上海交通大学2019年博士入学英语考试真题

上海交通大学·2019年·博士入学英语考试真题————————————————————————————————————————客观题部分II.Vocabulary(10points)PartA(5points)1.Internationalsportshouldcreategoodwillbetweenthenations,butinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicssomehowencourages__patriotism.A.obsoleteB.aggressiveC.harmoniousD.amiable2.Onecallunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesand__toexpressedthoughts.A.dilemmasB.countenancesC.concessionsD.junctions3.Peopleinnately_____forsuperiorityovertheirpeersalthoughitsometimestakestheformofanexaggeratedlustforpower.A.striveB.ascertainC.justifyD.adhere4.SomescientistshavesuggestedthatEarthisakindof,zooorwildlifeforintelligentspacebeings,likethewildernessareaswehavesetuponearthtoallowanimalstodevelopnaturallywhileweobservethem.A.conservationB.maintenanceC.storageD.reserve5.Accordingtothelatestreport,consumerconfidence___abreathtaking15points.lastmonth,toitslowestlevelin9years.A.soaredB.mutatedC.plummetedD.fluctuated6.Melissaisacomputer___thatdestroyedfilesincomputersandfrustratedthousandsofusersaroundtheworld.A.geniusB.virusC.diseaseD.bacteria7.Theemphasisonexaminationsisbyfartheworstformofcompetitioninschools.A.negligentB.edibleC.fabulousD.disproportionate8.Theboyseemedmore_____totheirpoverty,afterseeinghowhisgrandparentslived.A.reconciledB.consolidatedC.deterioratedD.attributed9.Duringhistwo-monthstay,inChina,Tomnever____achancetopracticehisChinese.A.passedonB.passedupC.passedbyD.passedout10.Whenapersondies,hisdebtsmustbepaidbeforehis____canbedistributed.A.paradoxesB.legaciesC.platitudesD.analoginPartB(5points)11.Heclaimsthatadvertisingtodaytendstoportraywomenintraditionalrolessuchascookingortakingcareofthebaby.A.depictB.advocateD;criticizeD.analyze12,.Theyachievedmorethantheyhadeyedreamed,lendingamagictotheirfamilystorythatnotaleorordinarylifecouldpossiblyrival.A.confirmB.achieveC.matchDexaggerate13.Themosturgentthingistofindadump.forthosetoxic____industrialwastes.A.imminentB.recyclableC.smellyD.poisonous14.BritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairpromisedtheelectoratethatgunswouldnorbefiredwithoutanattempttowinafurtherU.N.sanction.A.alliesB.delegatesC.votersD.juries15.Theanalysissuggeststhatthetradeoffbetweenour:children'scollegeandourownretirementsecurityis,chilling.A.frighteningB.promisingC.freezingD.revealing16.TheirsigningofthetreatywasregardedasaconspiracyagainsttheBritishCrown.A.secretplanB.boldattackC.cleverdesignD.jointeffort17.Evidence,reference,andfomentsbythethousandtestifytoascrupulousresearcherwhodoesconsiderablejusticetoafullrangeofdifferentbeneficialandpoliticalpositions.A.trustworthyB.intelligentC.diligentD.meticulous18.DespitetheirSpartan,isolatedlifestyle,themarenostoriesofwomenbeingrapedorwantonviolenceagainstciviliansintheregion.A.intriguingB.exasperating:C.demonstrativeD.unprovoked19.Thegangderivedtheirnicknamefromtheirdarkclothingandblackedupfacesfor.nocturnalraidsintheforest.A.illegalB.night-timeC,brutalD.abusive20.Thoughsometimestoolazytoworkashardashersisters,Lindahasamoreavidfondnessforthelimelight,A.mercurialB,gallantC.ardentD.frugalIII.Cloze(10points).Likemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerage,Yahoobeganasanidea,___21___intoahobbyandLatelyhas____22____intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahoo,DavidFiloandJerryYang,Ph.Dcandidates___23_ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversity,startedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep24oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey___25___thattheirhome,brewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand____26____GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo.During1994,they____27____yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto____28_____theneedsofthethousandsofusers____29____begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely___30____Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem___31___locate,identifyandeditmaterial___32___ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois____33____tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOracle".butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe___34___becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahoo?itselffirst___35___onYang'sworkstation,"akebono",whilethesearchenginewas___36___onFilo'scomputer,"Konishiki".Inearly1995MarcAndreessen,co-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainView,California,invitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles___37___tolargercomputers___38____atNetscape.AsaresultStanford'scomputernetworkreturnedto___39___,andbothpartiesbenefits.Today,Yahoo___40___organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb.1.A.becameB.grewC.mmD.intend2.A.madeB.sawC.lookedD.turned3.A.inB.onC.aboutD.for4.A.touchB.contactC.backD.record5.A.foundedE.foundC.arguedD.reported6.A.unwieldyB.toughC.tamableDinvaluable7.A.exchangedB.shankC.soldD.converted8.A.explainB.serveC.discoverD.evaluate9.A.whichB.thatC.actuallyD.eagerly10.A.relativeB.interactiveC.boundD.contacted11.A.fluentlyB.efficientlyC.exactlyD.actually12.A.transmittedB.purchasedC.soldD.13.A.aboutB.boundC.goingD.supposedI4.A.fableB.modelC.nameD.brand15.A.supportedB.residedC.livedD.launched16.A.connectedB.lodgedC.introducedD.linked17.A.overB,awayC.insideD.beneath18.A.housedB.caughtC.hosedD.bidden19.A.averageB.normalC.ordinaryD.equal20.A.attainsB.detainsC.maintainsD.containsIV.ReadingComprehension(20points)Passage1Guthrie'scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreakbabies.Oneapplicationofthethresholdmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildrenspendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspans,sothelengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivitiesarescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.However,atthestartoftheschoolyear,attentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoftenresult.ToapplyGutiarie'stheory,ateachermight,atthestartoftheyear,limitacti-vitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercouldgraduallyincreasethetimestudentsspendworkingonasingleactivity.Thethresholdmethodalsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingandhandwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletters,theirmovementsawkwardandtheylackfreemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlinesonapagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaperwithnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroduced,students'letterswouldspilloverthebordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletterswithinthelargerborders,theycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthemrefinetheirskills.Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudentswhobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercanremovethestudentsfromtheclassroom,Wethemalargestackofpaper,andtellthemtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveralairplanes,theactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefornotbuildingairplanes.Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheirphysicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethod,theteachermightdecidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshasbegun.Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkandmisbehaveinthemediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.Themediacenterteachermightaskthestudentstofindinterestingbooksandreadthemwhileinthecenter.Assumingthatthestudentsfindthebooksenjoyable,themediacenterwill,overtime,becomeacueforselectingandreadingbooksratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacherrealizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasveryboring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlesson,suchasexperiments,videotapes,anddebates,inanattempttoinvolvesstudentsandraisetheirinterestinthecourse.41.Thepurposeofthispassageisto___A.informB.persuadeC.debateD.narrate42.Guthrieidentifiedthreemethodsfor__A.educatingstudentsB.alteringbadhabitsC.avoidingundesiredactionD.forminggoodhobbies43.Whichofthefollowingisnottheexampleofapplyingthethresholdmethod?A.Parentsintroducespinachinsmallbitesormixedwithafoodthanthechildenjoysovertimesothatthechildwillnotrefusetoeatit.B.Teachersintroduceacademiccontentinshortblocksoftimeforyoungchildrenandgraduallyincreasesessionlengthbutnottowherestudentsbecomefrustratedorbored.C.Paperwithwiderlinesisfirstusedandthenpaperwithnarrowlinesisintroducedstepbysteptohelpchildrenlearnprintingandhandwriting.D.Achildmightbemadetothrowtoysuntilitisnolongerfanbyhisparentsinordertochangehisbehaviorofrepeatedlythrowingtoys.44.Tostopsnackingwhilewatchingtelevision,peopleshouldkeeptheirhandsbusybysewing,painting,workingcrosswordpuzzles,andsoforth.Overtime.watchingTVbecomesacueforengaginginanactivityotherthansnack'king.Whatmethodisusedinthisexample?A.Thethresholdmethod.B