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©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1111TheApproachesassistindevelopingTools©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1112Part2ToolsTopics6–8©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1113Part2:ToolsAIMdescribeandevaluatetheactivitieswhichindividualsandenterprisescanusetoincreasetheircapacityforethicalaction,andtoidentify,analyseandrespondtoethicalissuesTopics6:individualmoraldevelopment7:firm-leveltools;ethicsprograms8:InternationalandglobalaspectsAssessment3b:reportonanethicsprogram;ExamPartC©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1114

topicIndividual

6decisionguides,personalcapability

Organisational

7ethicsprograms,codesIndustry-wide,international

8decisionguides,generalprinciples

Toolstoincreasecapacityforethicalaction©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1115topic6IndividualtoolsandmoraldevelopmentF&Lchs5,6©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1116Recalldecisionmakingmodelmakemoraljudgementestablishmoralintentengageinmoralbehaviourrecognisemoralissuedilemmas:problemsofidentificationproblemsofcompliancehardtodowhatisbest,orright©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1117Individualcapability:

pointstoconsiderDevelopingcapability

DecisionaidsMoralreasoningMeasuringcapabilityCanethicsbetaught?Somepeoplearebetterpreparedthanothers

tomakeandimplementethicaljudgementsletusconsidereachinturnVirtuesarenourishedincommunityoften,atleast,insocialpractices(MacIntyre)Well-establishedideaConfucius:‘Thesuperiormanongroundsofculturemeetswithhisfriends,andbytheirfriendshiphelpshisvirtue’similarlyAristotleCanbuildonunderstandingconformityeffects©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11181.Developingmoralcapability:

(a)socialinfluenceresourceMoore,2023‘HumanizingBusiness’BusinessEthicsQly15p237-256Itmaybepossibletoconceivebusinessandbusinessorganisationsascommunitiesofpractice©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11191.Developingmoralcapability:

(b)reflectionwell-establishedideadifferentformsmeditation(MarcusAurelius,Buddha)discussion(Confucius,Aristotle)thought,writing(Dewey)discussedinTopic9F&L35-6©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1makemoraljudgementestablishmoralintentengageinmoralbehaviourrecognisemoralissueRest’smodelandreflectionreflectreflect120©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1121Moralimaginationnourishingvirtueincludesgrowingmoralimaginationdisengagingfromanimmediateissueandfrommentalmodelsthatlimitone’sunderstandingpracticeandreflectionpossibleassistancefromchecklistsandheuristicsF&L527-29Moberg&Seabright:eReading

MarkJohnson:eReading©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11222.DecisionaidsAAAChecklistMarkWorthing7stepsIMEVcaseprocessRotary4-WaytestincreasingthecapacityforethicalactionRemember:Howdowenormallymakedecisions?ConsiderlimitedalternativesUsesimplifieddecisionrules(“rulesofthumb,”etc.)Selectalternativethatsatisfiesminimumdecisioncriteria(“satisfices”-satisfies/suffices)©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1124Checklists

sometimescalled‘heuristics’Featureseasytoremember“mentaltricksofthetrade”focusoninformationgatheringstakeholders,situationExamples

fact-based,decision-focused AAAchecklistquestion-based Rotary,Caseprocessreflective MarkWorthingF&L180-90‘SunlightTest’Howwoulditlookonthefrontpage?ThinkofapersonyourespectWhatwouldtheythink?Howwillitlookinafewyears’time?Whatwouldyouwantsomeoneelsetodo?ifyourpositionswerereversed©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1125-variousdifferentversionsof‘thesunlighttest’©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1126Rotary4-WaytestIsittheTRUTH?IsitFAIRtoallconcerned?WillitbuildGOODWILL andBETTERFRIENDSHIPS?WillitbeBENEFICIAL toallconcerned?"

