Character-文学原理教程

Character&Characterization.KindsofCharacter

RolesintheNovel1.Hero/Heroine主角----Thechief/centralcharacterofaliterarywork

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Hero/Heroine

CarryingConnotation

Protagonist

主人公SoundingNeutral.

Protagonist

Antagonist反面角色，对立面----Therivaloropponentagainstwhomtheprotagonist/heroiscontending..2.Main/MajorCharacter----Oneincloseanddynamicrelationwiththehero/heroine.(Closerelationdoesnotnecessarilymeangoodrelation.).3.MinorCharacter----Oneinremoteandstaticrelationwiththehero.(Notallminorcharactersareunimportant.).4.Foil(Character)

陪衬----Onethathelpsenhancetheintensityoftheherobystrengtheningorcontrasting..DegreesofDevelopmentRoundCharacter

圆形人物----Thecomplexmultidimensionalcharacterwiththecapacitytogrowandchange..RoundCharacterizationAcharacterwhoiscomplexandhasmanysidesortraitswithunpredictablebehaviorandafullydevelopedpersonality.Antagonistsareusuallyaroundcharacterization.Example:LikeTheGreenGoblin(NormanOsborn).另一类圆活人物，则企图表现人心的复杂多变，一如动态的塑造，不但免除僵化，令人厌烦之病，而且可以是应任何情节的应球，令人有新奇变化之感，甚至角色在小说中成长，有自主能力去改变结局似的，比方说红楼梦中的宝玉，在裙钗中翻滚，在大官园中流连，爱恨迭起，悲喜无常，最后以出家勘破，作为回归太虚的醒悟之途。.①Complexintemperamentandmotivation;②Representedwithsubtleparticularity;③Asdifficulttodescribewithanyadequacyasapersoninreallife..Eg:Hamlet----Atypicalroundcharacter.2.

FlatCharacter

扁平人物----Onewhoembodiesorrepresentsasinglecharacteristicortrait,oratmostaverylimitednumberofsuchqualities..据Forster的说法，小说中的人物可分成扁平（Flat）人物与圆活人物（Round）。扁平人物有时又被称为类型（types）或漫画人物（caricatures)，通常是依循着一个单纯的理念或性质而被创造出来，所以又被归类为静态人物（static），故地展现一项性能特征，比较被动，对任何环境变迁，只是持着一种态度，这样的人物在求易认易记，比方说琼瑶小说（一般言情）中的男女主角似乎总是美丽、潇洒，多情易感，任凭时移境迁，此爱不渝。而鲁迅阿Q正传中的阿Q由于遭遇任何困厄、皆以精神胜利法泰然处之，似乎也是平面人物常用以做讽刺性描述的代表。.FlatCharacterizationAcharacterwhohasoneortwosides,representingoneortwotraits—oftenastereotype.Flatcharactershelpmovetheplotalongmorequicklybecausetheaudienceimmediatelyunderstandswhatthecharacterisabout.Example:Likeageekyscienceprofessor.TypeCharacter

类型化人物StockCharacter

小丑角色One-dimensionalCharacter单一角色

Caricature漫画人物

----whendistortedtocreatehumor.①Presentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;②Remaining“stable”orunchangedinoutlookanddispositionsfromthebeginningtotheendofawork..Eg:DetectiveStoryAdventureNovelFarceComedy----Inaboveworks,theprotagonistusuallyisaflatcharacter..1.DynamicCharacter----Exhibitingsomekindofchangeasthestoryprogresses.2.StaticCharacter----Remainingthesamefromthebeginningofaworktotheend..DynamicCharacterizationAcharacterwhoexperiencesanessentialchangeinpersonalityorattitude.Protagonistsarealmostalwaysdynamic.Example:Stitch, fromLiloand

