英语语言学实用教程课件Unit46公开课一等奖市优质课赛课获奖课件

Lecture4TheunitsofEnglishDescribethefollowingsounds:/f//i//:/Review

[f]:voiceless,labia-dental,(oral),fricative/i/:high,front,lax,short,unrounded/:/:mid,central,tense,long,unroundedMajorcontents4.1Englishmorphemes4.2Englishwords4.3Englishclausesandsentences4.4Collocations,idioms,andconstructionsinEnglishMorphology[形态学]isthebranchofgrammarthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.Morphologyfallsintotwocategories:inflectionalmorphology(studyofinflections)lexical/derivationalmorphology(studyofwordformation).4.1EnglishmorphemesThemorphemeisthesmallestunitofmeaning,lexicalorgrammatical.Ask:Howmanymorphemesdoesthefollowingwordcontain?weaknessesMorphemicanalysis

Practice:

Analyzetheword:unwomanlinessClassification:free/boundmorphemee.g.weak/nessderivational/inflectionalmorpheme(lexicalmeaning)(grammaticalmeaning)e.g.weak/ness-esroot/affixmorphemee.g.weak/nessTask

Whataretheinflectionalmorphemesinthefollowingphrases?(a)thegovernment’spolicies(b)thelatestnews(c)twofrightenedcowsRoot,affixRoot:thepartexpressingthebasicmeaningofaword.Itcanbefreeorbound.c.f.brotherly—receiveAffixmorphemes:prefix;infix;suffixExampleofinfix:foot-feetgoose-geeseBUT:It'scontroversial.

Discuss

P.53No.1,2CompoundAwordcomposedoftwoormorefree

rootmorphemesisacompound.c.f.bookcase--friendshipAllomorphAsetofallomorphs,e.g.in-,im-,il-ir-,arethevariants(differentrealizations)ofamorpheme,in-inthiscase.Theyhavethesamemeaningandareincomplementarydistribution.Forthemorphemeof"pluralmeaning"inEnglish:map-maps/s/,dog-dogs/z/,watch-watches/iz/,mouse-mice/ai/,ox-oxen/n/,tooth-teeth/i:/,sheep-sheep/Ø/RootandstemThestemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeattached.e.g.lived,shortened,weaknesses,landlordsAstem-formativeisthemorphemethatservestocreatestems.e.g.biology,thermometerDiscussPP.53-54No.34.2EnglishwordsPresentationsession

WordformationinEnglishPractice:Pointoutthedevicesofwordformationforeachofthefollowing:smog,enthuse,tec,PLO,hospitalize,plane(v.)nylonSyntacticunitsHierarchicalsystem:(morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—sentencee.g.ImetTom.

a(handsomeAmericanyoung)man

a(handsomeAmericanyoung)manwhoalwaysspokeaveryheavydialect.ClassificationofEnglishwordsgrammaticalwords(functionwords/formwords/functors)lexicalwords

Practice:Identifythosethatarefunctionwordsandthosethatarelexicalwordsinthefollowingshortparagraph.What’sthepercentageoffunctionwords?Whatdoesitmeantobefat?And,moreover,whatdoesitmeantobeawomanwhoisfat?IntheUnitedStates,theword“fat”isnotmerelydescriptive;ithasanegativeconnotation.Womenarepressuredtobethinandyounglookingateveryage,andthosewhodonotfitthisdefinitionofnormal,are,forthemostpart,marginalized.(67words)closed-classwords--open-classwordsNewmembersofwordclass:particles:passby;makeup;todo;notauxiliaries:Idon'tdoit;ishecoming?hehasgone.pro-forms:

Yourpenishere(pro-adjective);HeknowsbetterthanIdo(pro-verb);Ihopeso(pro-ad);He'shere,behindthetree.(pro-locative)EnglishphrasesPhraseisasingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclauses.e.g.(1)atraditionalfestival(2)freezingcold(3)inthenextcentury4.3EnglishclausesandsentencesAclauseinEnglishisoneunitoforganizationthatcontainsasubject-predicationstructure.Asimplesentenceisaclause.Alternatively:Aclauseisagroupofwordsthathasitsownsubjectandpredicatebutisincludedinasentence.e.g.(1)Iwanttoknowwhy.(2)Havinganinfluentialfatherisoftenadvantageous.(3)DoyouknowwhereIcomefrom?Aclausemaybefiniteornon-finite.Inthelattercase,thesubjectofthepredicateisimplicitbutinferablefromthesentencecontainingtheclause,suchasaninfiniteclause,a–ingor–edparticipleclause.superordinate/main/matrixclausesubordinateclauseEnglishsentencesa.Definition:Semantically,theminimalformthatexpressesacompletethoughtFormally,notincludedinanylargerlinguisticformClassificationDiscussPP.56-57No.74.4Collocations,idioms,chunks,andconstructionsSomephrases,forvariousreasons,aremoreorlesstightcollocations