©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1127AAAChecklistAmericanAccountingAssociationGetthefactsDefinetheethicalissue:stakeholders,issuesIdentifyprinciples,rules,valuesListalternativesIsthereanover-ridingprincipleorrule?AssessconsequencesMakedecision©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1128IMEVcaseprocessWhoarethestakeholders?Whogainsorloses?Whatis/arethemoralissue/s? Didanyonedoanythingwrong?Whatisthenatureoftheissue? Isitadilemmaoracomplianceproblem?Doesoneofthemainapproachessuggestaclearanswer?Whatpossiblesolutionscanwethinkof?Canstoriesorexamplarshelpourimagination?Reflectandrespond©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11297stepstoethicaldecisionmaking

identifyproblem

post-decisionreflectionenactdecisionevaluationofnormsmomentof

decisionidentifyoptions

analysesituationMarkWorthingAdelaide2023©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11303.MoralReasoning:TheoriesKohlberg’stheoryevidencefrominterviewswithchildrenthreelevelsappliesPiaget’sstagesofachild’scognitivedevelopmenttomoralreasoningnotspecificallybusiness-related,butsomeconfirmatoryevidence

F&L2023p252-255©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1131LawrenceKohlberg’sTheoryLevelA:pre-conventionalpunishment,obedience,instrumentalexchangeLevelB:conventionalinterpersonalrelationsandconformitysocialinstitutionsanddutiesLevelC:post-conventionalabstractvalues&rights,universalethicalprinciplesReproducedandcommunicatedonbehalfoftheUniversityofSouthAustraliapursuanttoPartVBoftheCopyrightAct1968(theAct)inrelianceons135ZMEon12/9/07.AnyfurtherreproductionorcommunicationofthismaterialbyyoumaybethesubjectofcopyrightprotectionundertheAct.Donotremovethisnotice.©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1132FeaturesofKohlberg’sTheorysequentialmovementthroughstagessuchmovementconstitutes‘progress’arrivalatlaterstageisneededtounderstandreasoningatthatstagemanyadultsneverpassbeyondLevelB©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1133sequential pre- post-conventionalconventionalconventional©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1134progresspost-conventionalconventionalpre-conventional©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1135comprehension?!!post-conventionalconventionalpre-conventional©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1136ImplicationsoftheTheorymoraleducationispossibleformanagers,andothersmoraleducationmaybelargelycognitiveasopposedto,say,emotional,orvolitionalpeople’smoraldevelopmentcanbeassessedi.e.todeterminetheirlevelofdevelopmentmayallowassessmentoforganisationslevelofmoraldevelopmenttheypromote&sustain©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1137QuestionsaboutKohlberg

Isthereanunjustifiedprescriptiveelement?ConflictingintuitionsDomenandwomendevelopdifferently?

Gilligan:InaDifferentVoiceHowgoodistheempiricalevidence?

outofdate,culture-specific,limitedforhigherlevels?Doesitaddressproblemsofcompliance?F&L107©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1138CarolGilligan’sTheoryKohlberg’sresearchassistantatHarvardinlate1960scombinesFreud’sconcernforegowithPiaget’scognitive

aspectsInadifferentvoice1982;F&L2023p107girls’developmentacceptsconnectedness, emphasisesrelationshipsandresponsibilitiesboys’developmentincreasesdifferentiationofself, emphasisesrulesandfairnessLevelA:pre-conventionalgoalisindividualsurvivalLevelB:conventionalresponsibilityforothers,self-sacrificeisgoodnessLevelC:post-conventionaldonothurtothersorself,acceptanceofpersonhoodReproducedandcommunicatedonbehalfoftheUniversityofSouthAustraliapursuanttoPartVBoftheCopyrightAct1968(theAct)inrelianceons135ZMEon12/9/07.AnyfurtherreproductionorcommunicationofthismaterialbyyoumaybethesubjectofcopyrightprotectionundertheAct.Donotremovethisnotice.©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1139KohlbergseemsmainlyabouttheseDoesitaddresscompliance?makemoraljudgementestablishmoralintentengageinmoralbehaviourrecognisemoralissueproblemsofcomplianceproblemsofidentification©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1140Nevertheless,despitethequestionsaboutKohlberg’stheoryitiswidelyused,andmanytestsarebasedonitsuchastheMoralJudgmentTestthereisnoclearalternativeaccountofhowpeopledevelopmoralunderstandinganditdrawsattentiontopossibilitiesof

