经济金融专业-德国APS审核资料

PAGE西方经济学必修课3.0WesternEconomicsThiscoursewemainlylearnmacroeconomicsandmicroeconomics.Macroeconomicsisabranchofeconomicsdealingwiththeperformance,structure,behavior,anddecision-makingoftheentireeconomy.Thisincludesanational,regional,orglobaleconomy.Measuresofnationalincomeandoutput:toestimatetotaleconomicactivityinacountryorregion,includinggrossdomesticproduct(GDP),grossnationalproduct(GNP),andnetnationalincome(NNI)Theexpenditureapproach.Itfocusesonfindingthetotaloutputofanationbyfindingthetotalamountofmoneyspent.[C=householdconsumption,I=grossprivatedomesticinvestment,G=governmentconsumptionandgrossinvestment,X=grossexportsofgoodsandservices,M=grossimportsofgoodsandservices]Theincomeapproach.Itequatesthetotaloutputofanationtothetotalfactorincomereceivedbypeopleofthenation.Nationalincome=Compensationofemployees+Netinterest+Rental&royaltyincome+Profitoffirms+Incomefromself-employment+NFIA(netfactorincomefromabroad).TheIS/LMmodel(InvestmentSaving/LiquiditypreferenceMoneysupply)isamacroeconomictoolthatdemonstratestherelationshipbetweeninterestratesandrealoutputinthegoodsandservicesmarketandthemoneymarket.Microeconomicsisabranchofeconomicsthatstudiesthebehaviorofhowtheindividualmodernhouseholdandfirmsmakedecisionstoallocatelimitedresources.Demandcurve:Ineconomics,thedemandcurveisthegraphdepictingtherelationshipbetweenthepriceofacertaincommodity,andtheamountofitthatconsumersarewillingandabletopurchaseatthatgivenprice.Supplycurve:Agraphshowingthehypotheticalsupplyofaproductorservicethatwouldbeavailableatdifferentpricepoints.证券投资学限选课3.0SecuritiesandInvestmentSecuritiesinvestmentismainlyabouthowtomanagetheinvestment,frombothfundamentalandtechnicalanalysisofstocks,themeaningofthefundamentalsofanalysisofthevalueofthecompanystock,financialposition,profitability,growthability,technicalanalysisreferstotheanalysisofthestockpricefromatechnicalpointofview,themainapplicationofthek-linetheory.Thetrendline,theformoflaw,andthegoldensectiontheory."Assetmanagement"Investmentmanagementistheprofessionalmanagementofvarioussecurities(shares,bondsetc.)andassets(e.g.,realestate),tomeetspecifiedinvestmentgoalsforthebenefitoftheinvestors.Investorsmaybeinstitutions(insurancecompanies,pensionfunds,corporationsetc.)orprivateinvestors(bothdirectlyviainvestmentcontractsandmorecommonlyviacollectiveinvestmentschemese.g.mutualfunds).Thesecuritiesmarketrefersonlytothecapitalsecuritieswillbecometheobjectoftrading,thestockmarketiscapitalizedsecuritiesissuanceandcirculationspaces.Usuallyreferstostock,debt,fundincomecertificateorothersecuritiesofacapitalmarkettransactionobject,suchasbilldiscountingsuchshort-termsecuritiesmarketdoesnotincludewithinthescopeofthesecuritiesmarketsorsecuritiesindustry.证券投资学主要讲的是如何来管理投资，从基本面和技术两个方面来分析股票，基本面的含义是分析公司股票的价值，主要从财务状况，盈利能力，增长能力等方面，技术分析指的是从技术角度来分析股票价格，主要应用的是k线理论。包括趋势线，形态法，以及黄金分割理论等。“资产管理”投资管理的专业管理各种证券（股票，债券等）和资产（如房地产），以满足特定的投资目标，投资者的利益。投资者可机构（保险公司，养老基金，企业等）或私人投资者（无论是直接通过投资合同，通常通过集体投资计划例如共同基金。证券市场Stockmarket证券市场只是指资本化了的证券才会成为买卖的对象，证券市场就是进行资本化有价证券的发行和流通的场所。通常指股票、债权、基金收益凭证等有价证券为交易对象所形成的一种资本市场，而诸如票据贴现这样的短期证券市场则并不包括在证券市场或证券业范围内。国际金融必修课3.0国际金融主要讲了外汇，外汇包括外国货币，外币形式的有价证券，支付凭证和其他外汇资产。然后学习了汇率的两种标价法，直接标价法和间接标价法。