中西文化差异与翻译_第1页
中西文化差异与翻译_第2页
中西文化差异与翻译_第3页
中西文化差异与翻译_第4页
中西文化差异与翻译_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩5页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

PartOneIntroductionResearchBackgroundTranslationisanactoftranslatinginformationfromalanguageintoanotherlanguagewithaccuracyandfluency.Translationistheprocessoftransformingarelativelyunfamiliarexpressionintoarelativelyfamiliarformofexpression.①Itinvolvesthelanguage,thetext,thegraph,thesymboltranslation.Amongthem,“Fan”referstothelanguageofconversationconversion,“Yi”referstotheone-waystatementofthelanguageconversion.“Fan”referstotheconversationofthetwolanguagesintheimmediate,onesentencetotheconversion,thatis,afirstsentenceintoasecondsentence,andthenthesecondsentenceintoaword.Thisisarotating,alternatinglanguageorinformationconversion.“Yi”referstoone-waystatements,thatis,thespeakeronlysaidnottoask,thelisteneronlylistennottoanswer,themiddleforbilingualpeople,onlyforspeakerstomakelanguageconversion.Cultureisthesoilinwhichlanguagecanexistanddevelop.Themostbasictaskoftranslationistospreadandcommunicatetheculture.Inthe1970s,Westerntranslationstudiesbegantofocusontheinfluenceofcultureontranslation.Translationiscalled“InterculturalCommunication”and“cross-culturalcooperation”.People’sunderstandingoftranslationgraduallydeepened.Peoplerealizedthattranslationisnotlimitedtolanguage-levelcross-languageactivities,butalsoinvolvestwokindsofculturalactivities.Thedifferencesinhistoricalbackground,geographicalenvironment,religiousbeliefsandvalueshaveledtothedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternculture,whichhascausedthebarrieroftranslation.ToachieverealcommunicationbetweenChinaandtheWesttranslatorsshouldcombinecultureandtranslationnaturally.SignificanceandObjectivesTheresearchofthispaperisofgreatsignificance.Firstofall,languagelearnerscangetadeeperunderstandingoftheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWest,whichisveryhelpfultoourtranslation.Inaddition,learninginthisareafacilitatesourinterculturalcommunicationandenhancesourcross-culturalawareness.ThepurposeofthispaperistopromoteculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandtheWest,andtopromotecross-culturalcommunicationwithothercountriesbyunderstandingtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewestandtranslatingstrategies.StructureoftheThesisInordertosystematicallyanalyzetheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewest,thispaperwillbedividedintofourparts.Thefirstpartisacomprehensiveintroductiontothisresearch.Thesecondpartintroducestherelationshipbetweencultureandtranslation.ItalsointroducesthefactorsthatinfluencethedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures,includinggeographicalenvironment,socialcustoms,religionsandvalues.Thethirdpartwillintroducethetranslationofmethods,includingforeignization,domestication,transformationandannotation.Inthisorder,Iwillanalyzetheinfluenceofculturaldifferencesontranslation.PartTwoTheRelationshipBetweenCultureandTranslationDefinitionofCultureFirstly,inthebroadestsense,cultureisthemixtureofmaterialwealthandspiritualwealthcreatedbyhumanbeingsinthepracticeofsocialhistory.However,beingviewedfromanarrowstandpoint,thencultureisthesocialideologyandtherelatedsystemandorganization.