2015暑期考研第二章擒贼先擒王主旨题

第二章擒贼先擒 主旨或者是文章的同义词或者近义词。possible，can，could，some，sometimes，usually，often等。a11选项中的表述使用文章的汇，甚至也涉及文章的主要话题，但实际上其内容却与 描文章的第一段，找出句。那么选项中的正确答案往往都是对这个句进行paraphrase，因此只要找出与句意思相符或者最接近的即可。需要的是，与句意思最接近的选项一段以及各个段落的第一句话。根据总论中分析的英文说明文和议的文章结构特点，大部分各个段落也缺乏句这个时候考生要果断放弃寻找句的努力而是集中精力通读全文，同时在一些上做上标记在阅读完成以后通过自己对文章的大致理解和标出的各个进行综合分析，并对照题目选项。正确答案中往往包含了或者的同义词或近义词。1999TextTextIt’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stedderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginctions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Asalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,ofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballyerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehas eparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhose mendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalfeelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirst可以就自己所受的通过法律，成功地获得赔偿。大约自80年代初以来人们就这样认为 ，、现在看来种趋势在转尽管人的指控如既往地续着但有些已开站到一特别在处那些有示语也法避的时五份利诺斯的Shutt体育公司尼成功地赢了这一官司一名榄球队戴着该司的头在一场比赛受伤瘫痪遂将该司告上公司·说他成了痪我们非常难过但头盔设计不为了预这类的陪审团也为造成运动员伤的是项运动本身的性不是头与同时法——该学由一群足轻重学者所组——签了新的事纲宣布司不必警顾客那显而易的或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的的。康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说“要的信会淹没细枝末的中果该法律体的这适中的的能够现产品上提的警示息实际是用来护消费利的，而不为了避公司承的。，、2010TextOfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeenthedeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficult(tothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageofforty)toimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.newspaperWeareevenfartherremovedfromthenewspaperanornamentbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,)dirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismanornament

(publishedinEnglandwhennewsprintatathepublicationsinataappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnest,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorlirygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”wrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”TeacherswhoarenotlearnedfromaccuracyUnfortunay,thesecriticsarevirtually/nearlyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.WhatwouldbethebesttitlefortheNewspapersoftheGoodOldThelostHorizoninMournfulDeclineofProminentCriticsin25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的对于低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如GeorgeBernardShaw和Ernest也知道自己在做什（即他报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，曾写道，“我倾向于把‘写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’”不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已们遗忘。从1917年开始一直到1975年不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的NevilleCardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛19471967年Cardus的评论有没有机会重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。在他之前，业的品味早已改变很Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.receivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.OneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingaNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasinlectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfiarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheAloomingthreattobusiness-methodProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-method在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。亚马逊获得的专利是“单，前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识们议论纷纷的提议中巡回上诉声称它将利用某个具体来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院DennisD.Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除，，对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化因为正是巡回自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的道富银行的中，巡回做出了，批准了筹一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的系统试图争取独家专有权。后来的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手为强。2005年，IBM公司在一份报告中声称：尽管怀疑这种专利的法律基础，但它已经申请了300多份商业方法专，前面提到的Bilski而是由全部十二名共同进行另外上诉还宣布它想探讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重。，巡回的这一裁决效仿了最近做出了一系列的，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围例如去年四月们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“发明”。，大学法律学院的专利法HaroldC.Wegner教授表示，“巡回的们正在对的反专利动态做出反应” negative(否定的，消极的)pessimistic(悲观的，厌世的) contemptuous(轻蔑的，的)hostile(的) impartial(公平的，不偏不倚的)indifferent(无关紧要的)impassive(冷 detached(超然的，不偏不倚的)concerned(关心的)unconcerned(不关心的)uninterested(不感的)disinterested neutral(中性的)cautious(谨慎的，小心的) apathetic(缺乏的)disinterested(无私的) sensitive(敏 al(个 文章中出现转折的地方，如nevertheless，however，but，yetobjective作为正确选项的频率极高。Matter-of-fact支持/的态度；在关于自然科学的文章中，作者的态度则经常是objective，ytical等。indifferent及其同义词和近义词等。1998TextThinkof17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchThinkof17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacTheschismbetweenscienceandhumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthisnotablyHighernotablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,NormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlofCornellDefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuch“TheFlightScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeofinformation,”whichassembledlastJunenearAnti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentGrossandLevittfindprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandphenomenathatcontradictthescientificAsurveyofnewsstoriesin1996reveals/show/suggest/disclose/illustrate/indicatethattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromwhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxtoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedinscornsscienceandlongsfor/dreamofreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmean(that)environmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidence（proof）supportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindangerof ingmeaningless.“Theterm‘anti-science’canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.anti-science”is 和理性”会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息（）时代的科学”会议。