人类理解与人际传播

人类理解与人际传播(Humanunderstandingandinterpersonalcommunication)

Humanunderstandingandinterpersonalcommunication

Thomas'scommunicationthoughtfromthedefinitionofsituation

Author:Ruiof

Keywords:situationdefinition,Thomas,interpersonalcommunication,reading:942times

Abstract:onthebasisofexpoundingthebasicideaofThomas'sdefinitionofsituation,thispaperexpressesgreatconcernfortheinvolvementofhumanconsciousnessintheprocessofreceivinginformation.Theauthorthinksthatinterpersonalcommunicationisessentiallynota"message"and"channel"and"noise","feedback"factorssuchascomposition,inmechanicalprocess,butdirectencountersbetweenpeopleandpeople,isasymbolicinteractionbetweensubjectandsubject"".Duetothenatureofexistenceofisomorphismbetweenindividualcreativetranslationandestablishedsymbolsintheworldorsocialcommondefinition,communicationandunderstandingbetweenpeoplewillbepossible,butinterpersonalcommunicationisaprocessoflifeandgrowthinnaturetheso-called"communication",or"understanding"couldnotcompletetheirworkinonebattle,butainfiniteapproximationprocess.

Thecontemporarysocialsciencedisciplinestendtobecomeknowledgeoftheisolationzone,peoplefromeachother,otherplacesdonotknowwhathappened,butunfortunately,contemporaryresearchersoftenseemunawareoftheaccumulationofcenturiesofsocialthinkingonthehumanconditionandtheircurrentsolutionstoseeimportantresearchtopicdirectlyrelatedto.

MelvinDelf

ExperiencedWilliamIsaacThomas(WillamIsaacThomas,18631947)isanimportantrepresentativefigureoftheearlysymbolicinteractiontheory.AfamouscontemporaryAmericansociologistLewisAkorsorpointedout:HerbertBlumerdevelopmentofsymbolicinteractiontheory,althoughthemainbenefitfromMiller,buttherearestillmanyoftheelementsaretakenfromthewritingsofThomas."[1]Thomas'smaincontributiontothesymbolicinteractiontheoryofoutstandingperformanceintwoaspects;oneishismasterpiece"ZnanieckiinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesofPolandfarmers",twoisthatheputforwardthefamous"definitionofthesituation".

AlthoughthemaincontentoftheformerismadeupofthelifehistoryofthePoleswhoimmigratedtoChicago,thecoreofitisacomprehensivesurveyofthetwoaspectsofthesubjectiveandobjectivecultureofsocialbehavior(includingnaturaltransmissionbehavior).Abasicpointofviewinthebookisthatonlybycombiningthesubjectiveattitudeoftheindividualandthevalueofthesocialobjectiveculturecanthehumanbehaviorbefullyexplained.Thomas'sthoughtwasgraduallyenrichedandperfectedalongwithhiselaborationofthedefinitionofsituationanditsbasicprinciples,andbecamethebasicideaofsymbolicinteractiontheory.

ThispaperintendstodiscussThomasaboutthebasicideaofthedefinitionofthesituationonthebasisofinterpersonalcommunication,especiallywhypeoplecancommunicatewitheachother,andultimatelytoachieveacertaindegreeofunderstanding,makeashallowdiscussion.

Perhapsitwasthestudyofracehistory,andThomaspaidenoughattentiontotheimportanceofpeople'ssubjectivefactorsindeterminingtheirsocialbehaviorfromthedaywhenitcametosocialpsychology."AlthoughinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesofPolandfarmers"inonebook,theobjectivefactorsofThomasandhiscollaboratorsaretryingtosubjectivefactorsandexternaljusticetothepeopleinthecomprehensiveroleofhumanbehavior,sotheyalsoon"thetwoconceptsofattitude"and"valuestandard"(theformermainlymakeadistinctionreferstopeople'ssubjectivefactors,orhumanconsciousness;thelatterreferstoasetofbothculturalpatterns)butinadvertently,ortheyaresubjectivefactorsinamoreprominentposition,asresearchershavepointedout:"intheopinionofThomasandZnaniecki,theimportantinfluenceofexternalorobjectivethefactorsofhumanbehavior,onlythosewhohadbeenintheexternalsubjectiveexperienceorobjectivefactors."[2],thatistosay,theobjectivefactorsbeyondallsubjectiveconsciousnessindependentofhumanbeings,onlyenterthehumanconsciousness,orthatonly"subjective",itmayhaveimportantinfluenceonhumanbehavior.

