国际条约法课件

Chapter7Int’llawoftreaties

DefinitionoftreatiesStructureoftreatiesNegotiationoftreatiesReservationsObservanceoftreatiesInvalidity,terminationandsuspensionoftreaties

China’spracticeKeywordsofthischapterprotocolmiscellaneousprovisionnegotiationconcludedrawupauthentication(认证)ratificationaccessionacceptance(接受)approval(核准)depositaryregistrationreservation(保留)pactasuntservandasuspend(中止)terminate(终止)Treatiesperformavarietyoffunctionsontheint’lplane.Thewholecontentofint’llawcomesoutoftreatiesorinvolvestreaties.TheViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties1969(维也纳条约法公约)TheViennaConventionontheLawofTreatiesbetweenStatesandInt’lOrganizationsorbetweenInt’lOrganizations1986(关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约)I.Definitionoftreaties7.1definitionoftreatiesAtreatyisanint’lagreementconcludedbetweenint’lpersons,mainlystates,inwrittenformandgovernedbyint’llaw,whetherembodiedinasingleinstrumentorintwoormorerelatedinstrumentsandwhateveritsparticulardesignation(名称).Oraltreaties:thelegalforceoforalagreementsisnotaffected.Atreatyconsistsoffiveessentialcomponents:(1)Anexpressionofconcurringwills.Theconsentofastatetobeboundbyatreatymaybeexpressedinwrittenformsorverbally,orbyanyothermeansifsoagreed.(2)Concurringwillsattributabletotwoormoreparties.Declarationsmadebywayofunilateralacts,concerninglegalorfactualsituations,mayhavetheeffectofcreatinglegalobligations.(3)concludedbetweenint’lpersons.(4)anintentiontoproducelegaleffects.Contractingpartiestoatreatymustexpresstheintentionthattheyarelegallyboundbythetreatyconcluded.(5)legaleffectsunderpublicint’llaw.Treatiesaretobegovernedbyint’llaw.Sometimesagreementsenteredintobetweenstatesorint’lorganizationsmaybegovernedexpresslyorbyimplicationbynationallawandwould,thereforebeidentifiedascontractsinsteadoftreaties.7.2differentnamesoftreatiesInt’lagreementsmaybegivenavarietyofdesignations,suchasagreements,treaties,acts,conventions,codes(守则),declarationsandprotocols.Butasamatterofint’llaw,atreatybywhatevernameisstillatreaty.

II.Structureoftreaties7.3structureoftreatiesInt’llawlaysdownnorulesconcerningthearrangementsofthepartsoftreaties.However,inthemoreformaltreatiesthefollowingorderisusuallyobserved.Afterthetitleisafirstpart,knownasthepreamble.Asecondpartconsistsoftheprincipalprovisionsinnumberedarticles.Athirdpartconsistsofmiscellaneous

provisions(杂项条款).III.MakingoftreatiesTherearenoint’lrulesfortheprocessbywhichtreatiesarenegotiatedandconcluded.Suchaprocessmaybesimpleorcomplicatedbutgenerallyincludesdrawingupthetext(拟定约文),authenticationofthetext(认证约文)andconsenttobeboundbythetreaty(接受约文拘束).7.4.1Accrediting(委任)ofnegotiatorsTherepresentativesappointedbyaStatethatintendstoconcludeatreatyshouldbefullyaccreditedandgivensufficientauthoritytoconductnegotiations,andconcludeandsignthefinaltreaty.fullpowers/pleinspouvoirsPersonsthatdonotrequirefullpowers:(a)headsofState,headsofgovernmentandministersforforeignaffairshavefullpowersforthepurposeofperformingallactsrelatingtotheconclusionofatreaty;(b)headsofdiplomaticmissionshavepowersforthepurposeofadoptingthetextofatreatybetweentheaccreditingStateandtheStatetowhichtheyareaccredited;(c)representativesaccreditedbyStatestoanint’lconferenceortoanint’lorganizationoroneofitsorgans,havepowerstoactforthepurposeofadoptingthetextinthatconference,organizationororgan.7.4.2negotiationNegotiationisthefirststepinconcludingatreaty.Theaimofnegotiationistoproduceanagreedtextoftreaty.Multilateraltreatiesdesignedtohavealargenumberofstatespartiesaredraftedatdiplomaticconferences.Workingpapers/draftproposals→amendmentstodifferentprovisionsoftheworkingpapers→rapporteurs,draftingcommittees→alternativetexts→finalactTheformalresultsofnegotiationarefrequentlysummarizedinaso-calledFinalAct(最后文件),whichusuallycontainsthetextofthetreaty.Theadoptionofthetextneedsatwo-thirdsmajorityofthenegotiatorspresentandvoting.Asarule,theadoptionoftheFinalActisnotdesignedtobringtheagreementintoforce;itsimplyestablishesthenegotiationsarecompleted.Negotiationofbilateraltreaties