一单位外币=？本币，是直接标价法。一单位本币=？外币，是间接标价法。中国采用直接标价法。Westudiedmainlyforeignexchangeandbalanceofpayments.Foreignexchangeconsistsofforeigncurrency,securitiesandpaymentinstrumentintheformofforeigncurrencyandotherforeigncurrencyassets.Thenwestudiedtwoquotationsofexchangerate,directquotationandindirectquotation.Oneunitforeigncurrencyequalshowmuchdomesticcurrency,thisisdirectquotation.Andoneunitdomesticcurrencyequalshowmuchforeigncurrencyisindirectquotation.InChina,weusedirectquotation.还学习了国际收支。国际收支是指一个国家在一定时期内发生的所有对外经济交易的总和。国际收支平衡表可以清晰的显示出一个国家的国际收支状况。国际收支平衡表有三个内容，经常项目，资本项目，平衡项目（错误和遗漏账户）。国际收支平衡表上有贷方余额，则说明国际收支发生了顺差，即这个国家在这段时期的对外经济往来收入大于支出。这会使得该国国际储备和对外支付能力增强。但顺差也有缺点。1.一国外汇市场上的外汇供给大于外汇需求，外汇汇率下降，本币汇率上升，不利于出口，加重国内失业。2.顺差使外汇储备增加，外汇侵占本币的市场，从而引发国内通货膨胀。3.如果是出口引起的顺差，说明国内资源大量外流，不利于本国经济的发展。Andwealsolearnedbalanceofpayments.Itmeansallinternationaleconomictradesumofonecountryduringaperiod.Thebalanceofpaymentsstatementcanshowthebalanceofpaymentssituationclearly.Thereare3contentsinthestatement.Currentaccount,capitalandfinancialaccount,andbalanceaccount.Ifthereisacreditbalanceinthestatement,itmeansthereissurplusinbalanceofpayments,namelytheforeignincomeismorethanexpenditureforthiscountryinthisperiod,whichwillenhancetheabilityofinternationalreserveandforeignpayment.Surplusalsohasdisadvantages.1.foreignexchangesupplyisgreaterthandemand,theexchangerateofforeigncurrencywilldecreaseanddomesticcurrencyratewillrise,thepriceofthegoodswillgoupandit’sbadforexportandincreasesdomesticunemployment.2.surpluswillincreaseinternationalreserve,buttheforeigncurrencywilloccupythemarketofdomesticcurrency,whichwillcauseinflation.3.Ifthesurplusiscausedbyexport,thismeansdomesticresourceflowsoutgreatly,andit’sbadfordomesticeconomy.InternationalfinanceInternationalfinanceisthebranchofeconomicsthatstudiesthedynamicsofexchangerates,internationalinvestment,globalfinancialsystem,andhowtheseaffectinternationaltrade.BalanceofpaymentsManagementManagementisacoursewhichwelearnwhatismanagementandThefunctionofmanagement.Managementistoassignandcoordinateallresourcesthatcanbetransferred,inordertorealizethegoalthatcan'tberealizedbysingleindividual.Thefunctionofmanagementincluding:planning,organizing,leading,controlling,inspiriting,makingdecisionandinnovation.Theplanningistomakethegoalandmakeaplantoreachgoal.Thetopmanagershaveresponsibilitytomaketotalgoalandstrategy.Middlemanagersandfirst-linemanagersmaketheplantosupportingthetotalstrategy.Themanagersmustmakeaplantocontrolandharmonizetheresourcewhichtheyresponsible.Theorganizingistomakesureintheplanwhofinishesandhowtomanageandharmonizethesetasks.Themanagermustorganizetheworkgroupsandmembers,inordertolettheinformation,theresourceandthetaskcanchange.TheorganizingartandthemanagementofhumanResourcesareveryimportantforthefunctionoforganize.Organization:Twoormorepersonsformtheunitinordertoreachthesamegoal.Theleadingistheleadencouragesandguidemembersinordertocontributeforthegoal.Themanagerneedstheabilitytoleadmemberstoachievethegoal.Thecontrollingisaccordingtotheorganization‘splan,supervisionandinspectionactivitiesandtheirresults,andaccordingtothesituationadjusttheactionorplan,makesuretheplanandtheactualmatch,achievethegoal.