SomepeoplethinkthattheheydayofThomas'ssocialpsychologycareeremergedasheexpoundedthefamousdefinitionofthesituationanditsbasicprinciples."[3]and"situation

definition"emphasizetheuniqueprocessandfunctionofhumanconsciousness"internalizing"externalstimuli.Thomaspointsoutthatthemostimportantabilitytogainintheevolutionofanimallifeistheabilitytomakedecisionswithoutimposingdecisionsononeself Higheranimals,firstofall,have

theabilitytorefusetocomplywiththefirststimulitheyhavecompliedwith Wecallthisabilityinhibition,andit

dependsonthefactthatthenervoussystemhasmemoriesorrecordsofpastexperiences.Itisthendecidedthatactionisnolongerentirelyfromtheoutside,butfromtheinterioroftheorganismitself.

Beforeanyactofself-determination,thereisalwaysastageofreviewandconsideration,

Wecancallit"thedefinitionofthesituation",theoriginaldefinitionofthesituation,forthesakeofunityandchangethedefinitionofthesituation,thesamebelow.Infact,notonlydoesspecificbehaviordependonsituationaldefinitions,butgradually,lifelongstrategiesandpersonalitiesfollowaseriesofsuchdefinitions.[4]

Itshouldbenotedthat"situation"isdifferentfrom"context"(context).Thelatterusuallyreferstothecontextorthesituationbeforeandafteranevent.Thesituationisdifferent."Forthesituation,thereisnoconcisedefinitionofthesituation,"Tofflerpointedoutinthebook"futureshock." Moreover,theboundariesbetweencontextand

situationmaynotbeclear,buteachsituationitselfhassomekindofintegrity,someidentity."Tofflerbelievesthatanysituationcanusefivepartstobeanalyzed,including"items"

-madefromnaturalorman-madeobjectsmaterialbackground;"occasion"--actionstageorplace;anumberofroles,thisishuman;socialorganizationsystemplaces;conceptandinformationsequenceofevents[5].Situationalmostinvolvesthewholeexternalenvironmentortheexternalworld.

AccordingtoThomas'sview,notonlyasareflexresponsetodirectinformationfromtheexternalworld,moreimportant,peoplewillfirstexamineandconsiderthisinformationinmostcases,ordefinetheseinformation,andtounderstandandtreatthemaccordingtotheirdefinition.Forexample,myshouldersufferedaheavyone,thenIdonotresponddirectlytothisbeatitself,butthereisa"reviewandconsiderationstage":itisanoldfriendwhentheymeetwith?Orthefulfillmentandexcitementoftheother'swishes?Orisitaventofdiscontentorevenanger?Thisperiodofreviewandconsiderationistheprocessofsubjectivedefinition,andIwillunderstandandrespondtothisstimulusaccordingtomyownsubjectivedefinition.ThisviewofThomaseasilybringsustothestrictdistinctionbetweenMead's"posturaldialogue"andinterpersonalsymbolicinteractionamonganimals.[6]

Modernperceptualpsychologyresearchshowsthathumanperceptionmappingisnotequivalenttosensorymaterial."Peoplearoundtheworldtoreflectonlymustbebasedontheperceptionprocessoftheinformationfromtheoutsideintothepremise,butalsotoactivelytransformitintotheprocessofperceptualmappingandconceptofthestructurecanbeunderstoodasthepremise,therefore,"oneaspectofcognitivestructureisexternalstimuli.Itissubjecttomakeontheotherhand,thecontributionof."Ifyouuse[7]MAS"definitionofthesituation"researchachievementsofmodernpsychology,itisnotdifficulttoseethatthe"symbolicinteractiontheory"toemphasizehumanuniquenessisclosetotheexternalinformationintheprocess,doindeedseemtobeclosertothetruththaninstinctism,biologismandtraditionalphenomenologicalbehaviorism,becauseonlytothefunctionofhumanconsciousnessintheprocessofacceptingtheinterventiongivenenoughattention,ithelpsexplainafactfrequentlyencounteredininterpersonalcommunication:thesameinformationtodifferentrecipientsoftenhavedifferentunderstanding.

