2023年考研考博-考博英语-外交学院历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-外交学院历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案（图片大小可自由调整）答案解析附后第1卷一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题

Hewasalwaysdecliningtheirinvitationsonthe（）ofillhealth.问题1选项A.groundsB.reasonC.excuseD.cause2.单选题Tenyearsoflivingwithamyotrophiclateralsclerosis,orA.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle;Dr.JulesLodishtypeswithtwitchesofhischeek,detectedbyasensorclippedtothisglasses.Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:“Istilllookforwardtoday.”A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.Theprospectofbeingtrappedinaninertbodyandbeingtotallydependentonothersdrivesmanysuffererstosuicide.WhenAttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftattackedanOregonlawallowingdoctor-assistedsuicidein2001—acasethatisstillworkingitswaysthroughthelegalsystem—patientswiththediseasewereamongthosewhosupportedthelawincourt.Butwhilethelegalcaseandmuchofthenationalattentionhavefocusedontheissueoftherighttodie,lessisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.Withadequatemedicalcare,patientsoftencanliveforyearsrelativelyfreeofphysicalpainfromthediseaseitself.“It’smoreasortofexistential,psychicsortofpain,”saidDr.LeoMcCluskey,aneurologistinPhiladelphiawhotreatsmanypeoplewiththedisease.Asaresult,patientsandtheirfamiliesareforced,onadailybasis,totakestockofthemeaningandqualityoftheirlivesandtomakerepeateddecisionsabouthowmuchistoomuch.“WithA.L.S.,youhaveachoiceaboutwhentostoptreatment,lettingnaturetakeitscourse.”saidDr.LindaGanzini,aprofessorofpsychiatryatOregonHealthandScienceUniversityinPortland,whohasstudiedpatientsmakingend-of-lifedecisions.Whatkeepsmanypatientsalive,expertssay,isasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness—perhapsamilestone“likegettingthelastkidofftocollege”saidDr.MellarP.Davis,aprofessorhematologyandmedicaloncologyattheClevelandClinic.Thosepatientswhodobestarethosewhohaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare,allowingthemtoavoidsomeofthemajorhealthrisksassociatedwiththedisease,andfamilymemberswhocancoverthehourswhenexperthelpisunavailable.Manypatients,Dr.Ganzinisaid,havedeepreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem,andtheyareable,“tofindhopeinthefuture,findmeaningandtoleratethedailyongoinglossesthattheyareexperiencing.”Dr.Lodish’sbodysitslimpinawheelchairandhistonguelolls;amachinebreathesforhimthroughatracheostomytubeinhisthroat.Helosttheabilitytotalkmorethanthreeyearsago,hesays,thenjokes,“Butnottheabilitytobeannoying.”TherearenohalfmeasuresforDr.Lodish,ahematologistwhodevisedhisownintricatelydetailedtreatmentregimen.Hewrotea30guideforhisnursesthatsetsstandardsforasterileenvironmentthatgobeyondhospitalpractices,rulesthathavehelpedhimavoidtheinfectionsthatkillmanypatients.Whenhecouldnolongereat,hedidtheresearchtocomeupwitharecipeforthenutrientblendthatflowsdownhisfeedingtube—evendeterminingthattheingredientswerekosher—andhetypedthetwoguidetoitspreparation,twitchbytwitch,withaspecialprogramonthelaptopthathelpshimtochoosewholewordsorphrasesfromscrollinglists.Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.Hecontinuestoprovidemedicalconsultation,andnowadvisespatientswithA.L.S.andtheirfamiliesonhowtoorganizetheirowncareandusethecommunicationdeviceshehasmastered.“OneironyiswithmanypeopleIcommunicatemorenowthanwhenIwaswell,”Dr.Lodishsaid.Byholdingon,hesaid,hehasbeenabletoseemanyoflife’smilestones,includingthemarriagesoftwoofhisthreechildren.Whenhisolderdaughter,ElizabethLester,becamepregnantwiththefirstgrandchild,sheaskedherfathertomaketheofficialfamilyannouncement.“Hestillplaysthesameroleforme”shesaid,“Istillconsulthimonfinancialmattersandotherkindsofthings.”Dr.Lodishsaidthathisowndeterminationtolivecomes,inpart,fromhislongexperienceintreatingcancerpatients,whooftenfeelthatadiagnosisisadeathsentence.1.A.L.S.isadiseasethat（）.2.JulesLodish（）.3.AllthefollowingarepossiblereasonswhythepatientswithA.L.S.canliveabetterlifeEXCEPT（）.4.Dr.LodishmanagestolivewithA.L.S.mainlybecausehe（）.5.WhichofthefollowingtasksisNOTundertakenbyDr.JulesLodish?问题1选项A.causespeopletoparalyzeinstantlyB.makeseverymusclestopmovinggraduallyC.ishighlycontagiousintheUnitedStatesD.isgeneticallydeterminedandcannotbecured问题2选项A.wantstocommitsuicideB.supportsanOregonlawC.determinedtolivelongerD.isbecomingunconscious问题3选项A.theyhaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcareB.theyhaveasenseofhavingunfinishedbusinessC.theyhavestrongreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthemD.theyhavegotastrongmentalsupportfrompeoplearound问题4选项A.ishavingexperthelpB.knowshowtocopewiththediseaseC.iswell-equippedwithadvanceddevicesD.oftencommunicateswithotherpeople问题5选项A.Treatingalotofcancerpatients.B.Devisinghisowntreatmentplan.C.Providingmedicalconsultation.D.Communicatingwithmanypeople.3.单选题Theproposedchangeinthefederalestatetax,inthedealworkedoutwithPresidentObamaandCongressionalRepublicans,hasramificationsfortheCaliforniaestatetax.问题1选项A.outcomeB.projectionsC.recommendationsD.prospects4.单选题Thisissuehasbecomeapoliticalhot（）.问题1选项A.potatoB.cakeC.rodD.bun5.单选题AnemergencyrightsissuebyHBOSwasaflop:only8.3%oftheBritishbank’ssharesweretakenupbyinvestors.问题1选项A.misfeasanceB.washoutC.flameD.optima6.单选题AfterthreeweeksoffruitlesshagglingwithPrimeMinisterBenjaminNetanyahu,theObamaadministrationhasgivenupitseffortstopersuadetheIsraeligovernmenttofreezeconstructionofJewishsettlementsfor90days,asenioradministrationofficialsaidTuesday.ThedecisionleavesMiddleEastpeacetalksinflux,withthePalestiniansrefusingtoresumedirectnegotiationsabsentamoratoriumtheUnitedStatesstrugglingtofindanotherformulatobringthembacktothetable.Itisanothersetbackinwhathasprovedtobeastar-crossedcampaignbyPresidentObama.Theadministrationdecidedtopulltheplug,officialssaid,becauseitconcludedthatevenifMr.Netanyahupersuadedhiscabinettoacceptafreeze—whichhehadnotyetbeenabletodo—the90-daynegotiatingperiodwouldnothaveproducedtheprogressoncoreissuesthattheUnitedStatesoriginallyhadsought.AdministrationofficialsdidnotofferaPlanBtorevivethetalks,andanalystssaiditwasnotclearthattheadministrationhadone,beyondageneralcommitmenttokeeptalkingtotheIsraelisandPalestiniansaboutthemajorissuesthatdividethem:borders,securityandthestatusofJerusalem,amongothers.Apreviewoftheadministration’snextmovecouldcomeinanaddressonMiddleEastpolicythatSecretaryofStateHillaryRodhamClintonisscheduledtodeliveronFridayattheBrookingsInstitution.Buttheadministration’sstrategyappearedtobeunsettled.