TheInspiritingistocreateavarietyofconditions,tomeettheneedsofemployees,letthemworkeffectivelyandactively,toachievegoals.MotiveTheory,HierarchyofNeeds：PhysicalNeeds，SafetyNeeds,loveandbelongingNeeds,EsteemNeedsandSelfActualizationneeds.Themakingdecisionistorecognizeandsolvetheproblem.Decisionistheessenceofmanagement.Otherfunctionsofmanagementcannotbedoingwithoutdecision.Forexampleininformationachieve,whatkindofinformationtoachieve,bywhatkindofway,whereandwhentoobtainandsoon,needsthemanagertomakedecision.TheinnovationisChangethecurrentsituation.一、管理：是一个分配和协调所有可被调动的资源以实现个体不能实现的目标的过程。管理的职能：计划，组织，领导，控制，激励，协调。二、计划：制定目标，确立实现目标的行动。高层管理者负责制定总目标和总战略。中层和基层的管理者制定计划，支持总战略。管理者必须制定计划去控制和协调他们所负责的资源。三、组织：是明确任务由谁完成，如何处理和谐调这些任务的过程。管理者必须组织工作团体和成员，使得在组织中信息、资源和任务能加以改变。组织的艺术和人力资源的管理对组织职能非常重要。组织：两个或两个以上的人组成的实现同一目标的单元。四、领导Leadership领导鼓励并且引导员工为了为组织的目标作贡献。管理者需要具备领导成员实现组织目标能力。五、控制Controlling控制是组织以经营计划的表现来监督连续情况和战略计划。六、激励：创造各种条件，满足员工需求，激发他们工作的动机，实现组织的宗旨。马斯洛的需要层次论：生理需要，安全需要，社会需要，尊重的需要，自我实现的需要。七、决策：识别，解决问题，改进机会的过程。决定是管理的实质。管理的其他作用离不开决定。例如在信息获取过程中，获得的什么样的信息，由什么样的方式，何时何地获得等等，需要管理者做出决策。八、创新：改变现在的处境。国际结算专业课3.0InternationalSettlementInternationalsettlementisalsocalledfinancialpayments,itisfinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhicheitherpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredformonecountytoanotherforthepurposeofsettlingaccounts,debits.billsofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwriting.ItisanUnconditionalOrdertoPay.出票人（drawer）付款人（payer）收款人（payee）promissorynotesisanunconditionalpromiseinwriting.出票人（Maker/Payer），收款人（Payee）checksAcheckisabillofexchangedrawnonabankerpayableondemand.Collectiondocumentarycollection跟单托收：DocumentsagainstPayment&DocumentsagainstAcceptance付款交单&承兑交单LetterofCreditL/C或LOC信用证Aletterofcreditisadocumentissuedbyafinancialinstitution,assuringpaymenttoasellerofgoodsandservices.Itusedintradefinance,whichusuallyprovidesanirrevocablepaymentundertakingInternationaltradegeography国际贸易地理是研究各国各地区不同市场的基本条件和特点，他们在国际贸易中所占的地位，以及各个市场上不同的商品结构，供求，交换，运销状况。讲了世界主要运河，世界主要海峡。比如，苏伊士运河北起地中海的portsaid，南接陶菲克taufik，沟通了红海和地中海。把大西洋和印度洋连接起来。这样，从东亚运送的到欧洲的货物，就不需要绕过非洲的好望角，绕很长的路程。过了印度，直接从苏伊士运河到达地中海，然后沿路北上就可。这样不仅仅缩短了航程，节省了时间和运费，更可以减少油耗，进行环保.Internationaltradegeographystudiesthebasictradeconditionsandcharacteristicsofdifferentcountriesandregions.Itintroducesmainstraitsandmaincanalsintheworld.Forexample,theSuezCanalstartsfromPortSaidofMediterraneanintheNorthandendsatTaufikintheSouth,connectingRedSeaandMediterranean,LinkingtheAtlanticOceanandtheIndianOcean.Thus,thecargofromEastAsiatoEuropeneedn’tdetourtheCapeofGoodHopeofSouthAfrica,whichisalongdistance.AfterarrivinginIndia,thecargoreachesMediterraneanviaSuezCanaldirectly,andthengoesnorthwardalongtheway.Thisnotonlyshortensthesailingvoyage,savetimeandcost,butalsodecreasestheoilcost,protectingourenvironment.