ChinasignsCharteroftheUnitedNations(1945-06)7.4.3signatureandauthenticationofthetextSignatureisaveryformalact,sincesigningisessentialtothevalidityofthetreaty.Signatureservesprincipallyasamethodfortheauthenticationofthetextoftheagreement(认证条约文本).Partiesparticipatingindrawingupatreatymay,bysigningatreaty,agreethattextisauthentic,settingoutdefinitivelythecontentofthetreatytowhichtheywillbesubscribing.Accordingly,partiesparticipatingindrawingupatreatyneedtoexpresstheircontenttobeboundbythetreatyi.e.,ratification(批准),accession(加入),acceptance(接受)orapproval(核准),aftertheyhavesignedit.Suchatwo-stepprocessaimstomakeitpossibleforgovernmentstosubmitthetreatytothosenationalauthorities,usuallytheirlegislatures(立法机关),thatareempoweredundernationallawtoapprovethestate’sadherencetoint’lagreement.Andmostnationalconstitutionsimposesomesuchapprovalrequirement.Partiesparticipatinginthenegotiationmaybeboundbythetreaty(承受条约拘束)bysigningthetextifthetreatysoprovidesorthepartieshavesoagreed。9.4.3

consenttobeboundbyatreatyTheconsentofastatetobeboundbyatreatymaybeexpressedbysignature,exchangeofinstrumentsconstitutingatreaty(交换构成条约之文书),ratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession,orbyanyothermeansifsoagreed.Thetreatyusuallywillspecifythemethod.9.4.3.1ratificationItismorecommonforatreatytoprovidethatitshallbecomebindinguponratification.Ratificationisanactwherebyastate,throughitsheadofstate,foreignminister,ordulyauthorizeddiplomaticagentdeclaresthatitconsidersitselfboundbythetreatysignedbyitsdulyauthorizednegotiationrepresentatives.Art.14ofVCLA:“Theconsentofastatetobeboundbyatreatyisexpressedbyratificationwhen:thetreatysoprovides;itisotherwiseestablishedthatthenegotiatingstateswereagreedthatratificationshouldberequired;therepresentativesofthestatehassignedthetreatysubjecttoratification;theintentionofthestatetosignthetreatysubjecttoratificationappearsfromthefullpowersofitsrepresentativeorwasexpressedduringthenegotiations.”Theeffectoftheexchange,depositornotificationofratificationbythepartiesistoestablishtheirconsenttobeboundbythetreatyvis-à-visstateswhichalsoestablishtheirconsent.9.4.3.2accessionAccessionistheint’lactsonamedwherebyastateestablishesontheint’lplaneitsconsenttobeboundbyatreaty.Itisaformalprocedurewherebyastatewhichtooknopartinthedrawingupandadoptionofatreatymaybecomeapartytoit.Astateisnot,however,freetoaccedetoanytreatyitchooses:itmaydosowhenatreatysoprovidesorifitisotherwiseestablishedthatthenegotiatingstatessoagreed,orifallthepartieshavesubsequentlysoagreed.Accessionmaytakeplaceevenbeforetheentryintoforceofthetreatyforthecontractingparties.9.4.4depositariesandregistration(交存和登记)Whenatreatyhasbeenconcludedithastobedecidedwheretodeposittheactualtreatydocument.Abilateraltreatymaybesignedintwoauthenticoriginaltexts,eachpartykeepingoneinitsarchives.Withamultilateraltreaty,adepositaryisusuallydesignatedbythenegotiatingstates.Article102oftheUNCharter,everytreatyandeveryint’lagreemententeredintobyanymemberofUNaftertheChartercomesintoforceshallassoonaspossibleberegisteredwiththeSecretariatandpublishedbyit,andthatnopartytoanysuchtreatyorint’lagreementwhichhasnotbeenregisteredmayinvokethattreatyoragreementbeforeanyorganofUN.Article80ofVCLA9.4.5entryintoforceAtreatymaybeoperativeonsignatureoronratification,dependentuponitsprovisionsortheagreementamongtheparties.Bilateraltreatiesenterintoforceontheint’lplanewhenbothstatesindicatetheirintentiontobeboundbytheagreementasofacertaindate.Multilateraltreatiesoftencontainaprovisionindicatinghowmanystateshavetoacceptthetreatybeforeitwillbeinforceasbetweenthem.甲国倡议并一直参与某多边国际公约的制定，甲国总统与其他各国代表一道签署了该公约的最后文本。根据该公约规定，只有2／3以上签字国经其国内程序予以批准并向公约保存国递交批准书后，公约才生效。但甲国议会经过辩论，拒绝批准该公约。则下列哪一项判断正确?