“Wisely,inmyview,theadministrationisbendingtoreality,”saidRobertMalley,apeacenegotiatorintheClintonadministration,“Themostlikelyscenarioisthatthismoratoriumwasgoingtobuythemashortreprieve,andwasthengoingtoplungethemintothesamecrisistheywereinbefore”.NeithertheIsraelisnorthePalestiniansissuedaresponsetothenews.ButadministrationofficialssaidtheUnitedStatesmadethedecisionafterconsultationsbetweenMrs.ClintonandMr.Netanyahu.Thetwohadhammeredouttheagreementona90-dayfreeze,whichMr.NetanyahulatersaidhecouldnotselltohiscabinetwithoutwrittensecurityassurancesfromtheAmericans.Thoseassurances,whichincluded20F-35stealthairplanesandanAmericanpledgetovetoanti-IsraelresolutionsattheUnitedNations,wereneverdeliveredtotheIsraelis.Whilethatpackageisnowoffthetable,anofficialsaid,hereiteratedthattheUnitedStateswouldcontinuetoprotectIsrael’ssecurityandfighteffortstochallengeitslegitimacyininternationalorganizations.Intheshortrun,analystssaidthefailureraisedquestionsaboutMr.Netanyahu’scapacitytonegotiateafinaldeal.ButthePalestiniansalsoshiftedtheirposition,insistingthatasettlementfreezemustincludeEastJerusalemaswellastheWestBank.Israel’sinitial10-monthmoratoriumincludedonlytheWestBank.TheUnitedStatesneveraskedMr.NetanyahutoexpandittoJerusalem,andanalystssaidMr.Netanyahuwouldneverhavebeenabletopersuadehisright-wingcabinettogoalongwithit.Therewerealsodeeplydivergentviewsaboutwhatthetwosideswoulddiscussduringthe90days,officialssaid.ThePalestinianswantedthetalkstofocustightlyonthebordersofafuturePalestinianstate.Mr.Netanyahuresistedthat,sayingthetwosidesmustdiscussthefullgamutofissuesratherthanjustborders.Mr.ObamabegandirectnegotiationswithgreathooplainearlySeptember,butthetalksgroundtoahaltwithinweeksovertheissueofsettlements.Aftermeetingthreetimesinthatmonth,Mr.NetanyahuandthePalestinianAuthoritypresident,MahmoudAbbas,havenotsatdownsincethen.1.Astar-crossedcampaignreferstoa(n)（）one.2.Theadministration’snextmoveisaboutto（）.3.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?4.Ashortreprievereferstoashort（）.5.Whichofthefollowingservestobethebesttitleofthispassage?问题1选项A.unhappyB.confusedC.transientD.shining问题2选项A.bendtotherealityB.vetoanti-IsraeliresolutionsattheUnitedNationsC.expandasettlementfreezetoJerusalemD.hanginthebalance问题3选项A.ThewrittensecurityassurancesfromtheAmericanswereneverdeliveredtotheIsraelis.B.Israel’sinitial10-monthmoratoriumincludedonlytheWestBank.C.ThePalestinianswantedthetalkstofocustightlyontheborderofafuturePalestinianstate.D.Mr.Netanyahuhammeredouttheagreementona90-dayfreezewithObama.问题4选项A.respiteB.retractionC.reproofD.repository问题5选项A.Mr.Obamabegandirectnegotiationswithgreathoopla.B.U.S.dropsbidtoswayIsraelonsettlements.C.TheIsraelisandPalestiniansareatcrossedpurposes.D.TheMiddleEastpeacetalksareinflux.7.单选题Itwasunusualforthere（）sofewstudentsintheclassroom.问题1选项A.tobeB.beC.beingD.are8.翻译题17世纪后期至18世纪末，是中国清代的鼎盛时期，史称“康乾盛世”。那个时期，中国的工业产量位居世界前列。但正是在这个时候，欧洲诸国先后开始了近代资产阶级革命和产业革命，社会生产力迅速发展，后来居上。