②Cultureinthenarrowsenseisthereflectionofthecorrespondingsocialpoliticsandeconomy,anditcanalsoreacttothecorrespondingsocialpoliticsandeconomy.Inviewoftheemergenceandprogressofthenation,culturehasanationalnature.Nomatterwhichideologyaculturerepresents,ofcourse,theculturewillbeaccompaniedbytheadvanceofsocialmaterial.Thecontinuityofthesocialmaterialadvancemeansthattheculturaladvancealsohasthecontinuityandthehistoricalinheritance.Secondly,culturereferstotheabilityofwritingandgeneralknowledge.Culturehasanunusuallycloserelationshipwithallscienceandart.Translationisakindofart,soofcourse,itshouldalsobesupportedbyculture.Thescopeofthecultureinvolvesanunusuallybroadrange,encompassingnotonlyhistoryandcustoms,butalsoidiomscloselyrelatedtolanguage.CulturalDifferencesBetweenChinaandtheWestGeographicalDifferencesThegeographicalenvironmenthasagreatinfluenceonthelocalclimateandalsohasasignificantimpactonthelanguageusedbythepeople.Forexample,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishregionalculturesareveryprominentintheirorientationandtheircorrespondingobjects.InChina,sinceancienttimes,therehavebeenthetraditionof“南面为王,北面为朝”“南为尊北为卑”.Peopleoftensay“从南到北,南来北往”“南”isoftenplacedinthefront.TheEnglishcultureistheopposite.TheEnglishandAmericanpeopleunderstandtheChineselanguage“从南到北”fromtheEnglishregionalculture,whichis“fromnorthtoSouth”.And“北屋”is“aroomwithasouthernexposure”.Suchazimuthwordsas“西北”,“西南”,“东北”and“南”aretheoppositeofChineseculture.Theyare“northwest”,“southwest”,“northeast”,“Southeast”,respectively.Inaddition,althoughtheword“东风”inChineseandtheword“eastwind”inEnglishareliterallyrelative,theirconnotationsarecompletelydifferent.ThecharacteristicsofChina’sterrainare:inthewestliethemountains,buttheeastisthesea.IntheChineseconsciousness,“东风”refersto“spring”,symbolizingthe“warmth”.ButinBritain,the“eastwind”isblowingfromthenorthernpartofthecontinent.IntheheartsoftheBritish,itissignsof“cold”.Andthe“westerlywind”isblowingfromtheAtlantic,andChina’s“东风”hasthesamesymbolicmeaning.Therefore,theBritishlovethe“WestWind”.ThelastverseofthefamousBritishpoetShelle’sOdetotheWestWindexpressesthegoodmeaningofthewesterlywinds:“O,wind,ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?(啊,西风,假如冬天已经来临,春天还会远吗?)"③Ofcourse,withoutcomment,Chinesereaderscannotunderstandorwillmisunderstandtheexpression.DifferencesinSocialCustomsCustomsrunthroughthedailylifeandcommunicativeactivities.@Differentnationalitiesshowdifferentnationalculturestatutesandcustomsingreeting,appellation,complimentandtelephone.Ingreeting,theChineseoftensay“Haveyoueaten?”“Whereto?”“Whatareyoudoing?”whentheymet.TheChinesethinkthisisaneasy-going,cordialgreeting.Ifthoseexpressionsareliterallytranslatedinto“Haveyouhadyourmeal?”“WhereAreyougoing?”“Whatareyougoingtodo?”Itwillbehardforwesternerstoaccept.BecauseintheviewofWesterners,thesearepersonalprivacy,andshouldnotletothersknow.Suchgreetingsshouldbetranslatedinto“hello!”“OKmorning!”“Howare?”Intermsofappellation,themeaninganduseofthesameconceptindifferentlanguagesvaries.Themeaningof“姐姐”and“妹妹”,“哥哥”and“弟弟”inChineseareveryclear.Thewordsthatdenotethekinshipofthecousinsareentirelydistinct.“表哥”,“表弟”,“表姐”and“表妹”,“堂兄”and“堂弟”areallspecificwords,butEnglishisveryvague,general,allknownascousin.ModestyisthevirtueoftheChinesenation,sotheChinesepeopleusedtospeak“self-deprecating”toshow“humble”.Westernersdonotunderstandthis.Forexample,theChinesewilloftensay:“Preparationisnotgood.”“Myunderstandingisverysuperficial.”