A.甲国议会的做法违反国际法

B.甲国政府如果不能交存批准书，将会导致其国际法上的国家责任

C.甲国签署了该公约，所以该公约在国际法上已经对甲国产生了条约的拘束力

D.由于甲国拒绝批准该公约，即使该公约本身在国际法上生效，其对甲国也不产生条约的拘束力IV.Reservations(保留)DefinitionRighttomakereservations(art.19)Acceptanceandlegaleffectsofreservations

(art.20-23)9.5.1definitionofreservationArt.2(1)(d)ofVCLTdefinesareservationas“aunilateralstatement,howeverphrasedornamed,madebyastate,whensigning,ratifying,accepting,approvingoraccedingtoatreaty,wherebyitpurportstoexcludeortomodifythelegaleffectofcertainprovisionsofthetreatyintheirapplicationtothatstate”.Correspondingly,astatecannotavoiditsunilateralstatementconstitutingareservationjustbycallingitsthelse.Itisthesubstanceofthestatementthatmatters.Astothesubstance,astatementisareservationifit“purportstoexcludeortomodifythelegaleffectofcertainprovisionsofthetreaty”.Whetherastatementconstitutesareservationisaquestionwhichcanonlybeansweredonthemeritsofeachparticularinstance(根据各案的实际情况).9.5.2righttomakereservationsGenerally,statesarefreetoadheretoatreatywithreservations.Reservationsarenot,however,permissibleinallcircumstancesandinrespectofallprovisionsofatreaty.Art.19ofVCLTprovidesthat,astatemayformulate(提出)areservationtoatreatyunlessitisprohibitedbythetreaty;orthetreatyprovidesforcertainreservationsonly;orthereservationisincompatiblewiththeobjectsandpurpose(目的和宗旨)ofthetreaty.Whattypesofreservationsare“incompatiblewiththeobjectsandpurposeofthetreaty”isnotalwayseasytoanswerandcanonlybeansweredonthemeritsofeachparticularinstance.9.5.3acceptanceandlegaleffectofreservationsTheconflictbetweentheintegrity(完整性)ofthetreatyandthepopularity(普遍性)ofthetreaty.Thetraditionalview:Reservationsrequiredtheunanimousconsent(一致同意)ofthepartiestoatreaty.TheReservationstotheConventiononGenocideCase(1951)ThequestionconcerningreservationstotheConventiononthePreventionandPunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocidehadbeenreferredforanadvisoryopiniontotheCourtbytheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNations(G.A.resolutionofNovember16,1950)inthefollowingterms:"InsofarasconcernstheConventiononthePreventionandPunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocideintheeventofaStateratifyingoraccedingtotheConventionsubjecttoareservationmadeeitheronratificationoronaccession,oronsignaturefollowedbyratification:"I.CanthereservingStateberegardedasbeingapartytotheConventionwhilestillmaintainingitsreservationifthereservationisobjectedtobyoneormoreofthepartiestotheConventionbutnotbyothers?II.IftheanswertoquestionIisintheaffirmativewhatistheeffectofthereservationasbetweenthereservingStateand:(a)Thepartieswhichobjecttothereservation?(b)Thosewhichacceptit?III…”By7votesto5theCourtgavethefollowinganswerstothequestionsreferredto:OnQuestionI:aStatewhichhasmadeandmaintainedareservationwhichhasbeenObjectedtobyOneOrmoreofthepartiestotheConventionbutnotbyothers,canberegardedasapartytotheConventionifthereservationiscompatiblewiththeObjectandpurposeoftheConvention;otherwisethatStatecannotberegardedasbeingapartytheConvention.OnQuestionII:(a)