moraleducationNevertheless...©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11414.MeasuringmoralcapabilityMeasuringintellectualcapabilityWhattypeofmoralreasoningisusedBasedonKohlberg’sstagesLittlecases,vignettes,scenariosMoralJudgementTestMeasuringethicalcommitmentorbehaviourExperimentslikeMilgram’sObservationandpeerassessment©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1142MoralJudgementTestQuestion:doesitmeasuremoralreasoning?©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11435.CanEthicsbeTaught?thereissignificantevidencethatmoraleducationispossiblee.g.bygettingpeopletothinkandtalkaboutethicaldilemmasitisnotnecessarytoassumesystematicgeneralstagesofmoraldevelopmentanymorethanphysicalfitnessorlearningtocookarebasedongeneralregularstages©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1144OrganisationalSupportitseemsclearthatorganisationscaninhibitethicalbehaviourseee.g.RobertJackall,MoralMazescanorganisationspromoteethicalbehaviour?again,wedonothavetoassumesystematic,regularstagesofdevelopmenttobelievethattheycanethicsprograms©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1145Summary:personalcapacityDevelopingcapabilitynourishingvirtue,incommunityDecisionaidsAAA,Rotary,IMEVcaseprocess,othersMoralreasoninglevels,Kohlberg,Gilligan,Measuringcapabilityreasoning,MJT,behaviourCanethicsbetaught?empiricalevidence(especiallyaboutreasoning)organisationscanassistpersonaldevelopment©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1146topic7Firm-leveltools:ethicsprogramsF&Lch10©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1147Ethicsprogramsystematicefforttopromoteethicalbehaviourbymembersofanorganisationcomponentsofmoraleducation:

example,practice,developedreasona‘program’involvesanumberofdifferentbutcomplementarypartsrecognisesthataspectsoforganisationscaninhibitorpromoteethicalactionF&L389-90©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1148AspectsofEthicsprogramsClearlanguageCodesofPracticeSkillDevelopmentPeerSupportCharacterDevelopmentletusconsidereachinturn©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1149‘good’...

13differentmeanings‘bad’...

descriptivevsprescriptiveuses‘commongood’…doweallagree?1.

Clearlanguageperhapsbecause‘ethicsissomethingwealldo’?vaguenessanddisagreementcomparee.g.‘netpresentvalue’-cleartechnicaldefinitionthus,useideaslike‘conflictofinterest’(whichwecometolater)thatcanalsobegivencleardefinitionorsimplerideas(‘gift’,‘personaluse’,…)©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11502.

CodesofPracticeothernames:‘codeofethics’,‘codeofconduct’TwosortsofcodeitemsAspirationalspecifyconducttobeencouragedfailuresare‘failingtoliveupto’thecodeRegulatoryspecifyconducttobeavoidedfailuresare‘breaching’thecodeEffectivecodesmayneedbothF&L44,391-2AspirationalvsRegulatoryCodes:ExamplesAspirational‘Surveyorsshouldworktoachievepublicadvantage’‘Engineersshouldacttomeritthetrustofthecommunity’RegulatorySarbanes-Oxley,Tencommandments©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1151©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1152Typicalcontentofcodesvaluepeopleandtreatthemwithdignitye.g.equaltreatment,appropriaterewards,safeworkplace,traininganddevelopmentrespectthelawactwithintegrity,fairnessandhonestyusecompanyassetsresponsiblyacceptresponsibilityF&L398-401©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1153DevelopingacodeResolutionofconflictsManagementendorsementDraftOrganisation-widecommentandresponseAdoptformallyPromulgate,publiciseandtrainReviewF&L396-7©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1154Docodesimproveperformance?‘recentresearchhasfoundnosignificantcorrelationbetweencorporationshavingacodeofethicsandareductioninethicalviolations’Deck,inHartman(2023),p248perhapsa‘modestcontribution’?(Kernaghan)whatarethedetailsoftheresearch?maynotbeintegratedwithotheractivitiescode≠programF&L394-6©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11553.SkillDevelopmentlanguageunderstandingofdecisionstagesofapproachesofinfluenceschecklistsotherheuristicse.g.useofstories,exemplars©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1156Agentleman…Agentlemanlookstofriendstohelphimcultivatebenevolence©UniSA2023IMEV-SP11574.PeerSupportandOrganisationalRecognitionethicsoccursincommunitiespracticalexamples: codesofpractice mentors ethicsombudsmen

