考研真题：广东暨南大学2021年基础英语考试真题

考研真题：暨南大学2021年[基础英语]考试真题PartICloze(10points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassageandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst__1__,theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis__2__tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankind’sfuture__3__andculturalgrowthincreased.Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis__4__forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.They__5__thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesus__6__aninnatelanguageabilitynotfoundinlower__7__.Proponentsofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour__8__forlanguageisinborn,butthatlanguageitselfdevelopsgradually,__9__afunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical__10__timesforlanguagedevelopment.Current__11__ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed,however,evidencesupportingtheexistenceofsomeinnateabilitiesisundeniable.__12__,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin__13__grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing__14__tothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncethe__15__oftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.__16__someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen__17__fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.Thisdemonstratesthat__18__withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage__19__thananyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior.__20__,childrenlearnlanguagefromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchild’slanguageskillsbypositivelyreinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.1.A.generated B.evolved C.born D.originated2.A.valuable B.appropriate C.convenient D.favorite3.A.attainments B.feasibility C.entertainments D.evolution4.A.essential B.available C.reliable D.responsible5.A.confirm B.inform C.claim D.convince6.A.for B.from C.of D.with7.A.organizations B.organisms C.humans D.children8.A.potential B.performance C.preference D.passion9.A.as B.justas C.like D.unlike10.A.ideological B.biological C.social D.psychological11.A.reviews B.reference C.reaction D.recommendation12.A.Inaword B.Inasense C.Indeed D.Inotherwords13.A.various B.different C.thehigher D.thelower14.A.revealed B.exposed C.engaged. D.involved15.A.regulations B.formations C.rules D.constitutions16.A.Although B.Whether C.Since D.When17.A.distinguished. B.different C.protected D.isolated18.A.exposition B.comparison C.contrast

D.interaction19.A.acquisition B.appreciation C.requirement D.alternative20.A.Asaresult B.Afterall C.Inotherwords D.AboveallPartIIReadingComprehensionSectionA(40points)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I’vebeenattemptingtolearnFrenchforawhilenow,andit’saslowprocess.It’sallmuchharderthistimearoundthanitwastolearnEnglish,myfirstlanguage.AllthiseffortmademewonderifthereweresometrickstolearningaforeignlanguagethatI’dbeenmissing.Itturnsoutthatit’sjustatrickythingtodoonceyou’reanadult.Learninglanguageissomethingwe’reborntodo.It’saninstinctwehave,whichisproven,asoneresearchpapersays.Tobelievethatspecialbiologicaladaptationsarearequirement,itisenoughtonoticethatallthechildrenbutnoneofthedogsandcatsinthehouseacquirelanguage.Aschildren,welearntothink,learntocommunicateandintuitivelypickupanunderstandingofgrammarrulesinourmothertongue,ornativelanguage.Fromthenon,welearnallnewlanguagesinrelationtotheonewefirstknew—theonethatweusedtounderstandtheworldaroundusforthefirsttimeever.Whenitcomestolearningasecondlanguage,adultsareatadisadvantage.Onetheoryofwhylearningaforeignlanguageissohardforadultsfocusesontheprocesswegothroughtodoso.RobertBley-VromanexplainsinLinguisticPerspectivesonSecondLanguageAcquisitionthatadultsapproachlearninganewlanguagewithanadultproblem-solvingprocess,ratherthaninthesamewayachilddevelopslanguageforthefirsttime.Althoughthismeansadultsgenerallyprogressthroughtheearlystagesoflearningalanguagefasterthanchildren,peoplewhoareexposedtoaforeignlanguagefirstduringchildhoodusuallyachieveahigherproficiencythanthosewhostartoutasadults.There’sstillhope,though.Astudyofsecondarylanguagepronunciationfoundthatsomelearnerswhostartedasadultsscoredaswellasnativespeakers.It’salsobeenshownthatmotivationtolearncanimproveproficiency,soifyoureallywanttolearnalanguage,it’snotnecessarilytoolate.21.WhatdidtheauthorrealizefromhisexperienceoflearningFrench?A.LearningFrenchisdifficultforanadult.B.FrenchisasdifficultasEnglishforhim.C.HehasmissedthetipsonlearningFrench.D.Itdemandsgreateffortstolearnalanguage.22.Howareweinfluencedbythewaywelearnedourmothertongue?A.Weprefertolearnbyunderstandingthegrammarrulesfirst.B.Wetendtoattachmoreimportancetolisteningandspeaking.C.Weareinclinedtolearnallothernewlanguagesinrelationtoit.D.Wemayunconsciouslythinkitisthebestwaytolearnlanguages.23.AccordingtoRobertBley-Vroman,howdoadultsapproachanewlanguage?A.Theytendtochooseaproblem-solvingprocess.B.Theytrytobeexposedtoaforeignenvironment.C.Theyfollowthewayachildlearnsalanguage.D.Theystartbytakinglanguageproficiencypractices.24.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthegoodnewsforadultlearners?A.Theycanachieveahigherproficiencythanmostchildren.B.Theycanspeakthelanguageasgoodasthenativespeakers.C.Theycanmasteraforeignlanguageoncetheyaremotivated.D.Theycanimproveproficiencybyimitatingthewaykidslearn.25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Thedifferencesbetweenchildlearnersandadultlearners.B.Thepossibledifficultieslanguagelearnersmaycomeacross.C.Thecommonwayspeoplechoosetolearnaforeignlanguage.D.Thedisadvantagesofandhopesforanadultlanguagelearner.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelintheforeseeablefuture.Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresenttypes.Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion.Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable(可伸缩的)armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar’smovements.Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer(蜂鸣器)thatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.26.Onesignificantimprovementinthefuturecarwillprobablybe________.A.itsdrivingsystemB.itspowersourceC.itsmonitoringsystemD.itsseatingcapacity27.Whatistheauthor’smainconcern?A.Howtorenderautomobilespollution-free.B.Howtomakesmallerandsaferautomobiles.C.Howtodevelopanautomatedsubwaysystem.D.Howtosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams.28.Whatprovidesautoswithelectricpowerinanautomatedhighwaysystem?A.Arail.B.Anengine.C.Aretractablearm.D.Acomputercontroller.29.Inanautomatedhighwaysystem,allthedriverneedstodois________.A.keepintherightlaneB.waittoarriveathisdestinationC.keepinconstanttouchwiththecomputercenterD.informthesystemofhisdestinationbyphone30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthefutureofautos?A.Enthusiastic.B.Optimistic.C.Pessimistic.D.Cautious.