲___的身份。本句表达“玛丁和她母亲两者的身份截然不同”。因此C选项正确。14.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D【解析】63.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据题干定位到原文第一段AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.（正如库茨所指出，将成员纳入和排除在集体行动之外的问题“总是规范性和事实性的”，因为“选择适当的描述水平”仍然是一个法律政策问题）可知选C选项“在选择适当的集体行动描述水平方面的困难”；A选项“集体犯罪的刑事责任”；B选项“等级设置过严的缺陷”以及D选项“水平设置过松的缺陷”都是为了证明选择适当的集体行动描述水平的困难，是这一观点的论据，不足以概括第一段的内容。因此C选项正确。64.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段第一句Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.（在任何情况下，集体意图检验都是必要的，以便能够追究任何特定个人的责任，而不是将所有人归为一个极端，或将伤害归因于另一种不确定的原因）可知选A选项“追究任何特定个人的责任”，同时可知B选项“追究每个人的责任”，D选项“将伤害归因于不确定的原因”不符合原文；第二段Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.（此外，正如道德责备一节所论证的那样，如果没有集体意图的概念，集体行动中决策方法的考虑也是不可能的，这对于道德责备的分配是必要的）可知集体行动中决策方法的考虑对道德责备的分配是必要的，而不是对集体意图必要，C选项“考虑决策方法”逻辑关系错误。因此A选项正确。65.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第三段Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt（集体罪责的“浪漫”论点淡化了集体意图的问题）对应A选项“集体犯罪的论点淡化了集体意图的问题”；第三段Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations（然而，追溯中止法律命令或国家官员豁免的问题有时仍然是起诉侵犯人权行为的相关法律障碍）对应B选项“追溯中止法律秩序有时与侵犯人权有关”；第二段Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.（这种“浪漫”的吸引力部分源于国家机构涉嫌违反国际公法的反人类罪（通过“国家和组织政策”）和战争罪）对应C选项“集体有罪的论点源于国际公法”；D选项“集体犯罪的论点通过国家责任来处理成员问题”未在第三段提及。因此D选项符合题意。66.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Perpetrators”定位到原文最后一段Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.（各种消极或不确定的事实，如军事文化、宗教或传统机构、意识形态或法律制度，可以而且往往被肇事者操纵，将集体行动与历史、自然甚至超自然原因相结合）对应A选项“军事文化”，B选项“宗教或传统机构”以及C选项“意识形态或法律体系”；不涉及D选项“集体行动”。因此D选项符合题意。15.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A【解析】55.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Shareholdershavenorighttoselectthecompany’sCEO;theycannotrequirethecompanytopaythemasinglepennyindividends;theycannotvotetochangeorpreservethecompany’slineofbusiness（股东无权选择公司的首席执行官；他们不能要求公司支付他们一分钱的股息；他们不能投票改变或保留公司的业务范围）可知B选项“股东可以要求公司支付股息”和原文相悖，A选项“股东无权选举和罢免董事”和C选项“股东不能改变公司的业务”符合原文；第一段Delawarelaw,forexample,presumesonlydirectorshaveauthoritytocallaspecialshareholders’meeting…（例如，特拉华州的法律规定……）可知D选项“股东不得召开特别股东大会”符合原文。因此B选项符合题意。56.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到划线句子acyniccouldeasilyconcludethatshareholdervotinginapubliccompanyis“amereceremonydesignedtogiveaveneeroflegitimacytomanagerialpower”.（愤世嫉俗者很容易得出这样的结论：上市公司的股东投票“不过是一种旨在给管理权力披上合法性外衣的仪式”），结合第一段所提到的法律对于股东权利的限制可知此处想表达股东的投票权没任何意义，选D选项“上市公司的股东投票没有实质意义”；根据第一段可知股东还是有权利的，但是权利被限制，A选项“上市公司的股东根本没有权力”太过绝对；B选项“有人希望管理权力是合法的”和C选项“股东投票是公司的一种仪式”和原文不符，排除。因此D选项正确。57.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Theyremainfree,however,topursueother,nonshareholder-relatedgoalsunderthecomfortingmantleofthebusinessjudgmentrule.（然而，在令人欣慰的商业判断规则的外衣下，他们仍然可以自由地追求其他与股东无关的目标）可知选C选项“他们可以追求与股东无关的目标，只要他们认为这在商业上是正确的”；第二段Thefiduciarydutyofloyaltyprecludesofficersanddirectorsfromusingtheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets.（忠诚的受托责任使高管和董事不能利用他们在公司的职位中饱私囊）可知A选项“他们可以利用公司的职位为自己服务”和原文相悖；B选项“他们可以排队等股东”原文未涉及；第二段toavoidriskyundertakingsthatwouldbenefitshareholdersatcreditors’expense;andtofendoffahostiletakeoveratapremiumpriceinordertoprotectemployeesorthecommunity（避免以损害债权人利益为代价的有风险的承诺；为了保护员工或社区，以高价击退恶意收购）可知D选项“他们可以以牺牲当地社区为代价来增加利润”错误。因此C选项正确。58.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段Thefiduciarydutyofloyaltyprecludesofficersanddirectorsfromusingtheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets.（忠诚的受托责任使高管和董事不能利用他们在公司的职位中饱私囊）可知选A选项“利用他们在公司的地位中饱私囊”；第二段courtsconsistentlypermitdirectors“tousecorporatefundsforcharitablepurposes;torejectbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity;toavoidriskyundertakingsthatwouldbenefitshareholdersatcreditors’expense;andtofendoffahostiletakeoveratapremiumpriceinordertoprotectemployeesorthecommunity”（法院一贯允许董事“将公司资金用于慈善目的；拒绝以牺牲当地社区为代价增加利润的商业策略；避免以损害债权人利益为代价的有风险的承诺；为了保护员工或社区，以高价击退恶意收购”）可知B选项“把公司的钱捐给教堂”，C选项“拒绝一个会污染环境的盈利项目”以及D选项“拒绝为了社区的利益出售一家公司”都是法院所允许公司董事做的事，排除。因此A选项正确。16.【答案】C【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项separated“（使）分离，分开（指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开）；隔开；分手；（使）分居；（使）区别（于）”；B选项divided“（使）分开；分成（指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物）；分配；分担；分隔；（道路）分叉；使产生分歧；（数）除，除以”；C选项detached“拆卸；挣脱；派遣；可方便地取下；执行单独任务”；D选项parted“离开；分别（多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味）；分开；隔离；分散；解散；裂开；断裂；（头发）梳成分头”。句意：他从柜子上___几块木板，使里面更宽敞。本句表达“从柜子上拆卸木板”，因此C选项正确。17.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项exhausted“筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的；耗尽的；枯竭的”；B选项abandoned“被抛弃的；（房屋，车辆）被废弃的；无约束的；恣意放荡的”；C选项injured“受伤的；受损害的”；D选项deserted“荒芜的；被遗弃的；无人居住的”。句意：手术使病人___，需要很长的时间恢复，现在却使他们感到轻松舒适。本句表达“手术让病人精疲力竭”，因此A选项正确。18.【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项readily“容易地；乐意地；无困难地”；B选项smoothly“平稳地；平滑地；顺利地；流畅地；平静地；均匀地”；C选项inevitably“不可避免地；必然地”；D选项deliberately“故意地；缓慢而谨慎地”。句意：我们___要认识到有更多的人就意味着更低的生活水平。本句表达“不可避免地认识到”，因此C选项正确。19.【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项accepted“公认的；被认可的，被接受的（被大多数人接受的观点是正确的或合理的）”；B选项admitted“公认的；被承认了的（承认自己曾经做过的事情）”；C选项admired“被赞美的；被钦佩的”；D选项acquainted“熟识的；知晓的；有知识的”。句意：布林女士只在城里住了一年，但似乎每个来店里的人都很___她。本句表达“虽然布林女士在城里居住时间不长，但似乎每个来店里的人都很赞美她”，因此C选项正确。20.【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项convicted“证明…有罪；宣告…有罪”；B选项assured“保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚”；C选项convinced“说服；使确信，使信服”；D选项concerned“影响；牵扯（某人）；关系到；涉及；使担心”。句意：他的许多论点不能使我___，所以最后我们同意各持己见。本句表达“它的论点不能使我信服”，因此C选项正确。第2卷一.综合题(共20题)1.单选题Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen___thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.问题1选项A.pursuingB.chasingC.reachingD.winning2.单选题Weshouldbejudgedbythequalityofourproductsandthevalueinvestors___fromthem.问题1选项A.derideB.deriveC.eludeD.evade3.