helplines professionalassociations

Platts,eReadingF&L402©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1158thenotion‘tobeofgoodcharacter’iswell-established,inlawandcommunity‘characterdevelopment’canmakeusuneasybecausebecausetheideaof‘goodcharacter’maybeabused,tomean‘compliant’needtospecifyclearlywhatismeantassistedthroughorganisationalculture5.CharacterDevelopment©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1159ImplementationMakingtheethicsprogramworkAneffectiveprogramrequires:CodeTrainingEnforcement(consistencyisimportant)CommitmentInstituteofBusinessEthics©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1160PoorPractice fromIBEPinonnoticeboardNocommitmentfromBoardGiveonedepartmentresponsibilityDon’taddresstherealissuesLeaveitoutofinductionOnceoff,nowaytochangeMakeexceptionsDon’tfollowuponbreachesPoorexamplefromthetopKeepitinternal,don’tshowoutsidersMakeithardforstafftoaccess©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1161GoodPractice fromIBE

BasecodeonvaluesGiveeveryoneacopyProvideconfidentialreportingIncludeethicsinalltrainingInvolvetheBoardinpreparationandreviewReportonitintheAnnualreportMakeitpartoftheemploymentcontractTranslateintoallrelevantlanguagesGivecopiestostakeholdersRegularreviewBosses‘walkthetalk’

©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1162Summary:firm-leveltoolsEthicsprogram:systematiceffort…ClearlanguageCodesofPracticeaspirationalorregulatory,developmentprocessSkillDevelopmentcognitive,emotional,volitional,otherPeersupport:mentors,professions,hotlineCharacterDevelopmentImplementationCode,sanction,training,commitment©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1163topic8InternationalandglobalaspectsofethicsF&Lch11©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1164Operatingawayfromhome:

DescriptiveaccountsClassiccases:consultancyfirm,NestléReports:what’shappeningISBEEreport(see/)

GRI(seeFisher&Lovellpages381,416)othersDifferences:wages,safety,workhours,alcohol,capitalpunishment,briberyOneoption:ethicalrelativismdoastheRomansdobutwehaveseenproblemswithethicalrelativismdenialofmoralprogressnobasisfordiscussioninternalconflictforfirms©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1165Internationaldecisionmaking©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1166Operatingawayfromhome:

PrescriptiveresponsesDonaldson:fundamentalinternationalrightsBowie’sdecisionrule:factorprincipleCauxprinciples:fordemocracyandparticipationletusconsidertheseinmoredetail©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1167sometimescalled‘hypernorms’InternationalbestpracticeLocalbestpracticeFundamentalinternationalrightsLocallegalminimumDonaldson:

FundamentalinternationalrightsIsthereaminimumweoughttoadhereto,whereverweareoperating?Whereforus?F&L322©UniSA2023IMEV-SP1168Distinctiveobligations

NormBowie’sdecisiontreeQ1AreethicalobligationsofMNCinthiscasedifferentfromthoseofanybusiness?plantclosuresNO,infantformulaYESQ2Isthedif