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WeallknowthatDNAhastheabilitytoidentifyindividualsbut,becauseitisinherited,therearealsoregionsoftheDNAstrandwhichcanrelateanindividualtohisorherfamily(immediateandextended),tribalgroupandevenanentirepopulation.MolecularGenealogy(宗谱学)canusethisuniqueidentificationprovidedbythegeneticmarkerstolinkpeopletogetherintofamilytrees.Pedigrees(家谱)basedonsuchgeneticmarkerscanmeanabreakthroughforfamilytreeswhereinformationisincompleteormissingduetoadoption,illegitimacyorlackofrecords.TherearemanycommunitiesandpopulationswhichhavelostpreciousrecordsduetotragiceventssuchasthefireintheIrishcourtsduringCivilWarin1921orAmericanslavesforwhommanyrecordswereneverkeptinthefirstplace.ThemainobjectiveoftheMolecularGenealogyResearchGroupistobuildadatabasecontainingover100,000DNAsamplesfromindividualsallovertheword.Theseindividualswillhaveprovidedapedigreechartofatleastfourgenerationsandasmallbloodsample.Oncethedatabasehasenoughsamplestorepresenttheworldgeneticmake-up,itwilleventuallyhelpinsolvingmayissuesregardinggenealogiesthatcouldnotbedonebyrelyingonlyontraditionalwrittenrecords.Theoretically,anyindividualwillsomedaybeabletotracehisorherfamilyoriginsthroughthisdatabase.Inthemeantime,asthedatabaseisbeingcreated,moleculargenealogycanalreadyverifypossibleorsuspectedrelationshipsbetweenindividuals.“Forexample,iftwomensharingthesamelastnamebelievethattheyarerelated,butnowrittenrecordprovesthisrelationship,wecanverifythispossibilitybycollectingasampleofDNAfrombothandlookingforcommonmarkers(inthiscasewecanlookprimarilyattheYchromosome(染色体),”explainsUgoPerego,amemberoftheBYUMolecularGenealogyresearchteam.31.Iftwomensuspectedforsomereasontheyhaveacommonancestor,__________.A.wecandecideaccordingtotheirfamilytreeB.wecanfindthetruthfromtheirgeneticmarkersC.wecancomparethedifferencesintheirYchromosomeD.wecanlookforwrittenrecordstoprovetheirrelationship32.PeopleinalargeareamaypossessthesameDNAthreadbecause__________.A.DNAischaracteristicofaregionB.theyarebeyonddoubtofcommonancestryC.DNAstrandhastheabilitytoidentifyindividualsD.theiruniqueidentificationcanbeprovidedviaDNA33.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Weareawalking,living,breathingrecordofourancestors.B.ManyAmericanslavesdidnotknowwhotheirancestorswere.C.Anadoptedchildgenerallylacksenoughinformationtoprovehisidentity.D.MolecularGenealogycanbeusedtoprovearelationshipbetweenindividuals.34.TheMolecularGenealogyResearchGroupisbuildingadatabaseforthepurposeof__________.A.offeringassistanceinworkingoutgenealogy-relatedproblemsB.solvingmanyissueswithoutrelyingontraditionalwrittenrecordsC.providingapedigreechartofatleastfourgenerationsintheworldD.confirmingtheassumptionthatallindividualsareofthesameorigin35.Thepossibleresearchoffamilytreesisbasedonthefactthat__________.A.geneticshasachievedabreakthroughB.geneticinformationcontainedinDNAcanberevealednowC.eachindividualcarriesauniquerecordofwhoheisandhowheisrelatedtoothersD.wecanuseDNAtoprovehowdistantanindividualistoafamily,agrouporapopulationQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Stonetools,animalbonesandanincisedmammothtuskfoundinRussia’sfrigidfarnorthhaveprovidedwhatarchaeologistssayisthefirstevidencethatmodernhumansorNeanderthalslivedintheArcticmorethan30,000yearsago,atleast15,000yearsearlierthanpreviouslythought.AteamofRussianandNorwegianarchaeologists,describingthediscoveryintoday’sissueofthejournalNature,saidthecampsite,atMamontovayaKurya,ontheUraRiverattheArcticCircle,wasthe“oldestdocumentedevidenceforhumanresenceatthishighlatitude.”DigginginthebedofanoldriverchannelclosetotheUralMountains,theteamuncovered123mammalbones,includinghorse,reindeerandwolf.