单选题ThreeYaleUniversityprofessorsagreedinapaneldiscussiontonightthattheautomobilewaswhatoneofthemcalled“PublicHealthEnemyNo.1inthiscountry”.Besidespollutingtheairandcongestingthecities,carsareinvolvedinmorethanhalfthedisablingaccidents,andtheycauseheartdisease“becausewedon’twalkanywhereanymore,”saidDr.H.RichardWeinerman,professorofmedicineandpublichealth.Dr.Weinerman’ssharpcriticismofautomobilecameinadiscussionofhumanenvironmentonYaleReports,aradioprogrambroadcastbyStationWTICinHartford,Connecticut.Theprogramopenedathree-partserieson“StayingAlive”.“Forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,theproblemofman’ssurvivalhastodowithhiscontrolofman-madedangers,”Dr.Weinermansaid.“Beforethis,theproblemhadbeenthecontrolofnaturaldangers.”Relatingmanyofthesedangersoftheautomobile,ArthurW.Galston,aprofessorofbiology,saiditwaspossibletomakeakerosene-burningcarthatwould“lessensmogbyaverylargefactor”.ButheexpresseddoubtthatAmericanswerewillingtogiveupmovingaboutthecountrysideat90milesanhourinalargevehicle.“Americaseemsweddedtothemotorcar—everyfamilyhastohaveatleasttwo,andonehastobeaconvertiblewith300horsepower,”ProfessorGalstoncontinued.“Isthisthewayoflifethatwechoosebecausewecherishthesevalues?”ForPaulB.Sears,professorofconservation,partoftheblamelieswith“asocietythatregardsprofitasasupremevalue,underthefalseideathatanythingthat’stechnicallypossibleis,therefore,ethicallyjustified”.ProfessorSearsalsocalledthecountry’sdependenceonitsmodernautomobile“lousyeconomics”becauseofthelargehorsepowerusedsimply“movingonepersontowork”.ButheagreedthatAmericanshavepaintedthemselvesintoacomerbyallowingthenationaleconomytobecomesoreliantontheautomobileindustry.AccordingtoDr.Weinerman,automobiles,notthefactories,areresponsiblefortwo-thirdsofthesmoginAmericancities,andthesmogpresentsthepossibilityofawholenewkindofepidemic,notduetoonegerm,butduetopollutedenvironment.“Withinanotherfivetotenyears,it’spossibletohaveanepidemicoflungcancerinacitylikeLosAngeles.Thisisanewphenomenoninhealthconcern,”hesaid.Thesolution,hecontinued,is“nottofindalessdangerousfuel,butadifferentsystemofinner-citytransportation.Becauseoftheincreasinguseofcars,publictransportationhasbeenallowedtowitheranddegenerate,sothatifyoucan’twalktowhereyouwanttogo,youhavetohaveacarinmostcities,”heasserted.This,inturn,Dr.Weinermancontended,isresponsibleforthe“arteriosclerosis”ofpublicroads,fortheblightoftheinnercityandforthemiddle-classmovementtothesuburbs.1.Themainideaofthisarticleisthat___.2.Inparagraph2,ProfessorGalstonimpliesthat___.3.Inparagraph3,ProfessorSearsimpliesthat___.4.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that___.5.Dr.Weinermanwouldprobablyagreethat___,ifpublictransportationwereimproved.问题1选项A.AmericansaretooattachedtotheircarsB.AmericancarsruntoofastandconsumetoomuchfuelC.theautomobileindustryhascausedallthistohappenD.automobilesendangerboththeenvironmentandpeople问题2选项A.peoplearemoreinterestedinfastautomobilesthanintheirhealthB.kerosene-burningcarswouldpollutetheenvironmen