国际贸易理论国际贸易理论的发展大致经过了古典，新古典，新贸易理论以及新兴古典贸易理论四大阶段。ThedevelopmentofInternationaltradetheorywentthroughfourphases:classicaltradetheory,neoclassicaltradetheory,newtradetheoryandnewdevelopingtradetheory.其中,起奠基作用的古典贸易理论是在批判重商主义的基础上发展起来。主要包括亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论和大卫李嘉图的比较优势理论。古典贸易理论从劳动生产率的角度说明了国际贸易产生的原因，结构和利益分配。Thebasicandmostimportantone—classicaltradetheorywasdevelopedoncriticizingMercantilism,whichincludesAdamSmith’sabsoluteadvantagetheoryandDavidRicardo’scomparativeadvantagetheory.Classicaltradetheorystatesthecause,structureandbenefitdistributionofinternationaltradefromtheviewoflaborproductivity.重商主义：重商主义认为，财富的唯一形式是金银，金银的多少是衡量一个国家富裕程度的唯一尺度，而获得金银的主要渠道就是国家贸易。通过奖出限入求得顺差，使金银流入，国家就会富裕。Mercantilismholdstheview:theonlyformofwealthisgoldandsilver.Thequantityofgoldandsilveristheonlywaytomeasureacountry’swealth.Andthemainwaytogetgoldandsilverisinternationaltrade.绝对优势理论：亚当斯密在生产分工理论的基础上提出了国际贸易的绝对优势理论。在国富论中，斯密指出国际贸易的基础，在于各国商品之间存在劳动生产率和生产成本的绝对差异，而这种差异来源于自然禀赋和后天的生产条件。亚当斯密认为在国际分工中，每个国家应该专门生产自己具有绝对优势的产品，并用其中一部分交换其具有绝对劣势的产品，这样就会使各国的资源得到最有效率的利用，更好的促进分工和交换，使每个国家都获得最大利益。Absoluteadvantagetheory:AdamSmithputforwardtheabsoluteadvantagetheoryonthebasisofdivisionoflabortheory.Hethoughtthebaseofinternationaltradeisabsolutedifferenceoflaborproductivityandproductioncostforgoodsfromvariouscountries.Everycountryshouldproducethegoodswithabsoluteadvantageanddobusinessforexchangethegoodswithabsolutedisadvantage,whichwillmakefulluseofeverycountry’sresources.Thiswillpromotedivisionoflaborandexchangebetterandeachcountrycangainthegreatestbenefits.比较优势理论：鉴于绝对优势理论的局限性，大卫·李嘉图(DavidRicardo)认为国际贸易分工的基础不限于绝对成本差异，即使一国在所有产品的生产中劳动生产率都处于全面优势或全面劣势的地位，只要有利或不利的程度有所不同，该国就可以通过生产劳动生产率差异较小的产品参加国际贸易，从而获得比较利益。比较优势理论遵循“两优取其重，两劣取其轻”的原则，认为国家间技术水平的相对差异产生了比较成本的差异，构成国际贸易的原因，并决定着国际贸易的模式。Comparativeadvantagetheory:Consideringthelimitationofabsoluteadvantagetheory,DavidRicardoputforwardthistheory.Hethoughtthetradedivisionisnotlimitedtoabsolutecostdifferences.Evenifthelaborproductivityoftheproductsinonecountryisingoodorbadposition,solongasthedegreeofadvantagesanddisadvantagesaredifferent,thiscountryshoulddointernationaltradebyproducingthelaborproductivitywithlessdifference.Thiswillgetmorebenefits.国际贸易实务国际贸易实务课程完整的讲述了与外国人做贸易的流程。在得知一个可以进行贸易的对象公司后，要进行询盘发盘和接受。然后签订合同。这个过程就涉及到商品的名称，包装和数量的表示，一定要准确。合同中必须明确规定是按照什么贸易条款和适用哪个法律。这里涉及到各种各样的贸易术语，比如FOB,CIF,CFR，这些术语说明了买房和卖方的责任义务。合同签订后，卖方要备货，报关报检，并确定保险事宜，然后联系承运人。运输方式有很多种，海洋，铁路，航空，要按照不同的货物标的和具体情况选择，最普遍的是集装箱运输。分为cy-cy,cy-sd。集装箱有20’,40’gp,40’hc,45’gp和reefer等箱型。等货物运到后，买方付款赎单，拿着海运单可以提货。海运单有正本提单和海运提单两种类型，还可以做电放提单。收付汇方式有汇付，托收和信用证付款。等买方把货提走，所有款项都交齐，这笔贸易就进行完成了。Westudiedthedetaile