“Themostimportantfind,”theysaid,wasafour-footmammothtuskwithgroovesmadebychoppingwithasharpstoneedge,“unequivocallytheworkofhumans.”Thetuskwascarbon-datedatabout36,600yearsold.Plantremainsfoundamongtheartifactsweredatedat30,000to31,000years.Otherarchaeologistssaidtheanalysisappearedtobesound.Buttheycautionedthatitwasdifficult,whendealingwithriverbeddeposits,tobesurethatartifactshadnotbecomejumbledoutoftheirtrueplace,andthustime,inthegeologiclayers.Theyquestionedwhetherthediscovererscouldreliablyconcludethatthestonetoolswereinfactcontemporarywiththebones.Butinacommentaryaccompanyingthearticle,Dr.JohnA.J.GowlettoftheUniversityofLiverpoolinEnglandwrote,“Althoughtherearequestionstobeanswered,theartifactsillustrateboththecapacityofearlyhumanstodotheunexpected,andthevalueofarchaeologists’researchinginunlikelyareas.”ThediscovererssaidtheycouldnotdeterminefromthefewstoneartifactswhetherthesitewasoccupiedbyNeanderthals,hominidswhobythenhadalonghistoryashuntersinEuropeandwesternAsia,orsomeofthefirstanatomicallymodernhumanstoreachEurope.Inanycase,otherarchaeologistssaid,thefindingscouldbesignificant.IfthesetoolmakerswereNeanderthals,thefindingssuggestedthatthesehumanrelatives,whobecameextinctafter30,000yearsago,weremorecapableandadaptablethantheyaregenerallygivencreditfor.LivingintheArcticclimatepresumablyrequiredhigherlevelsoftechnologyandsocialorganization.Iftheyweremodernhumans,thenthesurpriseisthattheyhadpenetratedsofarnorthinsuchashorttime.TherehasbeennofirmevidenceformodernhumansinEuropebeforeabout35,000yearsago.IthadgenerallybeenthoughtthatthenorthernmostpartofEurasiawasnotoccupiedbyhumansuntilthefinalstageofthelasticeage,some13,000to14,000yearsago,whentheworld’sclimatebegantomoderate.Dr.GowlettsaidthenewfindingsindicatedthattheArcticregionofEuropeanRussiawasextremelycoldbutrelativelydryandice-freemorethan30,000yearsago.36.Whatisthesignificanceofthediscovery?A.ItshowsthatmodernhumanslivedintheArcticmorethan3,000yearsago.B.ItshowsthatNeanderthalslivedintheArcticmorethan3,000yearsago.C.Itshowstheoldestdocumentedevidenceforhumanpresenceatsuchhighlatitude.D.Itshowshumancouldusetools30,000yearsago.37.Whytheteambelievedthatthefour-footmammothtuskwasthemostimportantfind?A.Becauseitwasthelongesttuskeverfound.B.Becausethereweresignsleftbyhuman’stoolsonit.C.Becausethereweregroovesonit.D.Becausetherearenotanymammothtuskallovertheworld.38.WhendidtheNeanderthalsextinct?A.Morethan30,000yearsago.B.After30,000yearsago.C.Beforeabout35,000yearsago.D.Some13,000to14,000yearsago.39.WhowerethosetoolmakersA.Neanderthals.B.Modernhumans.C.Archaeologists.D.Notdetermined.40.What’stheweatherlikeintheArcticregionofEuropeanRussiamorethan30,000yearsago?A.Moderatetemperature,relativelydryandice-free.B.Extremelycold,relativelydryandice-free.C.Extremelycold,plentyofrainingandice-free.D.Extremelycold,relativelydryandicefrosted.SectionB(20points)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WhetheryouliveinCambodiaorScotland,LithuaniaorAmerica,youhaveprobablyheardofdragons.TheEasterndragon,calledlonginChina,mayseemlikeacompletelydifferentcreaturefromtheWesterndragon.Theirbehavior,theirsymbolism,andwhattheymeantosocietyarequitedifferent.(41)TheEastseemstovaluedragonsfortheirmagicandbeautyandholdstheminhighrespect.However,itisaquitedifferentcaseintheWestwheredragonsarehistoricallyviewedasmonsters.InChineseculture,thedragonisasymbolofvirtue.(42)UnlikeWesterndragons,orientaldragonsareusuallyseenaskindandbenevolent.DragonshavelongbeenasymbolinChinesefolkloreandart.Templesandshrineshavebeenbuilttohonorthem.Infact,theChinesearesometimesreferredtoas“thedescendantsofthedragon”.Throughthesymbolofthedragon,manyChineseseequalitieswhichtheydesireandvaluesuchasheroism,wisdomandpower.Thedragonisaprotector.Legendhasitthatthedragoncontrolstherain,rivers,lakesandtheseas;theycanprotectth