"Thedefinitionofthesituation"isasubjectiveactivity,butthesubjectiveactivitygeneratedbytheresultisobjectiveaccordingtoThomas'sview,thedefinitionofthesituationitisconfirmed,thecorrespondingobjectivebehaviorisproduced,inparticulartoadefinitionofsocialmembersofacertaindegreeofrecognition,orbecomesocialcommondefinition,thesituationismoreso.Asanotherexample,the"CulturalRevolution",somepeoplewerebroughttothe"counterrevolutionary"or"themonstersandfreaksofalldescriptions"hat,whenpeopleseeyouasa"counterrevolutionary"or"whenyouareinfactthemonstersandfreaksofalldescriptions"isnot"counterrevolutionary"or"isnotimportant,themonstersandfreaksofalldescriptions,tothisisthefaceof"definition",theobjectiveyouhavenochoice,butonlyinaccordancewiththedefinitionof"forlife"provisionsofthewayoflife:youpleadguilty,honestconfession,acceptreformetc..ThisideawassummedupbyRobertMortonandcameupwiththefamousThomasprinciple:ifpeopledefinethesituationasreal,then.Itistrueinitsresults.[8]then,inthestudyofsocialdeviance,Thomasprinciplehasreceivedextensiveattention,itactuallyKailemote"SocialLabelTheory".

"Thedefinitionofthesituation"infactishuman"meaninggiving",namely"symbolprocess",inThomas'sview,itnotonlyinvolvesthespecificbehaviorofpeople,butalsoaffectpeople'slifestrategyandindividualpersonality.Somecontemporarythinkersregardeditas"humanlifespecialsignsofnewfeatures,theybelievethatpeoplearedifferentfromotheranimal,isbasedonthephysicalworldtheyaresimpletocreateasymboloftheworld.Theactorsymbolicactivityr* 1 • 〃

ofapersonbygivingmeaning,

Incorporateallkindsofthingsandphenomenaintoone'sownsymbolicworld.Withthesymbolicworldandconstantlyenrichthephysicalrealityoftheworldgraduallyfade,sothattoday,peopleseemunlikelytofaceintuitivephysicalrealityworld,andshouldbecreatedbytheirownsymbolsintheworldtoexperienceandunderstandingallaround.[9]thus,interpersonalcommunicationisessentiallynota"message"and"channel"and"noise","feedback"factorssuchasthecompositionoftheexternalandinmechanicalprocess,butadirectencounterbetweenmanandman,isasymbolicinteractionbetweenthesubjectandthesubject"".TaiwanscholarLiMaozhengpointedout:"infact,peoplehowtogettotheobjectiverealityoftheworldisthesubjectiveinterpretation,forthousandsofyearsthecentralproblemsofphilosophy,becauseitrelatestothebasicproblemofhumancommunication,ithasbeenstillofgreatimportance."[10]Mr.LiMaozhengalsocriticizedmediaresearchforalongperiodoftime,

despisingtheinnateandsubjectivenatureofhumaninteraction,andthereforedistortingthenatureofitsreality."."[11]

Schraminthe"Introduction"ofcommunicationquotedinPlato"Utopia"inthewonderful"cavemetaphor,thespreadofrelationsandmadethisstatement:"allparticipantswithafulllifespace,fixedandstoredintotheexperienceofthiscommunicationbetweenthembasedontheseexperiencestoexplaintheygetthesignalanddecidehowtoanswerthesesignals."[12]obviously,everyone's"livingspace"cannotbeexactlythesame.Itisanindisputablefactthatmanisuniqueandnonrepeatable.Accordingly,thiscriticismdoesnotseemtosaythereisnoreasonthatapersonmaynotknoworunderstandanotherperson,becausehecouldnotinexactlythesamewayorobservethe"definition"oftheoutsideworld,sopeoplearenotunderstand,cannotcommunicate.

