杭州师范大学2021年翻译硕士英语考研真题

杭州师范大学2021年[翻译硕士英语]考研真题I.Vocabularyandgrammar(30’)SectionAMultiplechoice(20’)Directions:BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.1. Mr.Jeffreyhadjust___________theshelloftheboiledcrabandwasstartingtopeelitoff.A. cracked B. burst C. fractured D. clanked2. Lastweekthebishoppreachedafarewellsermontoa(n)___________thathaveknownhimverywellsincehemovedhere.A. congregation B. audience C. progression D. population3. Idon’tdoubt___________theplanwillbewellimplemented.A. how B. that C. which D. whether4. Theoldwomanhadan___________habitofemptyingashtraysoutofherupstairswindowontomydoorstep.A. offending B. offensive C. uneducated D. objectionable5. Thephysicianreassuredmethatthepaininmylegwould___________onehourafterItookthemedicineasIwastold.A. wearaway B. wearoff C. weardown D. wearout6. Thephonecallmyparentsjustgavemearouseda(n)___________feelingofhomesicknessinme.A. intense B. intensive C. hopeless D. forceful7. TheprofessorsaidthathewouldtranslateaChinesefictionifhecouldfinda(n)___________tohelphimproof-readhistranslation.A. collaborator B. accomplice C. ally D. confederate8. AlthoughWildAidhasbeentryingtostoptheslaughterofsharksfortheirfins,currentregulationsrarelycurtail___________tothedegreeneededtorestoresharkpopulation.A. sharksarehunted B. thehuntingofsharksC. tohuntsharks D. sharkshunted9. Themereprospectofaperformanceofoneoftheiroperaswasenoughtosetthemtorunningupbillsamountingto___________theirprospectiveroyalties.A. tentimesthenumberof B. tentimestheamountofC. thenumberoftentimes D. astentimesastheamountof10. The___________ofplasticcontainersisoneoftheproblemsthatthelocalenvironmentalagencyhastodealwith.A. disposition B. dispersal C. disposal D. dissolution11. Theforecastpredicted___________weatherwithrain,sunshine,thunderandwindandthatisjustwhattheyhavehad.A. fluctuating B. differing C. ranging D. variable12. Theresearchinvolvesastudyofthehumanheartwhichleadsusthroughdeviousmazesofpassion,___________itisdifficulttofindaway.A. ofwhich B. fromwhichC. outofwhich D. throughwhich13. Themiserablefamilyhavehada___________ofmisfortunes.A. continuation B. succession C. repetition D. contingency14. Mr.Whitewouldhavebeenmoreamicableandcivilizedifhehadchangedalittlebit,___________?A. wouldn’the B. hasn’the C. didn’the D. hadn’the15. InJapanesecities,trafficjamsare___________becausecitizensinsuburbhavetodriveeverydaytocentralbusinessareastowork.A. propagated B. activated C. aggravated D. irritated16. Asanexperiencedpolitician,hehastohavethe___________ofinspiringconfidenceinhislisteners.A. fluke B. frenzy C. muse D. knack17. Youhadthe___________situationinwhichFloridahadmorelistedpublicbathingbeachesthanthewholeoftheUnitedKingdom.A. luminous B. luculent C. lubricant D. ludicrous18. Muchofwhatthelecturersaidwasbeyondhercomprehensionbutshemanagedtounderstandthe___________ofhisremarks.A. tact B. tenor C. tanner D. manner19. Little___________abouthisownsafety,thoughhehimselfwasingreatdanger.A. hecared B. hemaycare C. mayhecare D. didhecare20. Onewomanwasfeareddeadlastnightafterahelicopter___________offcourseintoanoilplatformandditchedintothesea.A. veered B. instigated C. falsified D. blandishedSectionBProofreadinganderrorcorrection(10’)ThepassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:Forawrongword underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendofthelineForamissingword markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“Λ”signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foranunnecessaryword crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.EXAMPLEWhenartmuseumwantsanewexhibit, (1) WhenΛart→anItneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs (2) Itneverbuys→neverthemonthewall.Whenanaturalhistorymuseum