“Ifthereisanywrongplace,pleasecorrectit.”Whenfacingatableofrichdishes,thehostoftensay:“Thereisnogoodfood,pleasefeelfreetoeat.”Westernersdonotunderstandtheconnotationsoftheexpressing.Again,Chinesepeoplewillalwaysbehumbleandpolitewhentheyhearcompliments,theywillsay:“哪里,没有,没有.”ItisverydifficultforThewesternerstounderstand.Theywilluse“Thankyou”toexpressacceptanceofeachother’spraiseandapproval.WhenTheChinesemakeacall,theywillsay:“Hello,whoareyou?”“Whoareyoulookingfor?”“What'syoursurname?Iamso-and-so.”InWesternculture,thecustomarytelephoneusageis“Who'sthisspeaking,please?”DifferencesinReligiousBeliefsThegenerationoflanguageisboundtobecloselyrelatedtoreligion.Itisalwaysinfluencedbythelongdevelopmentoflanguage.Theshadowofreligionhasbeenprojectedintoeveryfieldoflanguageandculture.ThenumberofwordsrelatedtoReligioninChineseandEnglishishugeandspectacular.Forexample,“天公”,“阴阳”,“菩萨”,etc.Languageisthedirectreflectionofthought.Thetwototallydifferentreligiouswordsarethetrueportraitureoftwoethnicgroups.BeforetheSuiandTangDynasties,ConfucianismandTaoismdominatedthetworeligionsinChina.ManyChinesewordsrelatedtoreligionwererelatedtothis,suchas“太极”,“道”,“尊天命”,“行孝道”,“听天由命”.DuringtheSuiandTangDynasties,alargenumberofBuddhismcamein,andalargenumberofBuddhistwordscamealong.TheideaofrecurrentretributionwasacceptedanddigestedbyConfucianismandTaoism.SoConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoismoccupiesthedominantpositioninChina.InBritain,Christianityisthemainreligion.TheteachingwasintroducedintoBritainin597years.Foralongtime,alargenumberofrelatedwordscameintoEnglish.TherearewordsfromLatintoEnglish,suchasangel(天使),monk(僧侣),aswellasthewordsborrowedfromFrenchinthemiddleages,suchasreligion(宗教),dean(教长)andsoon,aswellasthelargeamountofwordsborrowedfromotherforeignlanguagesinthemodernEnglishperiod.It'smuchmorethanotherlanguages.Forreligiousculturaldifferences,weshouldpayspecialattentiontotranslation,otherwiseitwillcausemisunderstandingorevencausedisputesandcontradictionsbecauseofimpropertranslation⑤DifferencesinValuesThevaluesofeastandwestaredifferentwithregardtotheirunderstandingof“age”.TheChinesecherishageandrespecttheoldpeople.“Theelders”inChinaisasymbolofauthorityandwisdom.Onthecontrary,“old”IntheWestmeanslosingcompetitiveness.Therefore,whenWesternerstranslatetheword“old”,theyalwaystrytoexpressitwithatactfullanguage.Theyuse“themature”“theadvancedinage”“aseasonedman”“seniorcitizens”andsoon.Therefore,inChinaonthebuswordswrittenontheseatfortheelderlycannotbesimplytranslatedinto“forolderman”.Translationsshouldconformtothewesternconceptandthewordsshouldbetranslatedinto“courtesyseats”,soastobeacceptedbyWesterners.ChinesepeopleareinfluencedbyConfucianismandlikemodesty.ThisusuallyhappenswhentheChinesepeoplearetalkingabouttheirownthings.Theyliketoraiseeachotherwhentheytalkaboutothers.TherearemanyexpressionstoconveyrespectsinChinesesuchas“贵府”,“大名”,“恭候”,“贵姓”andsoon.ButwhentranslatingthemintoEnglish,weshouldomitwordsthatshowthemeaningof“respect”,aslongastheliteralmeaningisconveyed.Forexample,“贵府”canbetranslatedinto“yourhome”and“大名”shouldbetranslatedinto“yourname”.Conversely,intheWestifyoutranslate“贵府”into“yourhonorablehome”,“大名”into“yourgreatname”,Westernerswillthinkyouareaveryhypocriticalperson.It’ssatiretotranslatethemeaningof“敬”.TheImportanceofCultureinTranslationThereasonwhytranslationisdifficultisthatthelanguageshowsculture,whichcarriesalotofculturalconnotations,andmustaccepttherestrictionofculture.Ifwecommunicateinacertainlanguage,wemusthaveadeepunderstandingoftheculturalconnotationsofthelanguage.Therefore,whenwedotranslation,weshouldnotonlyhavebilingualability,butalsohavedualculturalknowledge.Especially,wemusthaveageneralunderstandingofthecultureincludingnationalcustoms,religiousbeliefsandcustomsofthetwolanguages.XuJun,awell-knowntranslationscholarinChina,said:Translationexplorationshouldpayattentiontothedevelopmentofspecificcountries.Ahistoryoftranslationbelongstoahistoryofculturalexchanges.Ifwewanttounderstandthecontributionoftranslationinhumanculturalcommunication,thenweshouldpayattentiontothehistoryoftranslationandthehistoryofculturalprogress.Weshouldstandonthehistoricalprogressofthepositionofinterpretationasthekeyfunctionofhumanactivities,fromthetranslationactivitiestotheadvancementofculturalcivilization,thepromotionoftheroleoftranslation,explainthemeaning,roleandpositioning.PartThreeTranslationStrategiesThedifferencesbetweenthetwoculturesintheChineseandWesterncountrieswillleadtothedifferenceinthepragmaticmeaningofthetwolanguagesinEnglishandChinese,andmakethetranslationandtheoriginaltextincompletelyorcompletelywronginthepragmaticmeaning.Therefore,intranslation,thetranslatorshouldnotsticktothegrammaticalstructureandliteralmeaningoftheoriginaltext,butshouldchoosethelanguagethatisequivalenttothepragmaticmeaningoftheoriginallanguage,sothatthereadercangetthesimilarpsychologicalfeelingtothereaderinreadingandappreciatingtheoriginaltext.TranslatorsneedtochooseappropriateandeffectivetranslationstrategiesaccordingtothedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures,soastoachievepragmaticequivalencebetweenthetargettextandtheoriginaltext.ForeignizationForeignizationmeanstotransformtheoriginallanguageintothetargetlanguage,andconverttheculturalcomponentoftheprimitivelanguageintothedestinationform.⑦Usingthetranslationstrategyofalienationtoconveytheimageandculturalconnotationoftheoriginaltext,itcanreflecttheoriginalappearance,directlytranscendthedifferencesinthelanguageandculturecommunication,andretaintheculturalcharacteristicsoftheoriginallanguage.Thisauthenticliteraltranslationgivesthereaderanexoticcultureandexoticatmosphere,whileleavingroomforimagination.Therefore,thistranslationisconducivetothemutualexchangeandinfiltrationoftwoheterogeneousculturesandlanguages,andpromotestheirintegration.Inordertomaintaintheoriginalimageandculturalcharacteristics,foreignizationshouldbethefirstchoicefortheculturalcharacteristicwordsonthewordlevel.Forexample,theoralexpressionsChocolateshouldbetranslatedinto“巧克力”,Coca—Colashouldbetranslatedinto“可口可乐”,Balletshouldbetranslatedinto“芭蕾舞”,Hackershouldbetranslatedinto“黑客”,Hippieshouldbetranslatedinto“嬉皮”,“胡同”shouldbetranslatedintohutong,“风水”shouldbetranslatedintofengshui,“太极拳”shouldbetranslatedintotaijiboxing.ThewordsexpressionsHoneymoonshouldbetranslatedinto“蜜月”,Bottleneckshouldbetranslatedinto“瓶颈”,Ivorytowershouldbetranslatedinto“象牙塔”,Double-edgedswordshouldbetranslatedinto“双刃剑”,“纸老虎”shouldbetranslatedintopapertige,“四人帮"shouldbetranslatedintogangoffour,“赤脚医生”shouldbetranslatedintobarefooteddoctor.ThephraselevelexpressionsWarmingupshouldbetranslatedinto“热身”,Runrampantshouldbetranslatedinto“泛滥”,Breakthesilenceshouldbetranslatedinto“打破沉默”.Idiomsandproverbsarmedtotheteethshouldbetranslatedinto“武装到牙齿”,crocodiletearsshouldbetranslatedinto“鳄鱼眼泪”,wallshaveearsshouldbetranslatedinto“隔墙有耳”,newwineinoldbottlesshouldbetranslatedinto“旧瓶装新酒”,“易如反掌”shouldbetranslatedintoaseasyasturningoverone’spalm,“口蜜腹剑”shouldbetranslatedintohoney-mouthedanddagger-hearted,“趁热打铁”shouldbetranslatedintostrikewhiletheironishot,“空中楼阁”shouldbetranslatedintocastleintheair.DomesticationDomesticationistotransformtheheterogeneouscomponentofacultureintothecontentofanotherculturewhichisfamiliartothetargetreadersinordertomakethereadersappreciatethegroovybetweendifferentlanguagesandcultures,andtomakethetranslationmoreconsistentwiththereaders’reading,expressingandappreciatinghabits.⑧Whenthetranslatorisinthepracticeoftranslation,inordertomakethetranslationmoreconsistentwiththelanguagevaluesandculturalconsciousnessofthetargetlanguagereaders,thetranslatoroftenadoptsthedomesticationaccordingtothelinguisticandculturalnormsofthetargetlanguage,sothatthetranslationachievesthepragmaticequivalence.Forexample,Englishexpression“aspoorasachurchmouse”istranslatedintoChineseas“穷得像个叫花子”.Thetwoareequivalentinpragmaticfunction.TheEnglishcounterpartof“蠢得像猪”is“asstupidasagoose”.Therearealsoexpressionssuchas“狐假虎威(anassinalion'sskin)”,“如雨后春笋(spring-likemushrooms)”,“It'sRainingcatsanddogs”whicharetranslatedinto“倾盆大雨”.Foranotherexample,Chinese“龙”,“凤”isafictionalanimalimageinChinesetraditionalculture.Theproverb“龙生龙,凤生凤”isunfamiliartotheEnglishreader,anditspeculiarpragmaticmeaningcannotfindcorrespondingequivalenceinEnglish.Atthistime,thetranslatorhastochoosethereferenceobjectwhichisequivalenttothepragmaticmeaningoftheoriginallanguage,andtranslatesitinto“Eaglesdonotbreeddoves”.“XiShi”isthebeautyinChinesehistory.PeopleinEnglish-speakingcountriescannotsolvetheproverbwithstrongculturalcharacteristics“情人眼里出西施”.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldabandontheoriginalreferenceobject,andusethedomesticationstrategytodirectlytranslateitspragmaticmeaning,andtranslatesitas“Beautyliesinthelover’seyes”.“班门弄斧”canbetranslatedinto“teachone’sgrandmothertosuckeggs”.Englishidiom“GiveadogAbadnameandhanghim”canbetranslatedas“欲加之罪,何患无辞”.Thereareotherexpressionslike“对牛弹琴”whicharetranslatedintocastpearlsbeforetheswine.“本末倒置”shouldbetranslatedintoPutthecartbeforethehorse,“水中捞月shouldbetranslatedintoFishintheair,“说曹操,曹操到”shouldbetranslatedintotalkofthedevilandhetoappear,“江山易改本性难移”shouldbetranslatedintoaleopardneverchangesitsspots.TransformationTransformationreferstothetransformationofpartsofspeech,sentencepatternsandvoiceintheoriginalsentenceinordertomakethetargettextconformtotheway,methodandhabitofthetargetlanguage.⑨Specifically,intermsofpartofspeech,itconvertsnounstopronouns,adjectivesandverbs,andconvertsverbsintowords,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,andadjectivesintoadverbsandphrases.Intheaspectofsentencecomposition,thesubjectbecomesadverbial,attributive,object,andexpression;thepredicatebecomesthesubject,theattributive,theexpression;theattributionbecomestheadverbialandthesubject;theobjectbecomesthesubject.Intermsofsentencepatterns,compoundsentencesbecomecompoundsentences,compoundsentencesbecomecoordinatesentences,andadverbialclausesbecomeattributiveclauses.Invoice,activevoicecanbechangedintopassivevoice.Forexample,"I'mallforyouropinion.”canbetranslatedinto“我完全赞成你的意见'“For”is

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论