Thisinvolvesthequestionoftherelationshipbetweenpersonaldefinitionsandsocialdefinitions.Therelationshipbetweenindividualdefinitionandsocialdefinitionstemsfromtherelationshipbetweenindividualandsociety.Thomaspointedoutfurtherafteremphasizingthepeople'sabilitytomaketheirowndecisions:

Butthechildisalwaysborninagroupofpeople,theymayoccurinalltypesofsituationshavebeendefined,therelevantrulesandregulationshavealsobeendeveloped,fewchildrenthemselvesmaydefinethesituation,tocomplywiththeirowndesirewithoutoutsideinterference Therefore,thereis

alwaysacontradictionbetweenaninstinctivedefinitionofsituationsinanorganizedsocietyandthedefinitiongiventothembysociety.[13]

Thereasonfortheaboveconfusionandnoncommunicationofinterpersonalcommunicationseemsreasonable,becauseitputsmaninhisuniqueness,andbelievesthatthisuniqueandfreeformconstitutestheessenceofhumanbeings".However,"theuniquenessandtherepeatabilityofhumanbeingscanonlyberealizedintheirObjectifiedWorld",andthecloserelationshipbetween[14]andsocietyisaproblemthatthesemioticinteractiontheoristspaycloseattentionto.Accordingtothebasicideaofsymbolicinteractiontheory,itistheresultofsocialinteractionmakeshumanbecometheuniquecharacteristicsofindividualspecies,andgivesignificant;inturn,itisalsoduetohumansocietyinthegrowth,mature,obtainvariousabilities,thesocietycanbeformed.Therefore,theselfandthesocietyareinfactthetwopartsofadifferentprocess,whicharedifferentaspectsofthesamething.Societyisaninterwovenfabricofspiritualselves,butasaparticularindividual,everyonegrowsupinaparticularsociety,andhemustlearnthebasicnormsoflifeinthisenvironment.Atthesametime,healsopresentshisexperienceoflifeinsociety.WithThomas'swords:"thesocietyisnecessaryfortheindividual,becauseinacertainperiodoftime,thesocietyhasaccumulatedandmaterialvalueaccumulationplan,theaccumulationofthesechildrenisneveraloneaccumulation Buttheindividualisalsonecessary

tosociety,becausethroughhisactivityandoriginality,hecancreateallthematerialvalueandthewholecivilization."The[15]andCooleyMeadandtheideaisbasicallythesame.Uniqueandsocial[16]aredifferentaspectsofthesameprocess,

arebothoppositeandcomplementary.AsAgnesHellersaid,"onlyamanwhocanbegeneralizedcanhaveself-consciousness,thatis,theconsciousnessofhisownfeatures." Without

generalization,withoutthepropagationoftheessenceoftheclass,therewouldbenohumancharacteristics."[17]therefore,ifnottolookattheproblemintheclosednatureoftheindividualself,butthesumofallsocialrelations,heaswell,theuniquenessoftheindividualandnotrepeatablenotonlycannotbecometheunderstandingbetweenpeopleandcommunicationcriticismofreason,andonthecontrary,theyjustbecomepeoplemustspreadandthemutualcommunication,mutualunderstandingandcommunicationconditions.

Thisantagonismbetweenindividualsandsocietiesisfurtherexplained,

Intheinterpersonalcommunicationactivities,participateinthecommunicationrelationdefinitionofindividualoutsideinformation,oneshouldcomplywiththecommondefinitionofsociety,ontheotherhandalsocontainsinformationonthesubjectofcreativetranslation.Fortheindividual,societyisdefinedasasetofsymbolsystem,everyonemustlearnandmasterandtrytoadapttoit;forthesociety,theindividualisnotonlyasymbolofcreativetranslationtofurtherenrichtheworld.Infact,thesymbolicworldinwhichpeopleliveisthroughcountlessindividualcreativeandconstantlyestablishanddeciphertherich.Therefore,betweenthei