L土木工程概论

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPapersZhangLiwei(ChinaMachinePRESS,Beijin100081)Abstract:Civilengineeringinthelonghistoryofmankind“scienceandthecnology”assystemofcivilengineeringactivityasubstantialproductionprocess.Civilengineeringandconstructionofengineeringscienceandtechnologyitrefertotheengineeringconstructioncollectivelyobjects,namely,ground,builtinundergroundengineeringfacilitiesalsoreferstowaterusedmaterials,equipmentandinspinspectionindesign,construction,maintenance,repair,etc.Keywords:EquipmentandinspectionindesignArchitecturalconceptionConstructionEnvironmentprotectionCivilEngineeringforthedevelopmentofakeyrole,firstasamaterialfoundationforthecivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,followedbythesubsequentdevelopmentofthedesigntheoryandconstructiontechnology.Everytimeanewqualityofbuildingmaterials,civilengineeringwillbealeapstyledevelopment.Peoplecanonlyrelyontheearlyearth,woodandothernaturalmaterialsintheconstructionactivities,andlaterappearedinbrickandtilethatartificialmaterials,sothatthefirsthumantobreaktheshacklesofnaturalbuildingmaterials.ChinaintheeleventhcenturyBCintheearlyWesternZhouDynastycreatedthetile.ThefirstbrickinthefifthcenturyBCtothethirdcenturyBC,whenthetomboftheWarringStatesPeriod.Brickandtilebetterthanthemechanicalpropertiesofsoil,materials,andeasytomanufacture.Thebrickandtilesothatpeoplebegantoappearwidely,toalargenumberofhousingconstructionandurbanfloodcontrolproject,andsoon.Thiscivilengineeringtechnologyhasbeenrapiddevelopment.Upto18tothe19thcentury,aslongastwothousandyears,brickandtilehasbeenamajorcivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,humancivilizationhasmadeagreatcontributiontotheevenwasalsowidelyusedinthepresent.Theapplicationofalargenumberofsteelproductsisthesecondleapincivilengineering.Seventeen1970stheuseofpigiron,theearlynineteenthcentury,theuseofwroughtironbridgesandtheconstructionofhousing,whichisapreludetotheemergenceofsteel.Fromthebeginningofthemidnineteenthcentury,metallurgicalindustry,smeltingandrollingouthightensileandcompressivestrength,ductility,uniformityofthequalityofconstructionsteelandthenproducehighstrengthsteelwire,steelcables.Asaresultoftheneedtoadapttothedevelopmentofthesteelstructurehavebeenflourishing.Inadditiontotheapplicationoftheoriginalbeam,archstructure,thenewtruss,aframework,thestructureofnetwork,cablestructurestopromotethegradualemergenceofthestructureofYanintheformofflowers.Fromthebrickbuildinglongspanstructures,stonestructures,afewmetersofwood,steelstructuretothedevelopmentoftensofmeters,afewhundredmeters,untilmodernkmabove.Sointheriver,crossthebridgefromshelves,onthegroundsincetheconstructionofskyscrapersandhigh-risetower,eveninthelayingofundergroundrailway,tocreateanunprecedentedmiracle.Inordertomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofsteelworks,onthebasisofNewton'smechanics,materialmechanics,structuralmechanics,structuralengineeringdesigntheorycameintobeing,andsoon.Constructionmachinery,constructiontechnologyandconstructionorganizationdesigntheoryalsodevelopment,civilengineeringfromtheexperienceofrisingtobecomescience,engineeringpracticeandtheoreticalbasisforbothisadifferentplace,whichledtomorerapiddevelopmentofcivilengineering.Duringthenineteenthcentury,20,madeofPortlandcement,concretehascomeout.Concretecanaggregatematerials,easytoconcretestructuresforming,butthetensilestrengthofconcreteisverysmall,limiteduse.Bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,thesurgeinsteelproduction,withtheemergenceofthisnewtypeofreinforcedconcretecompositeconstructionmaterials,whichbearthetensionsteel,concretebearthepressureandplaytheirownadvantages.Sincethebeginningofthe20thcentury,reinforcedconcreteiswidelyusedinvariousfieldsofcivilengineering.Fromthebeginningofthe1930s,therehavebeenprestressedconcrete.Prestressedconcretestructureofthecrackresistance,rigidityandcarryingcapacity,muchhigherthanthereinforcedconcretestructure,whichusesanevenwiderarea.CivilEngineeringintothereinforcedconcreteandprestressedconcretedominanthistoricalperiod.Concretebuildingstobringaboutthee-mergenceofneweconomic,aestheticstructureintheformofengineering,civilengineeringsothatanewconstructiontechnologyandengineeringdesignofthestructureofthetheory.Thisisanotherleapinthedevelopmentofcivilengineering.吸Th敏e挨ch虑ar隆ac鸽te岭ri裤st饼ic少s拿of骄C多iv毁il厉E知ng明in杯ee衫ri透ng脆.肥膜A伯pr孩oj排ec吹t妥to井b顺ui北ld抛t浪he坑f同ac旋il慕it北ie厌s梯in柿g弦en弯er畅al弄t境o师go拿t巩hr践ou醋gh喊t粱he换i兴n胸v阅es询ti席ga叙ti掌on篮,盼de编si露gn剥a缎nd蒸c猾on介st光ru娘ct血io吓n盟in贵t呀hr捐ee堵s兴ta兴ge反s,旷r种eq顷ui北re遥t须he号u薄se森o巴f惨ge诊ol遍og茎i溜ca续l疑p催ro主s苦pe恳ct乖in牢g尿pr暖oj敞ec申ts肚,蚊hy姑dr虾o股ge幅ol席og纷ic侄al乘s疑ur柔ve蕉y,军e便ng性in春ee赠ri气ng漫s瞎ur婆ve絮y,干s优oi换l臂me堵ch架an碰ic墨s,巾m挪ec药ha删ni背ca孙l科en脖gi柜ne辜er怀in烧g,缺e敲ng凶in预ee拖ri些ng锹d优es何ig锡n,盯b洲ui客ld本in徒g颠ma孕te夹ri宜al鸭s,无c抗on楚st唉ru拿ct狱io絮n杰e轿qu求ip磁me次nt选,宏en酷gi舱ne西er菌in机g册ma传ch腰in次er雹y,六bu号i棚ld表in派g付th稼e乱ec黎on棒om寨y首,盈An亦d牧ot荐he某r申di欠sc持ip惊li启ne倒s抬an胀d伍co劝ns北tr变uc质ti命on躺t渗ec话hn森ol颤og稼y,诉c话on阅st陶ru剥ct哑io尼n候an妙d椅ot设he趋r闻fi映el恒ds鼓o魄f沉kn渡ow业le淡dg秧e,霉a痒s衰we算ll贯a腿s绘co渣mp画ut侍er夺a融nd蜘m俱ec誉ha知ni仁ca过l检te东st三in奶g量te崇ch抽ni筐qu卵es养.恶Ci婚vi丢l协en辣gi抗ne气er垦in什g唯is啊t锄he检re妙fo意re辫a蚂b裤ro泛ad税r征a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