盘个人新概念第四册

LessonFindingfossilmanWhyarelegendshandeddownbystorylersWecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsofthewordwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas--legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycanlussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexinthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom.Fortunay,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.ROBINCEFindingfossilNewwordsandexpressionsfossilman adj.化石 叙 Legend ，migration 迁移，移居anthropologist 人类学家 考古学家ancestor 祖先 Indonesian. 尼西亚flintn. rotn. 我们从书籍中可读到5,000年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作 2,000年前从尼西亚但，我们相的始人生的代太久了因此，关们的既有如今失传了。于，古学家既乏历史载又无口来帮助们清最早的代人是里来的。然而，幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较之其他石头更容易Lesson2SparethatspiderHowmuchofeachyeardospidersspendkillingWhy,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecanlthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsectnevermorethansix.Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworknoourbehalf?OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.T.H.GILLESPLESparethatspiderfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionsBeastn.野兽census 统计数字acren. 英亩content adj.满足的你可能会觉得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括的差异，因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。查。他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。这就是说，在一个场上约有600万只不同种类的Lesson3MatterhornmanWhatwasthemainobjectiveofearlymountainModernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifitandneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwocessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidly epopular,Alpinevillagetendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsasthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheese paniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleebetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthaveveryhardindeed.WALTERUNSWORTHMatterhornManNewwordsandexpressions生词和短语 峰（卑斯山之一，在意大利和边境）alpinist 先锋，开辟者summit 顶峰attainv. 到达perilous adj.的 v.不寒而栗court 追求solitary adj.唯一的impoverishv. 使贫困Alpineadj.卑斯山的flea-riddenadj.布满跳蚤的coarseadj.粗劣的boastv. Parishioner 教区居民shepherd 牧羊人linen 亚麻布床单theAlps 现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。他们认为，道路愈艰险便的途径，因为顶峰特别是前人未曾到过的顶峰--才是他们寻求的目标。确实，在探险中他们经他们并非故意寻求这种刺激，他们只有一个目标，唯一的目标--顶峰！肮脏，而且跳蚤猖獗。食物是当地的干酪和通常存放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。山谷里常常没有小客栈，登山者只好随遇而安。有时同当地牧师（他通常和他的教民一样7道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的人来说，变换一下生活环境来到Lesson4SeeinghandsFirstlistenandanswerthefollowingHowdidVeradiscovershehadthisgiftofsecondSeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocandetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsolidandwalls.Onecaseconcernsandeleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.Vera'scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.ERICDEMAUNYSeeinghandsfromTheNewwordsandSolidadj.坚实的safen.柜Ulyanovsk 乌里扬诺夫斯克commissionn. Opaqueadj.不透明的lotton. 一种有编号的纸牌slippern. 拖鞋blindfoldadj.&adv.被蒙上眼..到东西。其中有一例谈到有一个名 的11岁学生 的特异功能引起了她家附近乌里扬诺夫斯克城一个科研单位的注意。4月里，俄罗斯卫生明，膝盖和双肩有类似的感觉能力，在所有这些实验中，的双眼都是蒙着的。如果不蒙上双眼皮肤就不再具有识别物体的能力。这是千真万确的。同时还发现，尽管她能用手指识别东西，但手一旦弄湿，这种功能便会立即。