Stitch

.StaticCharacterizationAcharacterwhodoesnotchangeordevelopbeyondthewayinwhichsheorheisfirstpresented.Example:AtticusFinchfromToKillaMockingbird..Characterization人物塑造----Theprocessbywhichanauthorcreates,develops,andpresentsacharacter..CharacterizationHowawriterrevealsacharacter’spersonalityDirectCharacterization:Authortellsuswhatthecharacterislike(e.g.deceitful,honest,evil,kind)IndirectCharacterization:PhysicaldescriptionWords&thoughtsOthercharacters’thoughts&commentsCharacter’sactions.MethodsofCharacterizationCharacterization1.Throughtheuseofnames;2.Throughappearance;3.Bytheauthor;----Bytelling..人物构造法（methodsofcharacterization）基本尚可分为说明（telling）或表演（showing）二种方式.Telling的方式如：命名：这是描写小说人物性格最简单的方式，比如『黑旋风』李逵（黑大汉、又粗暴）『浪里白条』（白大汉、张顺）、宋江唤做『及时与』（扶弱济贫、仗义疏才），透过这些绰号可以点醒人物个性特质，而命名中的谐音，如『贾宝玉』之『贾』『假』谐音，岸玉『假作真时，真亦假』，宝玉与顽石，冥顽与通灵的虚实交错。而红楼一开头就由『甄士隐』、『贾雨村』搪塞作者创作经历，『甄士隐』是『故将真事隐去』、『贾雨村』是『用假语村言敷衍出来』。是一开始就用人物命名喻示出全书主题。.表特征：可分先天体型雨日常习惯，比方说：『一支小彩蝶儿，这是大家给她取的外号。是的，这是只小彩蝶儿，有那份翩翩的姿态，更有那份雅致和妩媚。』（几度夕阳红）这是一般写女主角时常赋予的美丽姿态；通常很少描写的肥胖臃肿。而形姿中神情的捕捉，更为重要，比如红楼梦中写黛玉是：『两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目，泪光点点，娇喘微微。娴静时如娇花照水，行动似弱柳扶水。』愁眉长叹，泪眼不干，成为黛玉其人的标志。.作者评论：这不但是让读者注意，且受到作者的特别引导，在表H外，附加以造型的内在意涵，比如写黛玉初见宝玉，除了描写其穿金戴玉，绫罗绸缎，面如赋彩，转盼多情之外，作者还以西江月二阙词加以批示：『无故寻愁觅恨，有时似傻如狂。纵然生得好皮囊，腹内原来草莽。潦倒不通庶务，愚顽恰读文章。行为偏僻性乖张，那管世人毁谤。』『富贵不知乐业，贫穷难耐凄凉。可怜辜负好时光，于国于家无望。天下无能第一，古今不肖无双。寄言纨裤与膏梁，莫效此儿形状。』一方面，作者似有意寄寓教化之效，可是更多的目的在补充外表形象描写的不足，甚至为宝玉一生作一个精灵的提点----我们无法以世俗工业去看他，反而要为他敞开一条痴傻狂傲的人生路径。.Characterization4.Throughdialogue;5.Throughaction;----Byshowing..showing的方式，如：对话与行动（动作）当我们说『对话』的时候必然牵涉谁说的、向谁说、说什么，怎么说等四个层面。而说话的同时也然有些动作，包括表情与肢体。所以我们可以发现它类似戏剧表演，不只是说话要『像真人在说话』的样子，而且必须与两者之间的身份、个性配合，甚至与采取的行动相关。.比如红楼梦中凤姊初见到刘姥姥一段，二人在身份上的富贫、贵贱与性情上的真厚虚伪、骄纵朴拙加以对照。凤姊以低头的无聊举止，配合『怎么还不请进来』，到『怎么不早说』复有『忙欲起身』却『犹未起身』的动作语言，将凤姊一身骄气表露无遗。而说大户人家不过是个『空架子』、管事的艰苦难处等，又是权贵家族狡猾势利之处，相形之下，刘姥姥的寒俭、低下，扭捏、粗俗，比如先红了脸再说（勉强的说），见贾蓉逛来，站不是坐不是，有了钱拿不禁喜的眉开眼笑，粗鄙直率的说『瘦死的骆驼比马还大呢』，却可见人物透过表演方式的突出。.AnalyzingCharacterWhoistheprotagonistoftheworkandwho(orwhat)istheantagonist?Describethemajortraitsandqualitiesofeach.Whatisthefunctionofthework’sminorcharacters?.3.Identifythecharactersintermsofwhethertheyareflatorround,dynamicorstatic.4.Whatmethodsdoestheauthoremploytoestablishandrevealthecharacters?Arethemethodsprimarilyofshowingortelling?.5.Aretheactionsofthecharactersproperlymotivatedandconsistent?6.Arethecharactersoftheworkfinallycredibleandinteresting?.Astronomer’s

Wife

.KatherineAmes

Mrs.Amesisthefocusofthestory.Sheismarriedtoanastronomerwhosedistant,overlyintellectualnaturehascausedhertoresenthim..Sheistheastronomer’sonlyreallinkwiththeday-todayworld,butshemeanslittletohimbesidethat.Longingforsomeonewhoisnotwhollyimmersedinthelifeofthemind,sheisintriguedbyandattractedtotheplumber,whostandsforeverythingphysical..Mr.Ames/TheAstronomerTheastronomerismarriedtoMrs.Ames.Thenarratorofthestorysaysoftheastronomerthat“hewasamanofotherthings,adreamer.”.Hespendshislifeexaminingtheheavensandattemptingatalltimestoremainashighabovetheearthaspossible—Mrs.Amessaysthathelikesbeing“ontherooforonthemountains.

.He’sbeenuponthetopsofthemmanytimes.”Heneverphysicallyappearsinthestory,andreadersonlyhearfromhimoncewhenheyellsthatthereisaproblemforMrs.Amestosolve.ForMrs.Ames,heis“themindofallmankind.”.ThePlumberTheplumberistheastronomer’sdiametricopposite.Wher