ifapartytotheConventionobjectstoareservationwhichitconsiderstobeincompatiblewiththeobjectandpurposeoftheConvention,itcaninfactconsiderthatthereservingStateisnotapartytotheConvention,(b)if,ontheotherhand,apartyacceptthereservationasbeingcompatiblewiththeobjectandpurposeoftheConvention,itcaninfactconsiderthatthereservingStateisapartytotheConvention…Initstreatyrelations,aStatecannotbeboundwithoutitsconsent.ButtheapplicationofthetraditionalviewtotheConventionismademoreflexiblebyavarietyofcircumstances:theuniversalcharacteroftheUnitedNationsunderwhoseauspicestheConvention

wasconcludedandtheverywidedegreeofparticipation

whichtheConventionitselfhasenvisaged.Thisparticipationinconventionsofthistypehasalreadygivenriseto

greaterflexibilityinpractice.IntheabsenceofanarticleintheConventionprovidingforreservations,onecannotinferthattheyareprohibited.Intheabsenceofanyexpressprovisionsonthesubject,todeterminethepossibilityofreservationsaswellastheireffects,onemustconsidertheircharacter,theirpurpose,theirprovisions,theirmodeofpreparationandadoption.ThepreparationoftheConventiononGenocideshowsthatanundertakingwasreachedwithintheGeneralAssemblyonthefacultytomakereservationsandthatitispermittedtoconcludetherefromthatStates,becomingpartiestotheConvention,gavetheirassentthereto.Whatisthecharacterofthereservationswhichmaybemadeandtheobjectionswhichmayberaisedthereto?ThesolutionmustbefoundinthespecialcharacteristicsoftheConventiononGenocide…ItwasintendedthattheConventionwouldbeuniversalinscope.Itspurposeispurelyhumanitarianandcivilising.TheobjectandpurposeoftheConventionimpliesthatmanyStatesaspossibleshouldparticipate.ThispurposewouldbedefeatedifanobjectiontoaminorreservationshouldproducecompleteexclusionfromtheConvention.→Clearly,thecompatibilityofthereservationandtheobjectandthepurposeoftheConventionisthecriteriontodeterminetheattitudeoftheStatewhichmakesthereservationandoftheStatewhichobjects.Theappraisalofareservationandtheeffectofobjectionsdependuponthecircumstancesofeachindividualcase.Comment:The“compatibilitytest”maybetoosubjectiveandtheresultofthedecisionmightbefurtheruncertain.PartofthatadvisoryopinionwasincorporatedinVCLT.(1)Areservationexpresslyauthorizedbyatreatydoesnotrequireacceptance(art.20.1)(2)Somemultilateraltreaties,becauseoftheirspecialnatureandthelimitednumberofstatesthatnegotiatedthem,mayindicatethatareservationrequiresacceptancebyallparties(art.20.2).(3)Whenatreatyistheconstituentinstrumentofanint’lorganization,thereservationwillhavetobeacceptedbytheorganization(art.20.3).(4)Astatemeetingtherequisiterequirementsfortheacceptanceofitsreservationprescribedintheabove-mentionedthreesituationsbecomesapartytothetreaty.Andthetreatywillhavebeenmodifiedtotheextentofthereservationsbetweenitandtheotherparties(art.21).Relationsbetweenotherpartiesthatfilednoreservationarenotaffected.