wantsanexhibition,itmustoftenbuildit. (3) exhibition→exhibitSciencewasonceseenasthestuffydomainofpalemalescientistsspentfartoomuchoftheirtimeinthelaboratory(1)concoctingpotionsintesttubeswhileavoidingsunlightandhumaninteraction.Occasionallytheywouldventureoutofthelabtogivelecturesandimparttheirwisdomwithsciencestudents. (2) Buttheywouldrarelyconfrontwiththegeneralpublic.Now, (3)thankstothegrowingnumberofsciencefestivals,scientistsareengagingwithpeopleinunique,innovative—andoftensurprising—way. Sciencecommunicationhasevolvedinrecentyears,broken (4)theage-oldtraditionoftheelitescientistimpartingknowledgeto theinterestedlayman.Thankstotheincreasingemphasisinacademiaonpublicengagement,itisnowexpectedthatlearning aboutscienceinanopen,democraticprocess—somethingshaped(5)byprofessionals,butledbythepublic. Todaythelanguageofsciencecommunicationisrepleted （6）withwordssuchascreate,experience,participateandjourney. Itallmakesparticipationinpublicsciencefeelmorelikeafundayoutasaclassroomchore. (7) PublicscienceeventsdatebacktothedaysoftheAncient GreekswhenthelikeofPlatoandAristotlewouldspeakinpublic (8)abouttheirtheoriesofscienceandphilosophy.Itwasthe EdinburghInternationalScienceFestivalwhichcoinedtheterm (9)“sciencefestival”atitsinceptin1989. (10)II.Readingcomprehension(40’)Section1Multiplechoice(20’)Directions:Inthissectiontherearetwopassagesfollowedbymultiplechoicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersontheanswersheet.PassageAAScottishnovelist,poet,essayist,andtravelwriter,RobertLouisStevensonwasbornat8HowardPlace,EdinburghScotland,on13November1850.Ithasbeenmorethan100yearssincehisdeath.Stevensonwasawriterwhocausedconflictingopinionsabouthisworks.Ononehand,hewasoftenhighlypraisedforhisexpertproseandstylebymanyEnglish-languagecritics.Ontheotherhand,potherscriticizedthereligiousthemesinhisworks,oftenmisunderstandingStevenson’sownreligiousbeliefs.Sincehisdeathacenturybefore,criticsandbiographershavedisagreedonthelegacyofStevenson’swriting.Twobiographers,KFandCP,wroteabiographyaboutStevensonwithaclearfocus.TheychosenottocriticizeaspectsofStevenson’spersonallife.Instead,theyfocusedonhiswriting,andgavehighpraisetohiswritingstyleandskill.Theliterarypendulumhasaswungthesedays.DifferentcriticshavedifferentopinionstowardsRobertLouisStevenson’sworks.Thoughtoday,Stevensonisoneofthemosttranslatedauthorsintheworld,hisworkshavesustainedawidevarietyofnegativecriticismthroughouthislife.itwaslikeacompletereversalofpolarityfromhighlypositivetoslightlylesspositivetoclearlynegative;afterbeinghighlypraisedasagreatwriter,hebecameanexampleofanauthorwithcorruptethicsandlackofmoral.Manyliterarycriticspassedhisworksoffaschildren’sstoriesorhorrorstories,andthoughttohavelittlesocialvalueinaneducationalsetting.Stevenson’sworkswereoftenexcludedfromliteraturecurriculumbecauseofitscontroversialnature.Thesedebatesremain,andmanycriticsstillassertthatdespitehisskill,hisliteraryworksstilllackmoralvalue.OneofthemainreasonswhyStevenson’sliteraryworksattractedsomuchcriticismwasduetothegenreofhiswriting.Stevensonmainlywroteadventurestories,whichwaspartofapopularandentertainingwritingfadatthetime.Manyofusbelieveadventurestoriesareexciting,offersengagingcharacters,action,andmysterybutultimatelycan’tteachmoralprinciples.Theplotpointsareone-dimensionalandrarelyofferadeepermoralmeaning,insteadfocusingonexcitingandshockingplottwistsandthrillingevents.Hisworkswereevencriticizedbyfellowauthors.ThoughStevenson’sworkshavedeeplyinfluencedOscarWilde,WildeoftenjokedthatStevensonwouldhavewrittenbetterworksifhewasn’tborninScotland.OtherauthorscametoStevenson’sdefence,includingGalsworthywhoclaimedthatStevensonisagreaterwriterthanThomasHardy.DespiteWilde’scriticism,Stevenson’sScottishidentitywasintegralpartofhiswritingworks.AlthoughStevenson’sworkswerenotpopularinScotlandwhenhewasalive,manymodernScottishliterarycriticsclaimthatSirWalterScottandRobertLouisStevensonarethemostinfluentialwritersinthehistoryofScotland.WhilemanycriticsexaltSirWalterScottasaliterarygeniusbecauseofhistechnicalability,othersarguethatStevensondeservesthesamerecognitionforhisnaturalabilitytocapturestoriesandcharactersinwords.ManyofScott’sworksweretakenmoreseriouslyasliteraturefortheirdepthduetotheirtragicthemes,butfansofStevensonpraisehisuniquestyleofstory-tellingandcaptureofhumannature.Stevenson’sworks,unlikeotherBritishauthors,capturedtheuniquedaytodaylifeofaverageScottishpeople.Manyliterarycriticspointtothisasaflawofhisworks.Accordingtothecritics,trulyimportantliteratureshouldtranslatelocalcultureandstories.However,manycriticspraisethelocaltasteofhisliterature.Tothisday,Stevenson’sworksprovidevaluableinsighttolifeinScotlandduringthe19thcentury.DespitemuchdebateofStevenson’swritingtopics,hiswritingwasnottheonlysourceofattentionforcritics.Stevenson’spersonallifeoftenattractedalotofattentionfromhisfansandcriticsalike.Someevenarguethathispersonallifeeventuallyoutshonehiswriting.Stevensonhadbeenplaguedwithhealthproblemshiswholelife,andoftenhadtoliveinmuchwarmerclimatesthanthecold,drearyweatherofScotlandinordertorecover,sohetookhisfamilytoasouthpacificislandSamoa,whichwasacontroversialdecisionatthattime.However,Stevensondidn’tregretthedecision.Theseaairandthrillofadventurecomplimentedthethemesofhiswriting,andforatimerestoredhishealth.Fromthere,Stevensongainedaloveoftravelling,andfornearlythreeyearshewanderedtheeasternandcentralPacific.MuchofhisworksreflectedthisloveoftravelandadventurethatStevensonexperiencedinthePacificislands.ItwasasaresultofthisbiographicalattentionthatthefeelinggrewthatinterestinStevenson’slifehadtakentheplaceofinterestinhisworks.Whethercriticsfocusonhiswritingsubjects,hisreligiousbeliefs,orhiseccentriclifestyleoftravelandadventure,peoplefromthepastandpresenthavedifferentopinionsaboutStevensonasanauthor.Today,heremainsacontroversialyetwidelypopularfigureinwesternliterature.1.Stevenson’sbiographersKFandCP.A.underestimatedtherolefamilyplayedinStevenson’slife.B.overestimatedthewriter’sworksintheliteraturehistory.C.exaggeratedStevenson’sreligiousbeliefinhisworks.D.elevatedStevenson’sroleasawriter.2.Themainpointofthesecondparagraphis.A.thepublicgiveamorefaircriticismtoStevenson’sworks.B.recentcriticismhasbeenjustified.C.thestyleofStevenson’sworksoverweighhisfaultsinhislife.D.Stevenson’sworks’drawbackislackofethicalnature.3.Accordingtotheauthor,adventurestories.A.donotprovideplottwistswell.B.cannotbeusedbywriterstoshowmoralvalues.C.aremorefashionableartform.D.canbefoundinother’sworksbutnotinStevenson’s.4.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutStevenson’sworks?A.TheydescribethelifeofpeopleinScotland.B.Theyarecommonlyregardedasrealliterature.C.TheywerepopularduringStevenson’slife.D.Theytranscendthelocalcultureandstories.5.ThelifestyleofStevenson.A.madehisfamilyenvyhimsomuch.B.shouldberesponsibleforhisdeath.C.gainedmoreattentionfromthepublicthanhisworks.D.didn’twellpreparehislifeinSamoa.PassageBInBritainoneofthemostdramaticchangesoftheIndustrialRevolutionwastheharnessingofpower.UntilthereignofGeorgeⅢ(1760-1820),availablesourcesofpowerforworkandtravelhadnotincreasedsincetheMiddleAges.Therewerethreesourcesofpower:animalorhumanmuscles;thewind,operatingonsailorwindmill;andrunningwater.