Lesson5FirstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingHowdoesthewriterliketotreatyoungPeoplearealwaystalkingabout'theproblemofyouth'.Ifthereisone--whichItakeleavetodoubt--thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings--peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain--thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairofdom,andtheynotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.It'sasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoung.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectofelders--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.FIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListenerNewwordsandexpression生词和短语Leave 允许fundamentals 基本原则gloriousadj.光辉灿烂的splendidadj.灿烂Rub identity drearyadj.沉郁的commitmentn. 信Meanadj.，小气socialclimber追求更高社会地位的，向上爬的人 Cosmicadj.宇宙的suburbanadj.见识不广的，偏狭的conceitedadj.自高自大的adj.自以为是的，放肆的fatuousadj.愚蠢的clichen. 人们总是在谈论“青年问题”。如果这个问题存在的话--请允许我对此持怀疑态度--那么，为过去。问题的症结恐怕就在这里。我十几岁时，总感到自己年轻，有些事拿--我是一所大学里的一名新生，如果我当时真 是的。如果我认为他们错了，我就以的和他们争个明白。Lesson6ThesportingFirstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingHowdoesthewriterdescribesportattheinternationalIamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesofthewouldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthehattlefield.Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceiffromgeneralprinciples.Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive.Youytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoysimplyforthefunandexercise:butassoonasathequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused.Anyonewhohasyedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis.Attheinternationallevel,sportisfranklymimicwarfare.Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehaviouroftheyersbuttheattitudeofthespectators:and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriouslybelieve--atanyrateforshortperiods--thatrunning,jumandkickingaballaretestsofnationalGEORGEORWELLThesportingNewwordsandgoodwiln. 友好cricketn. 板球inclinationn. 意愿contestn.比赛orgyn. Deducev. 推断competitiveadj.竞争性的 patriotismn. 地方观念，爱国主义disgracev. 丢脸savageadj.野性的combativeadj.好斗的mimicwarfare模拟behaviourn. Absurdadj.荒唐的不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。一个人即使不能从具体的事例（例如1936年的奥林有什么意义了。在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才可能有介事地相信--至少在短期内如此--跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。Lesson7Inwhatwaydoesecho-locationinbatsyanutilitarianNotallsoundsmadebyanimalsserveaslanguage,andwehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoveryofecho-locationinbatstoseeacaseinwhichthevoiceysastrictlyutilitarianrole.TogetafullappreciationofwhatthismeanswemustturnfirsttosomerecenthumanEveryoneknowsthatifheshoutsinthevicinityofawalloramountainside,anechowillcomeback.Thefurtheroffthissolidobstruction,thelongertimewillelapseforthereturnoftheecho.Asoundmadebytaponthehullofashipwillbereflectedfromtheseabottom,andbymeasuringthetimeintervalbetweenthetapsandthereceiptoftheechoes,thedepthoftheseaatthatpointcanbecalculated.Sowasborntheecho-soundingapparatus,nowingeneraluseinships.Everysolidobjectwillreflectasound,varyingaccordingtothesizeandnatureoftheobject.Ashoaloffishwilldothis.Soitisacomparativelysimplestepfromlocatingtheseabottomtolocatingashoaloffish.Withexperience,andwithimprovedapparatus,itisnowpossiblenotonlytolocateashoalbuttolifitisherring,cod,orotherwell-knownfish,bythepatternofitsecho.Ithasbeenfoundthatcertainbatsemitsqueaksandbyreceivingtheechoes,theycanlocateandsteerclearofobstacles--orlocateflyinginsectsonwhichtheyfeed.Thisecho-locationinbatsisoftencomparedwithradar,theprincipleofwhichissimilar.MAURICEBURTONCuriositiesofanimallifeNewwordsandexpressions生词和短语Bat 蝙蝠strictlyadv.