(5)Inothersituationswherereservationsareneitherexpresslyprohibitednorexpresslypermitted,andastateproposestobecomeapartywithareservation,ifthereservationisnotincompatiblewiththeobjectandpurposeofthetreaty,theotherstatespartiesarefreetoacceptorrejectthereservation(art.20.4).iIfthereservationhasbeenacceptedbyastateparty,thetreatyasmodifiedbythereservationwillbeinforceasbetweenitandthereservingstate.iiIfastatepartyobjectstothereservation,itmaydeclarethatitobjectstothereservationanddoesnotwishtoenterintoatreatyrelationshipwiththereservingstate.Sotherewillbenotreatyrelationship.iiiIfastatepartyobjectstothereservation,itmaydeclarethatitobjectstothereservationbutnotobjecttoenteringintoatreatyrelationshipwiththereservingstate.Sotherewillbeatreatyrelationshipbuttheprovisionstowhichthereservationrelatesdonotapplyasbetweenthetwostatestotheextentofthereservation.ivSuchreservationsdonotaffectthetreatyrelationsintersetheotherstatesthatbecamepartieswithoutareservation.ChinaratifiestheConventiononGenocidewithareservationDeclaration:

1.TheratificationtothesaidConventionbytheTaiwanlocalauthoritieson19July1951inthenameofChinaisillegalandthereforenullandvoid.

Reservation:

2.ThePeople'sRepublicofChinadoesnotconsideritselfboundbyarticleIXofthesaidConvention.→conventiononthepreventionandpunishmentofthecrimeofgenocideArticleIXDisputesbetweentheContractingPartiesrelatingtotheinterpretation,applicationorfulfillmentofthepresentConvention,includingthoserelatingtotheresponsibilityofaStateforgenocideorforanyoftheotheractsenumeratedinarticleIII,shallbesubmittedtotheInternationalCourtofJusticeattherequestofanyofthepartiestothedispute.

←DeclarationsmadebytheUnitedKingdomon26August1983“TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandhaveconsistentlystatedthattheyareunabletoacceptreservationsinrespectofarticleIXofthesaidConvention;intheirviewthisisnotthekindofreservationwhichintendingpartiestotheConventionhavetherighttomake.

Accordingly,theGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomdonotacceptthereservationenteredbytheRepublicofRwandaagainstarticleIXoftheConvention.TheyalsowishtoplaceonrecordthattheytakethesameviewofthesimilarreservationmadebytheGermanDemocraticRepublicasnotifiedbythecircularletter[...]of25April1973."9.5.4otherprovisionsReservations,acceptancesofaswellasobjectionstoreservationsmustbeformulatedinwritingandcommunicatedto(致送给)thecontractingStates.Reservationsandobjectionstoreservationscanbewithdrawn(撤回)atanytimeunlessthetreatyprovidesotherwise.Suchwithdrawalsshallalsobeformulatedinwriting.InaccordancewithVCLT,astatecan'tfileareservationif()A.

itisprohibitedbythetreatyB.thetreatyprovidesforcertainreservationsonlyC.thereservationisforthestate’sowninterestD.thereservationisincompatiblewiththeobjectsandpurposeofthetreatyV.Observanceoftreaties(条约的遵守)PactasuntservandaTreatiesandthirdstatesRebussicstandibusTerritorialscopeoftreatiesInterpretationoftreaties5.6pactasuntservandaEffectoftreatiesonpartiesispactasuntservanda.Afundamentalprincipleofthelawoftreaties-Everytreatyinforceisbindinguponthepartiestoitandmustbeperformedbythemingoodfaith(art.26).Theobligationtoperformtreatiesingoodfaithappliesirrespectiveofanyconflictingnationallaw(art.27).