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemto,andwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.Furthermore,eventhemostreliablewaterpowervariedwiththeseasonsanddisappearedinadrought.Thenewageofmachinery,inshort,couldnothavebeenbornwithoutanewsourceofbothmovableandconstantpower.Thesourcehadlongbeenknownbutnotexploited.Earlyintheeighteenthcentury,apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraisedapistoninacylinder,andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthesteamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum.This“atmosphericengine”,inventedbyThomasSaveryandvastlyimprovedbyhispartner,ThomasNewcomen,embodiedoutsidethecoalminesforwhichithadbeendesigned.Inthe1760s,JamesWattperfectedaseparatecondenserforthesteam,sothatthecylinderdidnothavetobecooledateverystroke;thenhedevisedawaytomakethepistonturnawheelandthusconvertreciprocating(backandforth)motionintorotarymotion.Hetherebytransformedaninefficientpumpoflimiteduseintoasteamengineofathousanduses.Thefinalstepcamewhensteamwasintroducedintothecylindertodrivethepistonbackwardaswellasforward,therebyincreasingthespeedoftheengineandcuttingitsfuelconsumption.Watt’ssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.Itliberatedindustryfromdependenceonrunningwater.Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbydrivingefficientpumps,whichmakepossibledeeperanddeepermining.ThereadyavailabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumandahalf.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillampsandflickeringcandles,andearlyinthenewcentury,well-to-doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogas-lithousesandevenstreets.Ironmanufacturers,whichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoal,alsobenefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesofcoal:blastfurnaceswithsteam-poweredbellowsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenewmachinery.Steambecamethemotiveforceoftheindustrialrevolutionascoalandironoreweretherawmaterials.By1800morethanathousandsteamengineswereinuseintheBritishIsles,andBritainretainedavirtualmonopolyengineproductionuntilthe1830s.Steampowerdidnotmerelyspincottonandrolliron;earlyinthenewcentury,italsomultipliedtentimesovertheamountofpaperthatasingleworkercouldproduceinaday.Atthesametime,operatorsofthefirstprintingpressesrunbysteamratherthanbyhandfounditpossibletoproduceathousandpagesinanhourratherthanthirty.Steamalsopromisedtoeliminateatransportationproblemnotfullysolvedbyeithercanalboatsorturnpikescouldcrossthehills,buttheroadbedscouldnotstandupundergreatweights.Theseproblemsneededstillanothersolution,andtheingredientsforitlaycloseathand,insomeindustrialregions,heavilyladenwagons,withflangedwheels,wherebeinghauledbyhorsesalongmetalrails;andthestationarysteamenginewaspuffinginthefactoryandmine.Anothergenerationpassedbeforeinventorssucceededincombiningtheseingredients,byputtingtheengineonwheelsandthewheelsontherails,soastoprovideamachinetotaketheplaceofthehorse.Thustherailroadagesprangfromwhathadalreadyhappenedintheeighteenthcentury.6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirstpassage?A.Runningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeepmachinesoperatingcontinuously,butsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashireandScotland,mostmillsandfactoriesthatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbewaterdriven.B.Thedisadvantageofusingwaterpoweristhatstreamsdonotnecessarilyflowinplacesthatarethemostsuitableforfactories,whichexplainswhysomanywater-poweredgrainandtextilemillswerelocatedinundesirableplaces.C.Sincemachinescouldbeoperatedcontinuouslyonlywhererunningwaterwasabundant,grainandtextilemills,aswellasotherfactories,tendedtobelocatedonlyinLancashireandScotland.D.Runningwaterwastheonlysourceofpowerthatwassuitableforthecontinuousoperationofmachines,buttomakeuseofit,factorieshadtobelocatedwherethewaterwas,regardlessofwhethersuchlocationsmadesenseotherwise.7.Accordingtoparagraph2,the“atmosphericengine”wasslowbecause.A.ithadbeendesignedtobeusedincoalminesB.thecylinderhadtocoolbetweeneachstrokeC.itmadeuseofexpandingsteamtoraisethepistoninitscylinderD.itcouldbeoperatedonlywhenalargesupplyoffuelwasavailable8.Inparagraph3,theauthormentionsWilliamMurdoch’sinventionofanewformofnighttimeilluminationinorderto.A.indicateoneoftheimportantdevelopmentsmadepossiblebytheintroductionofWatt’ssteamengineB.makethepointthatWatt’ssteamenginewasnottheonlyinventionofimportancetotheIndustrialRevolutionC.illustratehowimportantcoalwasasarawmaterialfortheIndustrialRevolutionD.provideanexampleofanothereighteenth-centuryinventionthatusedsteamasapowersource9.