明确地utilitarianadj.实用的appreciation 理解elapse Hull 消逝interval 船体receipt 间隔apparatus 收到shoaln.仪Herringn.鱼 cod 鳕鱼squeak 人们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖，并能通过回声来确定并躲开物，或找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。蝙蝠这种回声定位常常可与相比较，其原理是相似的。Lesson8TradingstandardsFirstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingWhatmakestradingbetweenrichcountriesChickensslaughteredintheUnitedStates,claimofficialsinBrussels,arenotfittograceEuropeantables.No,saytheAmerican:ourfowlarefine,wesimplycleantheminadifferentway.Thesedays,itisdifferencesinnationalregulations,farmorethantariffs,thatputsandinthewheelsoftradebetweenrichcountries.Itisnotjustfarmerswhoarecomining.AnelectricrazorthatmeetstheEuropeanUnion'ssafetystandardsmustbeapprovedbyAmericantestersbeforeitcanbesoldintheUnitedStates,andanAmerican-madedialysismachineneedstheEU'sokaybeforeishitsthemarketinEurope.Asithappens,arazorthatissafeinEuropeisunlikelytoelectrocuteAmericans.So,askbusinessesonbothsidesoftheAtlantic,whyhavetwolotsoftestswhereonewoulddo?Politiciansagree,inprinciple,soAmericaandtheEUhavebeentryingtoreachadealwhichwouldeliminatetheneedtodouble-testmanyproducts.TheyhopetofinishintimeforatradesummitbetweenAmericaandtheEUonMay28TH.Althoughnegotiatorsareoptimistic,thedetailsarecomplexenoughthattheymaybehard-pressedtogetadealatall.Why?Onedifficultyistoconstructtheagreements.TheAmericanswouldhappilyreachoneaccordonstandardsformedicaldevicesandthemhammeroutdifferentpactscovering,say,electronicgoodsanddrugmanufacturing.TheEU--followingfinecontinentaltraditions--wantsagreementongeneralprinciples,whichcouldbeappliedtomanytypesofproductsandperhapsextendedtoothercountries.From:TheEconomistMay24th,1997Newwordsandexpressions生词和短语Slaughter 屠宰Fitadj.适合grace tariff 关 standard Dialysisn. electrocutev. eliminatev. accordn. devicen. hammeroutv. pactn. 布鲁塞尔的说，在屠宰的鸡不适于用来装点欧洲的餐桌。不，人说，我们的家禽很好，只是我们使用了另一种方式。当前，是各国管理条例上的差异，而不是关税阻碍了发达 在原则上同意了，因此，和欧洲一直在寻求达成协议，以便为许多产品取消双重检查。他们希望尽早达成协议，为5月28日举行的 敲出不同的合同，用以涵盖--比如说--电子产品和药品的生产。欧洲人遵循优良的大陆传统，Lesson9RoyalespionageWhatimportantthingdidKingAlfredlearnwhenhepenetratedtheDanishcampofAlfredtheGreatactedhisownspy,visitingDanishcampsdisguisedasaminstrel.Inthosedayswanderingminstrelswere eeverywhere.Theywerenotfightingmen,andtheirharpwastheirpassport.Alfredhadlearnedmanyoftheirballadsinhisyouth,andcouldvaryhisprogrammewithacrobatictricksandsimpleconjuring.WhileAlfred'slittlearmyslowlybegantogatheratAthelney,thekinghimselfsetouttopenetratethecampofGuthrum,thecommanderoftheDanishinvaders.TherehadsettleddownforthewinteratChippenham:thitherAlfredwent.Henoticedatoncethatdisciplinewasslack:theDaneshadtheself-confidenceofconquerors,andtheirsecurityprecautionswerecasual.Theylivedwell,ontheproceedsofraidsonneighbouringregions.Theretheycollectedwomenaswellasfoodanddrink,andalifeofeasehadmadethemsoft.AlfredstayedinthecampaweekbeforehereturnedtoAthelney.ThethereassembledwastrivialcomparedwiththeDanishhorde.ButAlfredhaddeducedthattheDaneswerenolongerfitforprolongedbattle:andthattheircommissariathadnoorganization,butdependedonirregularraids.So,facedwiththeDanishadvance,Alfreddidnotriskopenbattlebutharriedtheenemy.Hewasconstantlyonthemove,drawingtheDanesafterhim.Hispatrolshaltedtheraidingparties:hungerassailedtheDanisharmy.NowAlfredbeganalongseriesofskirmishes--andwithinamonththeDaneshadsurrendered.Theepisodecouldreasonablyserveasauniqueepicofroyalespionage!BERNARDSpiesinBritainNewwordsandexpressions生词和短语Espionagen.活动Alfred公元871-899任英国国王 adj.丹麦的，丹麦人 minstreln. wanderingadj.漫游的 harpn. balladn. acrobaticadj.杂技的 conjuringn. Chippenhamn.切本哈姆（英国一个城市） thitheradv.向那里 Danen. Slackadj.涣散的 conquerorn. casualadj.马虎的，随便的 precautionn.预防，警惕proceedsn. assemblev. trivialadj.微不足道的 prolongedadj.持久 commissariat episode epic harryv.骚Assail skirmishn. 弗雷德大帝曾亲自充当。他扮作吟游歌手到丹麦的营地里侦察。当时，天涯的吟游歌手到处受欢迎，他们不是人员，竖琴就是他们的通行证。弗德年轻时学过许多民歌，并能穿插演一些杂技和小魔术使自己的多样化。 丹麦。这时，弗雷德发起一连串小规模的进攻，结果不出一个月，丹麦人就投降了。这一幕历史可以说是王室活动中最的篇章。.UnitLesson10SiliconvalleyWhatdoesthecomputerindustrythriveonapartfromTechnologytrendsmaypushSiliconValleybacktothefuture.CarverMead,apioneerinintegratedcircuitsandaprofessorofcomputerscienceattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,notestherearenowwork-stationsthatenableengineerstodesign,testandproducechipsrightontheirdesks,muchthewayaneditorcreatesanewsletteronaMacintosh.Asthetimeandcostofmakingachipdroptoafewdaysandafewhundreddollars,engineersmaysoonbetolettheirimaginationssoarwithoutbeingpenalizedbyexpensivefailures.Meadpredictsthatinventorswillbeabletoperfectpowerfulcustomizedchipsoveraweekendattheoffice--spawninganewgenerationofgaragestart-upsandgivingtheU.S.ajumponitsforeignrivalsingettingnewproductstomarketfast.'We'regotmoregarageswithsmartpeople,'Meadobserves.'Wereallythriveonanarchy.'AndonAsians.Already,orientalsandAsianAmericansconstitutethemajorityoftheengineeringstaffsatmanyValleyfirms.And,Korean,FilipinoandnengineersaregraduatingindrovesfromCalifornia'scolleges.Astheheadsofnext-generationstart-ups,theseAsianinnovatorscandrawoncustomsandlanguagestoforgerighterlinkswithcrucialPacificRimmarkets.Forinstance,AlexAu,aStanfordPh.D.fromHongKong,hassetupafactorytochallengeJapan'snearlockonthememory-chipmarket.-bornN.DamodarReddy'stinyCaliforniareopenedanAT&TchipntinKansasCitylastspringwithfinancingfromthestateofMissouri.Beforeit esaretirementvillage,SiliconValleymayproveaclassroomforbuildingaglobalbusiness.USNEWSANDWORLDREPORT,October2,NewwordsandexpressionsSiliconn. adj.综合 circuit California workstation chipn.，集成电路片，集成 通讯 苹果机，一种个人电脑 v.处罚，惩 按顾客具体需要制造spawn v.引起，酿成thrivev. anarchyn. 状态，orientaln. 东方人constitutev. droven. innovatorn.发明者forgev. 发展memory-chipn. 内存条AT&T 电报公司(Americanephoneandegraph)Kansas 堪萨斯（州名）Missouri 技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。.--集成电路的一位先驱，加州理工学院的计算机教授--注意到，现在有些计算机工作站使工程技术人员可以在他们的办公桌上设计、短至几天，费用也只有几百，因此，工程技术人员可能很块就可充分发挥他们的想像力，而不 能很强的、按客户需求设计的--造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推向市场方面使把它的外国对手们打个措手不及。“我们有的汽车间，那里有许多聪明人，” 状态发展起来的。”靠的是亚洲人。硅谷许多公司中工程技术人员 . 