.Thefatiguemethod.C.Theincompatibleresponsemethod.D.Thepunishmentmethod.45.WecandrawtheconclusionfromthepassagethatA.TheincompatibleresponsemethodistoforcechildtomakeunwantedresponserepeatedlyinpresenceofstimulusuntilheorshebecomesexhaustedB.ThethresholdmethodreferstointroducingundesiredbehaviorwitharesponseincompatiblewiththeundesiredresponsesotheycannotbeperformedsimultaneouslyC.ThefatiguemethodmeansthatengaginginthebehavioristransformedintoavoidingitbyintroducingthestimulusatfullstrengthsoitbecomesacuefornotperformingitD.ThefatiguemethodisthatinpresenceofstimulusteachershavechildmakeresponseincompatiblewithunwantedresponsePassage2Theincreaseinglobaltrademeansthatinternationalcompaniescannotaffordtomakecostlyadvertisingmistakesiftheywanttobecompetitive.Understandingthelanguageandcultureoftargetmarketsinforeigncountriesisoneofthekeystosuccessfulinternationalmarketing.Toomanycompanies,however,havejumpedintoforeignmarketswithembarrassingwrests.Translationmistakesareattheheartofmanyblundersininternationaladvertising.GeneralMotors,theUSautomanufacturer,gotacostlylessonwhenitintroduceditsChevroleNovatothePuertoRicanmarket."Nova"isLatinfornew(star)"andmeans"star"inmanylanguages,butinspokenSpanishitcansoundlike"nova",meaning"itdoesn'tgo".Fewpeoplewantedtobuyacarwiththatcursedmeaning.WhenGMchangedthenametoCaribe,salespickedup"dramatically.Marketingblundershavealsobeenmadebyfoodandbeveragecompanies.3neAmericanfoodcompany'sfriendly"JollyGreenGiant"(foradvertising,vegetables)becamesomethingquitedifferentwhenitwastranslatedintoArabicas"IntimidatingGreenOgre".WhentranslatedintoGermanPepsi'spopularslogan,"ComeAlivewithPepsi"cameoutimplying"ComeAlivefromtheGrave".NowondercustomersinGermanydidn'trushouttobuyPepsi.Successfulinternationalmarketingdoesn'tstopwithgoodtranslations--,-otheraspectsofculturemustberesearchedandunderstoodmarketersaretoavoidblunders.Whenmarketersdonotunderstandandappreciatethevalues,tastes,geography,climate,superstitions,religion,oreconomyofaculture,theyfailtocapturetheirtargetmarket.Forexample,anAmericandesignertriedtointroduceanewpentaneintotheLatinAmericanmarketbuttheproductarousedlittleinterest.ThemailreasonwasthatthecamelliausedinitwastraditionallyusedforfuneralsinmanySouthAmericancountries.Havingawakenedtothespecialnatureofforeignadvertising,companiesarebecomingmuchmoreconscientiousintheirtranslationsandmoresensitivetoculturaldistinctions.Thebestwaytopreventerrorsistohireprofessionaltranslatorswhounderstandthetargetlanguageanditsidiomaticusage,ortouseatechniquecalled"backtranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblunders.Theprocessusesonepersontotranslateamessageintothetargetlanguageandanothertotranslateitback.Effectivetranslatorsaimtocapturethe,overallmessageofanadvertisementbecauseaword-for-wordduplicationoftheoriginalrarelyconveystheintendedmeaningandoftencausesmisunderstandings.Indesigningadvertisementsforothercountries,messagesneedtobeshotandsimple.Theyshouldalsoavoidjokes,sincewhatisconsideredfunnyinonepartoftheworldmaynotbesohumorousinanother.46.Thebesttitleofthispassagemightbe__.A.CultureIsVeryImportantisAdvertisingB.AvoidCulturalMisunderstandingbetweenNationsC.OvercomeCulturalShockinDifferentCountriesD.AdvertisementsReflectVariousLifeStyles47.Whatdoestheword"blunder"meaninthispassage?A.hesitationB.mistakeC.stutterD.default48.WhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtosummarizethegistfromParagraph3toParagraph6?A.CulturalshocksB.FaultytranslationsC.AvoidculturaloversightsD.Preventblunders49.WecanlearnfromthecontextinParagraph9thattheword"ca"mostprobablymean____A.ananimalusedinperfumeforitssmellB.apieceoffabricusedbothinperfumeandatfuneralsC.aflowerusedinperfumeforitsfragranceandusedforfuneralsD.anornamentusedinperfumeandatfunerals50.Onewaytopreventerrorsinadvertisingindifferentcountriesisto___A.firethetranslatorswhodon'tknowthetargetlanguage.B.usethetechniquecalled"literaltranslation"toreducethepossibilityofblundersC.avoidculturaloversightsandavoidcertainjokesD.explainindetailswhendesigningadvertisementforothercountriesPassage3Itisnotunusualforchiefexecutivestocollectmillionsofdollarsayearinpay,stockoptions,andbonuses.Inthelastfifteenyears,whileexecutiveremunerationrose,taxesinthehighestincomebracketwentdown.Millionairesarenowcommonplace.Amiabilityisnotaprerequisiteforrisingtothetop,andthereareanumberofchiefexecutiveofficerswithlegendarybadtempers.Itisnottheboss'sjobtoworryaboutthewell