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsteamenginesistrue?A.Theywereusedfortheproductionofpaperbutnotforprinting.B.By1800,significantnumbersofthemwereproducedoutsideofBritain.C.Theywereusedinfactoriesbeforetheywereusedtopowertrains.D.Theywereusedintheconstructionofcanalsandturnpikes.10.Accordingtoparagraph4,providingamachinetotaketheplaceofthehorseinvolvedcombiningwhichtwopreviouslyingredients?A.TurnpikesandcanalsB.StationarysteamenginesandwagonswithflangedwheelsC.MetalrailsinroadbedsandwagonscapableofcarryingheavyloadsD.CanalboatsandheavilyladenwagonsSection2Answeringquestions(20’)Directions:ReadthefollowingtwopassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.Useonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouranswersontheanswersheet.Questions1-3Americanstodaychooseamongmoreoptionsinmorepartsoflifethanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Toanextent,theopportunitytochooseenhancesourlives.Itisonlylogicaltothinkthatifsomechoicesaregood,moreisbetter;peoplewhocareabouthavinginfiniteoptionswillbenefitfromthem,andthosewhodon’tcanalwaysjustignorethe273versionscerealtheyhavenevertried.Yetrecentresearchstronglysuggeststhat,psychological,thisassumptioniswrong,with5%lowerpercentageannouncingtheyarehappy.Althoughsomechoicesareundoubtedlybetterthannone,moreisnotalwaysbetterthanless.Recentresearchoffersinsightintowhymanypeopleendupunhappyratherthanpleasedwhentheiroptionsexpand.Webeganbymakingadistinctionbetween“maximisers”(thosewhoalwaysaimtomakethebestpossiblechoice)and“satisfiers”(thosewhoaimforgoodenoughwhetherornotbetterselectionmightbeoutthere).Inparticular,wecomposedasetofstatementstheMaximisationScaletodiagnosepeople’spropensitytomaximize.Thenwehadseveralthousandpeopleratethemselvesfrom1to7(fromcompletelydisagreetocompletelyagree)onsuchstatementsas“Ineversettleforsecondbest.”Wealsoevaluatedtheirsenseofsatisfactionwiththeirdecisions.Wedidn’tdefineasharpcutofftoseparatemaximisersfromsatisfiers,butingeneral,wethinkofindividualswhoseaveragescoresarehigherthan4(thescale’smidpoint)asmaximisersandthosewhosescoresarelowerthanthemidpointassatisfiers.Peoplewhoscorehighestonthetestthegreatestmaximisersengageinmoreproductcomparisonsthanthelowestscorers,bothbeforeandaftertheymakepurchasingdecisions,andtheytakelongertodecidewhattobuy.Whensatisfiersfindanitemthatmeetstheirstandards,theystoplooking.Butmaximisersexertenormouseffortreadinglabels,checkingoutconsumermagazinesandtryingnewproducts.Theyalsospendmoretimecomparingtheirpurchasingdecisionswiththoseofothers.Wefoundthatthegreatestmaximisersaretheleasthappywiththefruitsoftheirefforts.Whentheycomparethemselveswithothers,theygetlittlepleasurefromfindingoutthattheydidbetterandsubstantialdissatisfactionfromfindingoutthattheydidworse.Theyaremorepronetoexperiencingregretafterapurchase,andiftheiracquisitiondisappointsthem,theirsenseofwell-beingtakeslongertorecover.Theyalsotendtobroodorruminatemorethansatisfiersdo.Doesitfollowthatmaximisersarelesshappyingeneralthansatisfiers?Wetestedthisbyhavingpeoplefilloutavarietyofquestionnairesknowntobereliableindicatorsofwell-being.Asmightbeexpected,individualswithhighmaximisationscoresexperiencedlesssatisfactionwithlifeandwerelesshappy,lessoptimisticandmoredepressedthanpeoplewithlowmaximizationscores.Indeed,thosewithextrememaximizationratingshaddepressionscoresthatplacedthemintheborderlineofclinicalrange.Severalfactorsexplainwhymorechoiceisnotalwaysbetterthanless,especiallyformaximisers.Highamongtheseare“opportunitycosts.”Thequalityfanygivenoptioncannotbeassessedinisolationfromitsalternatives.Oneofthe“costs”ofmakingaselectionislosingtheopportunitiesthatadifferentoptionwouldhaveafforded.ThusanopportunitycostofvacationingonthebeachinCapeCodmightbemissingthefabulousrestaurantsintheNapaValley.EarlyDecisionMakingResearchbyDanielKahnemanandAmosTverskyshowedthatpeoplerespondmuchmorestronglytolossesthangains.Ifweassumethatopportunitycostsreducetheoveralldesirabilityofthemostpreferredchoice,thenthemorealternativesthereare,thedeeperoursenseoflosswillbeandthelesssatisfactionwewillderivefromourultimatedecision.Theproblemofopportunitycostswillbebetterforasatisfier.Thelatter’s“goodenough”philosophycansurvivethoughtsaboutopportunitycosts.Inaddition,the“goodenough”standardleadstomuchlesssearchingandinspectionofalternativesthanthemaximiser’s“best”standard.Withfewerchoicesunderconsideration,apersonwillhavefeweropportunitycoststosubtract.Justaspeoplefeelsorrowabouttheopportunitiestheyhaveforgone,theymayalsosufferregretabouttheoptiontheysettledon.MycolleaguesandIdevisedascaletomeasurepronenesstofeelingregret,andwefoundthatpeoplewithhighsensitivitytoregretarelesshappy,lesssatisfiedwithlife,lessoptimisticandmoredepressedthanthosewithlowsensitivity.Notsurprisingly,wealsofoundthatpeoplewithhighregretsensitivitytendtobemaximisers.Indeed,wethinkthatworryoverfutureregretisamajorreasonthatindividualsbecomemaximisers.Theonlywaytobesureyouwillnotregretadecisionisbymakingthebestpossibleone.Unfortunately,themoreoptionsyouhaveandthemoreopportunitycostsyouincur,themorelikelyyouaretoexperienceregret.Inaclassicdemonstrationofthepowerofsunkcosts,peoplewereofferedseasonsubscriptionstoalocaltheatrecompany.Somewereofferedtheticketsatfullpriceandothersatadiscount.Thentheresearcherssimplykepttrackofhowoftentheticketpurchasersactuallyattendedtheplaysoverthecourseoftheseason.Full-pricepayersweremorelikelytoshowupatperformancesthandiscountpayers.Thereasonforthis,theinvestigatorsargued,wasthatthefull-pricepayerswouldexperiencemoreregretiftheydidn’tusetheticketsbecausenotusingthemorecostlyticketswouldconstituteabiggerloss.Toincreasesenseofhappiness,wecandecidetorestrictouroptionswhenthedecisionisnotcrucial.1.WhatistheaimoftheMaximisationScalecomposedbytheresearchers?Whotendtobeleasthappywhenmakingchoices?2.Whywerethefull-priceticketpayersmorelikelytoshowupattheperformances?3.Accordingtothepassage,whatcanbedonetoincreasethesenseofhappinesswhenmakingabetterchoice?Questions4-5TheragingbattleoverSOPAandPIPA,theproposedanti-privacylaws,islookingmoreandmorelikelytoendinfavorofInternetfreedom-butitwon’tbethelastbattleofitskind.Although,etherealasitis,theinternetseemsdestinedtosurviveinsomeformoranother,expertswarnthattherearemanythreatstoitsstatusquoexistence,andthereismuchaboutitthatcouldberuinedorlost.PhysicaldestructionAvastbehemoththatcanroutearoundoutagesandself-heal,theInternethasgrownphysicallyinvulnerabletodestructionbybombs,firesornaturaldisasterswithincountries,atleast.It’s“veryrichlyinterconnected,”saidDavidClark,acomputerscientistatMITwhowasaleaderinthedevelopmentoftheInternetinthe1970s.“Youwouldhavetoworkreallyhardtofindasmallnumberofplaceswhereyoucouldseriouslydisruptconnectivity.”On9/11,forexample,thedestructionofthemajorswitchingcenterinsouthManhattandisruptedservicelocally.Butservicewasrestoredabout15minuteslaterwhenthecenter“healed”asthebuilt-inprotocolsroutedusersandinformationaroundtheoutage.However,whileit’sessentiallyimpossibletocrippleconnectivityinternallyinacountry,Clarksaiditisconceivablethatonecountrycouldblockanother’saccesstoitsshareoftheInternetcloud;thiscouldbedonebyseveri