出生的 经. Lesson11HowtogrowoldWhat,accordingtotheauthor,isthebestway ethefearofdeathasyougetSomeoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.IntheyoungthereisajustificationforthisYoungmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavecheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.Thebestwayto eit--soatleastitseemstome--istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifeesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver--smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionaypastbouldersandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,they emergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Themanwho,inoldage,canseehislifeinthisway,willnotsufferfromthefearofdeath,sincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andif,withthedecayofvitality,wearinessincreases,thethoughtofrestwillbe e.Ishouldwishtodiewhilestillatwork,knowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdo,andcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.BERTRANDRUSSELLHowtogrowoldfromPortraitsfromLesson13ThesearchforoilWhatdooilmenwanttoachieveassoonastheystrikeThedeepestholesofallmadeforoil,andtheygodowntoasmuchas25,0000feet.Butwenotneedtosendmendowntogettheoilour,aswemustwithothermineraldeposits.Theholesareonlyborings,lessthanafootindiameter.Myparticularexperienceislargelyinoil,andthesearchforoilhasdonemoretoimprovedeepdrillingthananyotherminingactivity.Whenishasbeendecidedwherewearegoingtodrill,weputupatthesurfaceanoilderrick.Ithastobetallbecauseitislikeagiantblockandtackle,andwehavetolowerintothegroundandhauloutofthegroundgreatlengthsofdrillpipewhicharerotatedbyanengineatthetopandarefittedwithacuttingbitatthebottom.Thegeologistneedstoknowwhatrocksthedrillhasreached,soeverysooftenasampleisobtainedwithacoringbit.Itcutsacleancylinderofrock,fromwhichcanbeseenthestratathedrillhasbeencuttingthrough.Oncewegetdowntotheoil,itusuallyflowstothesurfacebecausegreatpressure,eitherfromorwater,ispushingit.Thispressuremustbeundercontrol,andwecontrolitbymeansofthemudwhichwecirculatedownthedrillpipe.Weendeavourtoavoidtheold,romanticideaofagusher,whichwastesoilandgas.Wewantittostaydowntheholeuntilwecanleaditoffinacontrolledmanner.T.F.GASKELLTheSearchfortheEarth'sMineralsfrom在所有中，为寻找石油所钻出的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把人送到去把石油取出。这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不到1英Lesson14TheButterflyEffectWhydosmallerrorsmakeitimpossibletopredicttheweathersystemwithahighdegreeofBeyondtwoorthreedays,theworld'sbestweatherforecastsarespeculative,andbeyondsixorseventheyareworthless.TheButterflyEffectisthereason.Forsmallpiecesofweather--andtoaglobalforecaster,smallcanmeanthunderstormsandblizzards--anypredictiondeterioratesrapidly.Errorsanduncertaintiesmultiply,cascadingupwardthroughachainofturbulentfeatures,fromdustdevilsandsquallsuptocontinent-sizeeddiesthatonlysalitescansee.Themodernweathermodelsworkwithagridofpointsoftheorderofsixtyapart,andevenso,somestartingdatahastoguessed,sincegroundstationsandsalitescannotseeeverywhere.Butsupposetheearthcouldbecoveredwithsensorsspacedonefootapart,risingatone-footintervalsallthewaytothetopoftheatmosphere.Supposeeverysensorgivesperfectlyaccuratereadingsoftemperature,pressure,humidity,andanyothertyameteorologistwouldwant.Preciselyatnoonaninfiniypowerfulcomputertakesallthedataandcalculateswhatwillhappenateachpointat12.01,then1202,then12.03...ThecomputerwillstillbeunabletopredictwhetherPrinceton,NewJersey,willhavesunorrainonadayonemonthaway.Atnoonthespacesbetweenthesensorswillhidefluctuationsthatthecomputerwillnotknowabout,tinydeviationsfromtheaverage.By12.01,thosefluctuationswillalreadyhavecreatedsmallerrorsonefootaway.Soontheerrorswillhavemultipliedtotheten-footscale,andsoonuptothesizeoftheglobe.JAMESGLEICK,原因是蝴蝶效应。