Apartymaynotinvoketheprovisionsofitsinternallawasjustificationforitsfailuretoperformatreaty(art.46).Ispactasuntservanda

absoluteinint’llaw???5.7treatiesandthirdstatesAtreatybindsthecontractingstatesonly.Generally,atreatydoesnotcreateeitherobligationsorrightsforathirdstatewithoutitsconsent(art.34):pactatertiisnecnocentnecprosunt(“约者对第三者既无损也无益”).Undercertaincircumstances,however,thirdstatescanassumeobligationsandbegrantedrightsundertreatiestowhichtheyarenotparties.Art.35VCLT,AnobligationarisesforathirdStatefromaprovisionofatreatyifthepartiestothetreatyintendtheprovisiontobethemeansofestablishingtheobligationandthethirdStateexpresslyacceptsthatobligationinwriting.Art.36,ArightarisesforathirdStatefromaprovisionofatreatyifthepartiestothetreatyintendtheprovisionstoaccordthatrighttoathirdState…andthethirdStateassentsthereto.Itsassentshallbepresumed(推定)solongasthecontraryisnotindicated,unlessthetreatyotherwiseprovides.Art.35(2):statewhichisnotaMemberoftheUnitedNationsmaybringtotheattentionoftheSecurityCounciloroftheGeneralAssemblyanydisputetowhichitisapartyifitacceptsinadvance,forthepurposesofthedispute,theobligationsofpacificsettlementprovidedinthepresentCharter.Art.2(6):TheOrganizationshallensurethatstateswhicharenotMembersoftheUnitedNationsactinaccordancewiththesePrinciplessofarasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofint’lpeaceandsecurity.5.8

RebussicstandibusAlltreatiesareconcludedagainstthebackgroundofallcircumstances,whichastatetakesintoaccountinconsentingtobeboundbythetreaty.fundamentalchangeofcircumstances(情势变迁)