-beingofhissubordinatesalthoughthemanwithmanyenemieswillbesweptoutmorequicklyinhardtimes;itisthecompanyheworriesabout.Hisbusinesssavvyissupposedtobebasedonintimateknowledgeof.hiscompanyandtheindustry.sohegoeshomenightlywithafullbriefcase.Attheverytop-andonthewayup-executivesareexceedinglydedicated.TheAmericanexecutivemustbecapableofenoughsmalltalktogethimthroughthesocialpartofhisschedule,butheisprobablynotahighlyculturedindividualoranintellectual.Althoughhiswifemaybeontheboardofthesymphonyoropera,hehimselfhaslittletimeforsuchpursuits.Hisreadingmaylargelyconcernbusinessandmanagement,despiteinterestsinotherfields.Golfprovideshimwithasportiveoutletthatcombineswithsomeusefulsocializing.Thesedays,heprobablyattemptssomeformofaerobicexerciseto"keeptheoldheartinshape"andforthesamereasongoeseasyonbutterandalcohol,andsubstancesthoughttocontributetotakinghighlystressedexecutivesoutoftherunning.Buthisdoctor'sadmonitionto"takeiteasy"fallsondeafeyes.Helikestowork.Heknowsthereareyoungermennippingathisheels.Corporatehead-hunting,carriedonby"executivesearchfares,"isagrowingindustry.Americahasgreatfaithinindividualtalent,anddynamicandaggressiveexecutivesaresoindemandthatcompaniesregularlyraideachother'smanagerialranks.51.Wecaninferfromthesecondparagraphthat___A.promotiondependsonamiabilityB.chiefexecutivesdonotworkhardenoughatthetoplevelC.itisthedutyofthechiefexecutivetolookafterthewell-beingofhissubordinatesD.achiefexecutiveisexpectedtoknowmoreabouthiscompanyandtheindustry52.Theterm"aerobicexercise"(fastlineinsecondlastparagraph)isakindOf____A.hallucinationexerciseB.physicalexerciseC.meditationexerciseD.entertainment53.Fromthelastparagraphwecangatherthat____A.therearetoomanyaggressiveexecutivesB.individualtalentisnotessentialforacompanyC.thejobofan"executivesearchrum"iscorporatehead-huntingD.itisnotcommonforcompaniestoundermineeachother'smanagerialranks54.Forexecutives,accordingtothearticle,agolfcourseisaplwhere________A.theycanconducttheirbusinessB.theycanindulgethemselvesC.theycancultivatetheirmindD.theycanexerciseaswellassocialize55.WhatisNOTtreeaccordingtothearticle?A.Executivestendtoignoredoctors'adviceandwarnings.B.Executivesaresensitivetopressurefromtheyoungergeneration.C.Allchiefexecutivescanearnmillionsofdollarsayear.D.Executivesarecarefulofwhattheyeat.Passage4InNovember1970YukioMishima,togetherwithsomeofhisfanaticalfollowersfromtheultranationalisticShieldSocietyWhich.hehadfour,didin1966,brokeintotheheadquartersofJapan'sEasternDefenseForcesarmedwithswordsanddaggers,overpoweredsomeaides,tiedupthecommandinggeneral,anddemandedthatthetroopsbeassembledtohearaspeech.Mishimaaddressedthetroopsfortenminutes,incitingthemtorebelagainsttheconstitutionalgovernmentimposedbytheUnitedStatesthathad,inhiswords,"turnedJapanspineless."Receivingonlyridiculeinresponse,hereturnedtothegeneral'sofficeandthere,beforethegeneral'sunbelievingeyes,proceededtokillhimselfinstrictaccordancewiththetraditionalsamurairitualofseppuku.AfterMishimahaddrivenadaggerdeepintohisleftabdomen,oneofhisaidesseveredhisheadwithasword.Theaidelikewise'killedhimselfandwas5eheaded;theotherssurrendered.In1936therehadbeenasimilarrevoltand,thoughequallyunsuccessful,ithadforeshadowedtherepressivemeofGeneralTotothatwastostagetheattackonPearlHarborin1941.Thatearlierrevoltistheonereferredtoin"Patriotism,"oneofMishima'smostpowerfulstories.Herelifeandfictionbecomejoined.TheactofseppukuwasforMishimaafulfillment,"theultimatedreamofmylife."Bomofanancientsamuraifamily,helongedtodieahero'sdeathinaccordancewiththeancientsamuraicode;buthisweakbodykepthimfromserviceinthewar,andhehadtocompensatethroughbodybuilding(hebecameexpertatkarateandkendo)and,mostimportant,throughthedisciplinewriting.Inhisshortlifetimeheturnedouttwentynovels,thirtyplays,manyessays,andmorethaneightystories:healsoproduced,directed,andactedinmovies,andevensangonstage.Hisfirstbookofstories,AForestinFlower,appearedin1943,butitwasConfessionofaMask(1948),dealingwiththemeditationsofayoungmanofhomoridualleaningsinarepressivesociety,thatbroughthimfame.Mishimahasbeencalled"Japan'sHemingway,"whileothershavecomparedhimto"aesthetic"writerslikeWalterPeterandOscarWilde.56.ThearticleimpliesthatA.MishimarefusedtojointhearmywhenhewasyoungB.MishimahasbeenregardedasalunaticwriterC.Mishimaisapersonwho'sharddefineD.CriticsallagreethatMishimaisanaestheticwriter57.TheaimoftherebelledbyMishimawasA.Forcapturethecommandinggenera!B.tourgethegovernmenttodeclareawar