1996年对的表明，反科学的也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭所有将该词用在现代文明的主义者身上，也不会引起多大争议，它在1995年公开》同的东西”，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学和反科学：》2007Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,inligence passesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofinligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofinligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetInligenceScaleandtheWechslerInligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowInligentIsInligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters/counts,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQ）在过去的几年《星期日报》的增《漫步》开设了一个名为“询问琳”的专栏。人们被邀请去询问琳••，琳••在10岁时测试的智力水平达到别人23岁目。所以，当•面对普通人（智商为100像“热爱与喜爱之间的区别是什么？”）含成人和儿童测试类型。由于这些测试一般要花费几百，因此通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试，尽管这些测试的变种存在于书店和上。像•得到这样的分数也再状况下，智商测试所得的结果与才能的关系是否定的，也就是说，它预测的结果是相反的。2010TextBankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,havedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtoUnfortunay,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmoredomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheir estatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppoliycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement."EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallnning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongnet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewntobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.ButbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreTheauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisone 付出价格来评估部分资产的价值，而非按照管理者和者期望该资产能够获得的价格。价格计量资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常。FASB（财务会计准则）在与国会激烈摩擦之后，匆匆通过了规则的修改。这些资产损失时更为灵活。FASBBobHerz大声那些“怀疑我们的动机”的人们。然而银行上涨了这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断”的说法这种说法是一个团的客气之言。欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则(IASB)也这么做。IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就冒然行动但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大欧洲委员McCreevy警告IASB说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既既不愿资产也不愿意去那些看似不错。为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理收购资产的新计划只有在制定者。FASB和IASB以往正是这样对抗特殊的敌意的，例如改进股权和退休金的相。 ,离基本的。文章中一些包含了特殊词汇或者词语的句子。Alltoomonkeys,asBetterlatethan2006Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshopintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareothersforhomogenization.5.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans 不管我们如何喋喋不休地谈论差别，社会实际上是一台同化人们的神奇的机器。这就是人都可以进入”的大众商店。这使得购物成为一种大众的、的行为。大众传媒、和体育2006Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeare.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhointownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhothere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimplies StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionStratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialthetownisnotreallyshortofthetownsfolkusedtobepoorly当地居民并不这么认为，地方也直接没有给予RSC补贴。Stratford一向都会哭穷。然而城镇上每一家旅馆似乎都增加了新的部门或是鸡尾酒酒吧。也在这儿建了一座自己的酒店，这里肯定可以能看到被装饰一新的哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，Lear休息室，宴会厅等等。进一步2006Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsalitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Bysaying"thesefiguresareconservative"(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat fishingtechnologyhasimprovedthecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanthemarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterthedatacollectedsofarareoutofWorm2006Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandlicy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.Theword“bummer”(Line5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething 2007Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobably2009Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberaypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads."ruts"(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto A. B.C.characteristicsD.Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfiarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Para3)mostprobablylossofgoodincreaseofchangeofenhancementof，，那是在1998年，对于所谓的道富银行的中巡回做出了，批准了筹集共新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的系统试图争取独家专有权。后来的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手为强。2005年，IBM公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管怀疑这种专利的法律基础，但它已经申请了300多份商业方法专利。，，20104.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionmedia,notinter al,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinctwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,each soaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheonesstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofareinfluencedandtheninfluenceareinfluencedbytheinitial研究者的观点源于对社会的简单观察：除了少数像OprahWinfrey这样的名人之（她强大的人气主要来自，而非她与观众互动的人际），即使人群中最有的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动，从而引领潮流。然而，根据两级理论，正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了网络中，如果第一个影响者受到两次，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大，表示原因和结果的词汇：如because,becauseof,so,for,since,as,thus,therefore,consequently,inconsequence,asaresult,arisefrom,dueto,inthat,why,becausedby,bededucedfrom,beattributedto,beresponsiblefor,resultfrom,resultin,cause,accountfor,originatefrom,leadto,attributeto,derivefrom,base,basis,reason,result,consequence,suchthat,sothat等。forexampleforinstancetakeasanexampleassuchlike,case,acaseof,inthecaseof,acaseinpoint,say,forone,intendto,usetheexampleof...toshowthat,beginswith...to,isintendedto,...ismentionedtoshow,demonstrate,theexampleillustrates...isprovedwiththeexampleof...等。文章中出现的表示方式的词汇:by,through,bymeansof,bywayof,must,should,haveoughttobuthoweveronthecontraryyetasamatteroffactinfact,actually,indeed,nevertheless,nonetheless,whereas,bycomparison,so,therefore等。文章中出现的表示条件的词语：如when，if文章中出现的处，主要是某个人的话also，aswell，even，mostofall文章中表示某项研究或者假设的词：如researchstudyfindingsresearchers，researchgroup，hypothesis，assumption，experiment，survey，investigation等。原文中的某个或某些语和词组在选项中由其同义词或者近义词代替，总体的语法通过语法的改变来重新叙述原文信息，比如在主动句和句之间进行变换，在一般陈it引导的句子之间进行变换，在一般陈述句和强调句型之间进行变换等。原文和选项从相反的角度讨论同一个现象或者观点，如果原文正面表述则选项从切人，而如果原文从论述那么选项就是正面的角度。照抄原文，但是却故意改变其中的一两个起决定性作用的语，从而改变句意，与把原文的信息进行李戴，即把关于A的细节放到B上面，从而干扰考生阅读后的做题时要记住紧扣文章，因为每一个例子都是为了文章的主旨服务的。1999It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Asalinjurycl