(like“ahandsomecar”,“aprettygirl”)orclosedidioms(like“intheend”and“leaveoff”).Idiomsgenerallyhavesemanticunityandfunctionasnoun,verb,adjectiveandsoforth.Idiomsdifferfromcompoundwordsinthatthey,forthemostpart,allowacertainamountofinternalmodification.Thenominalidiom“man-of-war”,forexample,pluralizesas“men-of-war”,insteadof“man-of-wars”.Verb-particleidiomshavebecomeextremelycommoninEnglishduringthelastthreecenturiesorso.SuchconstructionsaremorecommoninAmericanEnglishthaninBritishEnglish.Thoseconsistingofthreeratherthantwoparts,like“missouton”and“meetupwith”,arealmostexclusivelyAmericaninorigin.Discuss:PP.59-60No.6Averylargepartoflanguageismadeupofprefabricatedchunks,orready-madeexpressions,phraseologicalunitswhichdonothavetobegeneratedeverytimetheyareused.“forexample”,“thinkof”,“onthewhole”aresuchchunks.Nativespeakersretainmanyprefabricatedlexicalitemsintheirmemory.PP.55-56No.6ChunksinEnglishConstructionsRatherthantreatingsentencesasuniformlyformedbyvirtueofgenerativerules,anewperspectiveknownasconstructiongrammararguesthatthereisnoprincipleddividebetweenlexiconandrulesandlanguageisarepertoireofmoreorlesscomplexpatterns–constructions–thatintegrateformandmeaninginconventionalizedandoftennon-compositionalways.

Forminconstructionsmayrefertoanycombinationofsyntactic,morphological,orprosodicpatternsandmeaningisunderstoodinabroadsensethatincludeslexicalsemantics,pragmatics,anddiscoursestructure(tobeexpoundedlater).

a.JanegaveJohnanapple. (ditransitiveconstruction)b.JanegaveanappletoJohn.(dativeconstruction)c.ItwasJanethatJohnsaw.(It-cleftconstruction)d.

Jane,Johnsawher. (leftdislocationconstruction)e.JaneJohnsaw.(topicalizationconstruction)f.JanekissedJohnunconscious.(resultativeconstruction)Assignment:PP.60-61No.9ExplorewhetherthereareparallelwordformationdevicesinChinese.Useexamplestoillustrate.Lecture5TheStructuresofEnglish(1)Contents5.1Definingsyntax（句法学）5.2SyntacticpatternsinEnglish5.3Syntacticrelations5.4ThehierarchicalstructuringofEnglishsentences5.5Surfaceanddeepstructures5.1DefiningsyntaxSyntaxisthestudyofhowwordscombineintosentences;specificallythesyntacticpatternsofsentences/internalstructuresofsentences/syntacticpropertiesandfunctions,andtherulesgoverningthesyntacticcombinations.Syntaxaccountsfor:--thegrammaticalityofsentences;--wordorder;--hierarchicalorganizationofsentences;--grammaticalrelations--whetherdifferentstructureshavedifferentmeaningsorthesamemeaning;--thecreativeaspectoflanguage.Theboyfoundtheball.*Theboyfoundquickly.*Theboyfoundinthehouse.BillhiredMary.Maryhiredbill.MarywashiredbyBill.Hehaseverythingawomanwants,--andhewantseverythingawomanhas.Recursiveness/RecursionPP.74-75No.1

Achildren'srhymeThisisthefarmersowingthecorn,thatkeptthecockthatcrowedinthemorn,thatwakedthepriestallshavenandshorn,thatmarriedthemanalltatteredandtorn,thatkissedthemaidenallforlorn,thatmilkedthecowwiththecrumpledhorn,thattossedthedog,thatworriedthecat,thatkilledtherat,thatatethemalt,thatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.5.2Sentencepatterns/typesinEnglishi)SVCMaryisanurse/poor.ii)SVAMaryweighs120pounds.iii)SVMarycame.iv)SVOMarycheatedme.v)SVOCMarycalledmeJim.vi)SVOAMaryputherchilddown.vii)SVOOMarylendhimsomemoney.Languagetypes