而中国当时的政治者对这一历史性大变革却茫然无知，仍沉迷于盲目自大之中，视西方科学技术为“奇技淫巧”。“康乾盛世”之后的100多年，中国的发展大大落后了，国际地位急剧衰落，沦为半殖民地，备受外强欺辱。中华人民共和国成立后，中国人民掌握了自己的命运，民族的独立和解放使中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。但在20世纪60、70年代世界经济蓬勃发展和新科技革命浪潮兴起的时代，中国搞了长达10年的“文化大革命”，错失了又一次发展良机。值得欣慰的是，从70年代末开始，我们纠正了过去的错误，选择了改革开放的正确道路，对内实行改革，对外实行开放，开放也是改革。改革开放使我们抓住了新的历史机遇，实现了近30年的高速发展，综合国力显著增强，人民生活得到很大改善，国际地位不断上升。9.单选题Hesatthereswiggingbeerandsmoking.问题1选项A.suckingB.lappingC.GulpingD.sipping10.单选题Wouldsuchadealfly?OnesourceclosetoHouseRepublicanstellsme:“Ithinkthey’dtakeit;they’reholdingnocardsatthemoment…Thecappingofdeductionswouldbeverymagnanimousandagoodwaytolaythegroundworkfornegotiatingrealtaxreform.”问题1选项A.magnificentB.benevolentC.prodigiousD.favoring第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】A【解析】考查固定短语搭配。根据题干可知考查onthegroundof“以……为理由，根据”。句意：他总是以身体不好为由拒绝他们的邀请。因此A选项正确。2.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“A.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle（A.L.S是一种渐进性的麻痹性疾病，几乎使每一块肌肉都停止活动）”和第二段“A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.（肌萎缩性侧索硬化症或卢伽雷氏症，常被描述为一种活死人。身体会变得松弛，而头脑却保持完整和敏锐的意识。）”，由此可推断出肌萎缩性侧索硬化症使肌肉病变会有一个循序渐进的过程。A选项“使人立即瘫痪”说法错误；B选项“使每一块肌肉逐渐停止活动”符合题意；C选项“在美国是高度传染性的”和D选项“是由基因决定的，不能治愈”文章都没有提到。因此B选项正确。2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:Istilllookforwardtoday.（但当人们问洛迪什对自己的生活有何感想时，他的眼神流露出了身体所没有的那种强烈感，他回答说：我仍然期待着。）”和第四段“lessisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.（但对于那些像洛迪什医生一样想要活下去的病人，人们却知之甚少。）”，由此可推断出Dr.Lodish虽然被肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症折磨，但他仍不失积极乐观的心态，对生活充满期待，决定好好生活与病魔抗争到底。A选项“想自杀”说法错误；B选项“支持俄勒冈州一项（允许医生协助自杀的）法律”文章没有提到；C选项“决心活得更长”符合题意；D选项“正在变得失去意识”说法错误。因此C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第八段“Whatkeepsmanypatientsalive,expertssay,isasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness…（专家说，让许多病人活下来的，是一种未完的事业感……）”；第九段“Thosepatientswhodobestarethosewhohaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare,allowingthemtoavoidsomeofthemajorhealthrisksassociatedwiththedisease,andfamilymemberswhocancoverthehourswhenexperthelpisunavailable.（那些做得最好的病人是那些拥有涵盖护理和医疗护理的保险，使他们能够避免一些与疾病相关的主要健康风险的人，以及那些家庭成员在得不到专家帮助时可以支付时间的人。）”以及第十段“havedeepreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem（许多患者都有深刻的宗教信仰，这些信仰帮助他们维持生命）”，因此A选项“他们有涵盖护理和医疗的保险”；B选项“他们有一种未完的事业感”以及C选项“他们有强烈的宗教信仰来支持他们”在文中都有提到，只有D选项“他们从周围的人那里得到了强大的精神支持”文章没有提及，因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第十三段“Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.（这条与世界相连的线让他与家人和朋友保持联系，让他成为他们生活中重要的一部分。）”以及第十四段“OneironyiswithmanypeopleIcommunicatemorenowthanwhenIwaswell（具有讽刺意味的是，我现在和很多人交流的次数比我健康时还多）”，由此可知Dr.Lodish与病魔作斗争是通过经常与他人沟通交流，分享生命中的点滴。A选项“正在接受专家的帮助”；B选项“知道如何对付这种疾病”；C选项“配备了先进的设备”都不是主要原因，只有D选项“经常与他人交流”符合题意，因此D选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第十二段“whodevisedhisownintricatelydetailedtreatmentregimen.（他设计了自己复杂而详细的治疗方案。）”；第十三段“Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.Hecontinuestoprovidemedicalconsultation…（这条与世界相连的线让他与家人和朋友保持联系，让他成为他们生活中重要的一部分。他继续提供医疗咨询……）”，由此可知B选项“制定自己的治疗方案”；C选项“提供医疗咨询”和D选项“与许多人交流”说法正确，文章都有提及，而A选项“治疗了很多癌症患者”可定位到文章最后一段“Dr.Lodishsaidthathisowndeterminationtolivecomes,inpart,fromhislongexperienceintreatingcancerpatients,whooftenfeelthatadiagnosisisadeathsentence.