对于小片的恶劣天气--对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪--任何预测的质量会很快下降。错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔60英里。既使是这样，有些开始11英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。再假定每一个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上12：01、12：02、12：03时可能计算机无法推断出1个月以后的某一天，新泽西州的究竟是晴天还是雨天。正午时12：01时，那些110英的范围，如此等等，一Lesson15SecrecyinindustryWhyissecrecyparticularlyimportantinthechemicalTwofactorsweighheavilyagainsttheeffectivenessofscientificresearchinindustry.Oneisthegeneralatmosphereofsecrecyinwhichitiscarriedout,theotherthelackofdomoftheindividualresearchworker.Insofarasanyinquiryisasecretone,itnaturallylimitsallthoseengagedincarryingitoutfromeffectivecontactwiththeirfellowscientistseitherinothercountriesorinuniversities,oreven,oftenenough,inotherdepartmentsofthesamefirm.Thedegreeofsecrecynaturallyvariesconsiderably.Someofthebiggerfirmsareengagedinresearcheswhichareofsuchgeneralandfundamentalnaturethatitisapositiveadvantagetothemnottokeepthemsecret.Yetagreatmanyprocessesdependingonsuchresearcharesoughtforwithcompletesecrecyuntilthestageatwhichpatentscanbetakenout.Evenmoreprocessesareneverpatentedatallbutkeptassecretprocesses.Thisappliesparticularlytochemicalindustries,wherechancediscoveriesyamuchlargerpartthantheydoinphysicalandmechanicalindustries.Sometimesthesecrecygoestosuchanextentthatthewholenatureoftheresearchcannotbementioned.Manyfirms,forinstance,havegreatdifficultyinobtainingtechnicalorscientificbooksfromlibrariesbecausetheyareunwillingtohavenamesenteredashavingtakenoutsuchandsuchabook,forfeartheagentsofotherfirmsshouldbeabletotracethekindofresearchtheyarelikelytobeundertaking.J.D.BERNALTheSocialFunctionofLesson16ThemoderncityWhatistheauthor'smainargumentaboutthemodernIntheorganizationofindustriallifetheinfluenceofthefactoryuponthephysiologicalandmentalstateoftheworkershasbeencompleyneglected.Modernindustryisbasedontheconceptionoftheumproductionatlowestcost,inorderthatanindividualoragroupofindividualsmayearnasmuchmoneyaspossible.Ithasexpandedwithoutanyideaofthetruenatureofthehumanbeingswhorunthemachines,andwithoutgivinganyconsiderationtotheeffectsproducedontheindividualsandontheirdescendantsbytheartificialmodeofexistenceimposedbythefactory.Thegreatcitieshavebeenbuiltwithnoregardforus.Theshapeanddimensionsoftheskyscrapersdependentirelyonthenecessityofobtainingtheum epersquarefootofground,andofofferingtothetenantsofficesandapartmentsthatpleasethem.Thiscausedtheconstructionofgiganticbuildingswheretoolargemassesofhumanbeingsarecrowdedtogether.Civilizedmenlikesuchawayofliving.Whiletheyenjoythecomfortandbluxuryoftheirdwelling,theydonotrealizethattheyaredeprivedofthenecessitiesoflife.Themoderncityconsistsofmonstrousedificesandofdark,narrowstreetsfullofpetrolfumesandtoxicgases,tornbythenoiseofthetaxicabs,lorriesandbuses,andthrongedceaselesslybygreatcrowds.Obviously,ithasnotbeennnedforthegoodofitsinhabitants.ALEXISCARRELMan,theLessonAman-madeWhatfactorhelpedtospreadthediseaseofIntheearlydaysofthesettlementofAustralia,enterprisingsettlersunwiselyintroducedtheEuropeanrabbit.Thisrabbitha