SVO:English,French,Swahili,Hausa,ThaiVSO:Tagalog,Irish,(Classical)Arabic,(Biblical)HebrewSOV:Turkish,Japanese,Persian,GeorgianOVS:Apalai(Brazil),Barasano(Colombia),Panare(Venezuela)OSV:ApurinaandXavante(Brazil)VOS:Cakchiquel(Guatemala),Huave(Mexico)ThemostfrequentwordordersinlanguagesoftheworldareSVO,VSO,andSOV,whilelanguageswithOVS,OSV,andVOSasbasicwordordersaremuchrarer.P.78No.85.3SyntacticrelationsPositionalrelation(wordorder,horizontalrelations,syntagmaticrelations--Hjemslev;chainrelations--Halliday)Syntagmaticrelationreferstothesequentialorlineararrangementofwordsinalanguage.Anylanguagehasitspatternsofarrangement.Wordorderdeterminessyntacticrelationsandsentencemeaning,esp.forthoseanalyticallanguageslikeChinese.Relationofsubstitutability(associativerelations--Saussure;paradigmaticrelations--Hjemslev;verticalrelations;choicerelations--Halliday)(1)Heisfondofdancing/swimming/hisprettycousin/literature,etc.(2)Heleftyesterday/atmidnight/beforehehadfinishedhishomework/themomentIarrived.5.4ThehierarchicalstructuringofEnglishSentencesarenotstringsofwordsputtogetherlinearlybutratherhierarchicalconstructions.e.g.youngboysandgirlsICanalysisFormclassesFormclasses:phoneticandgrammaticalfeatures(distribution,grammaticalfunction,inflectionalfeatures)JohnlikessingingChinesesongs.Johnlikes?likessinging?singingChinese?BUT:likes(singing(Chinesesongs))John(likes(singing(Chinesesongs)))ICanalysisSomeconcepts1)Binarycutting2)Immediateconstituent/ultimateconstituent3)Treediagram/labeledtreediagram4)ICanalysis:theapproachtoanalyzesentencesintoimmediateconstituentsbybinarycuttingsuntilobtainingtheultimateconstituentsLabeledtree-diagramPractice:ApplyICanalysisontothefollowingsentence:Theworldtodayishighlycompetitive.AmbiguityPP.75-76No.2,3TwowaysofICanalysisEyedropsoffshelfEyedropsoffshelfEyedropsoffshelfdropsoffshelfoffshelfEyedropsoffshelfEyedropsoffshelfButICanalysiscannot

--removetheambiguityasfoundin

Flyingplanescanbedangerous.

--explainwhystructureslikethefollowinglooksimilarbutbasicallydifferent:

a.

Heiseasytoplease.b.Heiseagertoplease.P.77No.6e.g.Heiseasytoplease.Heiseagertoplease.5.5SurfaceanddeepstructuresAnalysisintermsofChomsky’sTGgrammarPresentationsessionInterrogativesentencesinEnglishAssignments:P.80No.2,3P.81No.6Collectatleasttwocasesofambiguityfromnewspaperheadlines,advertisements,etc.Lecture6TheStructuresofEnglish(2)Review:WhatismeantbyICanalysis?Whatare‘surfacestructure’and‘deepstructure’?Analyzehowthefollowingsentenceisambiguous:

Flyingplanescanbedangerous.

ICanalysisFlyingplanescanbedangerousflyingplanescanbedangerousflyingplanescanbedangerouscanbeLabeledtreediagramSNPVPAdjPc??NflyingplanesVPAdjAUXVcanbedangerousDeepStructure1FlyingplanescanbedangerouscanbedangerousNPVPAdjPNflyingplanesDeepStructure2canbedangerousNPVPS’NflyingplanesNPVPSAuxV(are)Contents6.1Englishparagraphs6.2Englishtexts6.3CohesioninEnglishtexts6.4TurntakinginEnglishconversations6.1EnglishparagraphsPP.87-886.2EnglishtextsP.88DiscussPP.90-91No.26.3CohesioninEnglishtextsSentenceconnectiona.Conjoining(coordination)b.Embedding(subordination)Meansofcohesion(衔接）:a.Lexically(repetition,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy--reiteration)b.Grammatically(ellipsis,substitution,reference)c.Logically(connectives)AlatestsurveyhasbeenheldamongsomecitizensfromBeijing,ShanghaiandGuangzhouabouttheInternet’sinfluenceonpeople’shabitofreading.Theresearchshowsthat40%ofthemhavestrongbeliefthatitwillreplacethebookasthesolesourceofinformation,but

theremaining60%arguethattheInternetwillcoexistwiththetraditionalmeansofinformationtransmission.Iagreewiththelatter.Identifythecohesivedevicesinthefollowingpassage:DiscussP.93No.6Referencedeservesfurtherelaborationhere.Thefirstdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenendophoric

referenceandexophoricreference.Whiletheformerpointstoarelationbetweenanentityinthesituationalcontextandalinguisticiteminthetext(asin“Heisthemanyouwanttosee!”saidwhenthementionedpersoncomesovertothespeaker),thelatterreferstotherelationbetweentwolinguisticitemsinthesametext.Forendophoricreference,furtherdistinctionisattemptedbetweenanaphoricreferenceandcataphoricreference.Theformerinv