（洛迪什说，他自己想活下去的决心，在一定程度上来自于他长期治疗癌症患者的经验，这些患者常常觉得确诊就等于判了死刑。）”，该段落只说了Dr.Lodish想活下去的决心来自治疗癌症患者的经验，并没有直接说他治疗了很多癌症患者，因此A选项符合题意，A选项正确。3.【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项outcome“结果，结局；成果”；B选项projections“投射；规划；突出；发射；推测”；C选项recommendations“推荐；建议；推荐信”；D选项prospects“前景；预期；潜在顾客；远景展望”。句意：根据与奥巴马总统和国会共和党人达成的协议，联邦遗产税的拟议修改对加州遗产税有影响。ramifications“衍生物；分支，分叉；支流；（衍生的）结果、影响”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。4.【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项potato“土豆，马铃薯”；B选项cake“蛋糕，块状物；利益总额”；C选项rod“棒，惩罚，枝条，权力”；D选项bun“小圆面包”。hotpotato为俗语，意思是烫手的山芋，即棘手的事件。句意：这一事件升级为一个棘手的政治事件。因此A选项正确。5.【答案】B【解析】考查近义名词辨析。A选项misfeasance“过失；行为失检；不当行为”；B选项washout“冲刷；失败者”；C选项flame“火焰；热情；光辉”；D选项optima“最合适条件；最佳状态”。句意：苏格兰哈里法克斯银行（HBOS）的一次紧急配股发行失败了：投资者只认购了这家英国银行8.3%的股份。flop“彻底失败，不成功；沉重、松散又笨拙的动作”，B选项与该词意思最相近，因此B选项正确。6.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Itisanothersetbackinwhathasprovedtobeastar-crossedcampaignbyPresidentObama.（这是奥巴马总统短期尝试中的又一次挫折。）”，star-crossed本意是时运不济的，倒霉的，但在文中提到美国政府在首次尝试失败后，想通过其他方法让巴勒斯坦政府重新回到谈判桌上。较之前奥巴马政府已经证实了的短期尝试来说这又是一大阻碍。A选项“不快乐的；不幸福的；不适当的”；B选项“困惑的；混乱的；糊涂的”；C选项transient“短暂的；路过的”；D选项“光亮的；华丽的；杰出的”，因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“Wisely,inmyview,theadministrationisbendingtoreality（在我看来，明智的做法是，政府正在向现实屈服）”。A选项“屈从于现实”正确；B选项“在联合国否决反以色列决议”和C选项“扩大对耶路撒冷定居点的冻结”以及D选项“悬而未决”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第八段“Thoseassurances,whichincluded20F-35stealthairplanesandanAmericanpledgetovetoanti-IsraelresolutionsattheUnitedNations,wereneverdeliveredtotheIsraelis.（这些保证包括20架F-35隐形飞机，以及美国承诺在联合国否决反以色列决议，但从未向以色列提供。）”和第十段“Israel’sinitial10-monthmoratoriumincludedonlytheWestBank.（以色列最初的10个月禁令只包括约旦河西岸。）”以及第七段“Thetwohadhammeredouttheagreementona90-dayfreeze（双方敲定了为期90天的冻结协议）”，由此可知A选项“美国人的书面安全保证从未交给以色列人”；B选项“以色列最初的10个月禁令只包括约旦河西岸。”和D选项“内塔尼亚胡与奥巴马敲定了为期90天的冻结协议。”文中都有提到，C选项“巴勒斯坦人希望谈判集中讨论未来巴勒斯坦国的边界问题。”文章中没有提及，因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“Themostlikelyscenarioisthatthismoratoriumwasgoingtobuythemashortreprieve,andwasthengoingtoplungethemintothesamecrisistheywereinbefore.（最有可能的情况是该中止计划仅为暂缓之计，之后他们将会再一次陷入与以前同样的危机之中）”。A选项“缓解；暂缓；暂时的休息；缓期执行”正确；B选项“撤回，撤销；收回”和C选项“责备；谴责”以及D选项“贮藏室，仓库；知识库；智囊团”均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。5.主旨大意题。联系原文可知该文章是一篇新闻报道，该类文本的主题句一般都在开头或结尾。文章第一句说到“AfterthreeweeksoffruitlesshagglingwithPrimeMinisterBenjaminNetanyahu,theObamaadministrationhasgivenupitseffortstopersuadetheIsraeligovernmenttofreezeconstructionofJewishsettlementsfor90days（在与以色列总理内塔尼亚胡讨价还价三周无果后，奥巴马政府已放弃说服以色列政府冻结犹太人定居点建设90天的努力）”，由此可知文章主要是在说奥巴马政府放弃在定居点问题上左右以色列的努力。A选项“奥巴马在大吹大擂中开始了直接谈判”；C选项“以色列人和巴勒斯坦人在目的上有分歧”；D选项“中东和谈正在不断变化”都不如B选项“美国放弃在定居点问题上左右以色列的努力”更能概括文章大意，因此B选项正确。7.【答案】A【解析】考查句式。介词for后面跟的存在句采用不定式形式。句意：教室里的学生这么少是不寻常的。因此A选项正确。8.【答案】Inthelate17centurytotheendof18thCentury,ChineseQingDynastywasinitsheyday,knownastheGoldenAgeof“KangxiandQianlong”.Duringthisperiod,China’sindustrialproductionhasbeenattheforefrontontheworldstage.ButitwasatthistimethatEuropeancountriesbeganthemodernbourgeoisrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,whichrockettherapiddevelopmen