isanexceptionofpactasuntservanda.Int’llawrecognizethatafundamentalchangeofcircumstancesincertainsituationsmaybejustifiedandart.62ofVCLTprovidesthat:“Afundamentalchangeofcircumstanceswhichhasoccurredwithregardtothoseexistingatthetimeoftheconclusionofatreaty,andwhichwasnotforeseenbytheparties,maynotbeinvokedasagroundforterminatingorwithdrawingfromthetreatyunless:(a)theexistenceofthosecircumstancesconstitutedanessentialbasis(必要根据)oftheconsentofthepartiestobeboundbythetreaty;and(b)theeffectofthechangeisradicallytotransform(根本改变)theextentofobligationsstilltobeperformedunderthetreaty.”Asaresult,astatepartymayinvokeafundamentalchangeofcircumstancesasagroundtosuspendorterminateatreatyortowithdrawfromit.However,thatgroundmaynotbeinvokedifthetreatyestablishesaboundary;orifthefundamentalchangeistheresultofabreachbythepartyinvokingiteitherofanobligationunderthetreatyorofanyotherinternationalobligationowedtoanyotherpartytothetreaty.However,theoperationofthisprincipleisnecessarilylimited,becauseitisthefunctionofthelawtoenforcecontractsortreatieseveniftheybecomeburdensomeforthepartyboundbythem.Infact,inalmostallcasesinwhichthedoctrinehasbeeninvokedbeforeanint’ltribunal,thetribunalhasrefusedtoadmitthatitcouldbeappliedtothecasebeforeit.5.9territorialscopeoftreatiesUnlessadifferentintentionappearsfromthetreatyorisotherwiseestablished,atreatyisbindinguponeachpartyinrespectofitsentireterritory(art.29).5.10interpretationoftreatiesGeneralrulesofinterpretationarelaiddowninart.31:“Atreatyshallbeinterpretedingoodfaithinaccordancewiththeordinarymeaningtobegiventothetermsofthetreatyintheircontextandinthelightofitsobjectandpurpose.”Atreatyistobeinterpretedingoodfaith(善意解释原则).Ifthepartiestoatreatyarerequiredtoperformtheobligationsofatreatyin“goodfaith”,itislogicaltointerpretthetreatyin“goodfaith”.Thefirsttaskoftreatyinterpretationistogiveeffecttotheprovisionsofatreaty.Thetermsofatreatyaretobegiventheirordinarymeaning,unlesstodosoresultsinameaningincompatiblewiththespirit,purposeandcontextoftheclauseorinstrumentinwhichthewordsarecontained.(通常意义原则)(3)Theordinarymeaningofatermisdeterminednotintheabstractbutinitscontextandinthelightoftheobjectandpurposeofthetreaty.(整体原则和目的原则)“context”comprisesthetext,includingitspreambleandannexes,andanyagreementorinstrumentrelatingtothetreaty.Subsequentagreementbetweenallthepartiesaswellassubsequentpracticeintheapplicationofthetreatyshallbetakenintoaccounttogetherwiththecontext(art.31.2-3).(4)Supplementarymeansofinterpretationmaybeusedwhennecessary(必要时利用补充资料).Thedraftinghistory/travauxpréparatoires(准备资料)maybeusedtoconfirmthemeaningderivedfromthetextualanalysis,ortodeterminethemeaningwhenthetextualanalysisleavesthemeaningambiguousorobscure,orleadtoaresultwhichismanifestlyabsurdorunreasonable.VI.Invalidity,terminationandsuspensionoftreatiesInvalidityoftreatiesTerminationandsuspensionoftreaties5.11invalidityoftreatiesCustomarylawrulesonvaliditymaywellnotbeasrigidorassettled.Theusualgroundswhichmaybeinvokedundernationallawtoinvalidatecontracts,thatis,error

offact,

fraud,corruptionandduress,arealsoavailableunderint’llawtoinvalidatetreaties.5.11.1conflictingwithaperemptorynormofgeneralinternationallawAbasicassumptioninint’llawisalmostabsolutefreedomofcontract.Ingeneral,statesarefreetoenterintotreatiesthatchange,asbetweenthem,otherwiseapplicablerulesofcustomaryint’llaw.However,Atreatyisvoidif,atthetimeofitsconclusion,itconflictswithaperemptorynormofgeneralinternationallaw.

(VCLT,art.53).Ifanewruleofjuscogens(强行法)emerges,anyexistingtreatywhichconflictswiththatrulesbecomesvoidandterminates.(art.64)Aperemptorynormofgeneralint’llawisanormacceptedandrecognizedbytheinternationalcommunityofStatesasawholeasanormfromwhichnoderogationispermittedandwhichcanbemodifiedonlybyasubsequentnormofgeneralinternationallawhavingthesamecharacter(VCLT,art.53).（一般国际法强行规范是指，国际社会作为整体所接受并承认为不得背离且只能由后来产生的、具有同一性质的一般国际法规则予以更改的规范。）Prohibitionoftheunlawfuluseofforce,prohibitionofgenocideandslavetrade,andprohibitionoftorture.5.11.2unrealexpressionofconsent★Fraud(诈欺).IfaStatehasbeeninducedtoconcludeatreatybythefraudulentconductofanothernegotiatingState,theStatemayinvokethefraudasinvalidatingitsconsenttobeboundbythetreaty(VCLT,art.49).Thereislackofint’lprecedentsastowhatconstitutesfraudulentco