商务英语入门第一章-外教社修订版公开课一等奖市赛课获奖课件

Chapter1FormsofBusinessOwnershipFormsofBusinessOwnershipLectureOutlineSoleProprietorships个人企业Partnerships合作制企业Corporations企业JointVentures合资企业LimitedLiabilityCompanies有限责任企业Mergers&Acquisitions企业兼并与收购Franchises特许经营FormsofBusinessOwnershipLead-inactivitiesHowmanyChineseandforeigncompaniescanyouname?Doyouknowwhatformsofbusinessownershiptheyare?Whatisyourmostadmiredcorporation?Whatcompanydoyouwishtoworkfor?Why?FormsofBusinessOwnershipLead-inactivitiesSample:FormsofBusinessOwnershipLead-inactivitiesSample:FormsofBusinessOwnershipAdditionalactivitiesDoyouknowthesymbolsofthefollowingcompaniesandtheirformsofbusinessownership?FormsofBusinessOwnershipSoleProprietorshipAnorganizationthatisowned,andusuallymanaged,byonepersoniscalledasoleproprietorship.Asoleproprietorshipistheoldestandmostcommontypeofbusiness.Examples:avirtualassistantworkingfromher/hishome,awoodworkersellingatcraftfairsandafreelanceconsultantofferinghisservicestolocalbusinesses.FormsofBusinessOwnershipSoleProprietorshipAdvantages—

Ownerindirectcontrol(youareyourownboss).—

Keepingtheprofitsfromthebusiness—

Theeasiestformofbusinesstostart

—

NodoubletaxationDOUBLETAXATIONTheimpositionoftwoormoretaxesonthesameincome(inthecaseofincometaxes),asset(inthecaseofcapitaltaxes),orfinancialtransaction(inthecaseofsalestaxes)FormsofBusinessOwnershipSoleProprietorshipDisadvantages—

Total(unlimited)personalliability.

—

Limitedfinancialresources(capital).—

Lackofcontinuityasaresultofdisabilityor

deathofowner.

—

Ownermayhavelimitedmanagerialexpertise.FormsofBusinessOwnership1—Whyisthesoleproprietorshiponeofthe

mostpopularformsofbusinessownership?—Whywouldunlimitedliabilitybeconsideredas

oneofthebiggestdrawbackstosole

proprietorshipsSoleProprietorshipQuestionsfordiscussionFormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsApartnershipisalegalrelationshipbetweenpersonscarryingonaprofit-motivatedbusinessEachpersoncontributesmoney,property,labororskill,andexpectstoshareintheprofitsandlossesofthebusiness.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsThreekeyelements—

commonownership—

sharedprofitsandlosses—

therighttoparticipateinmanagingthe

operationsofbusiness

FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsTwotypesofpartnerships—

Generalpartnership—

LimitedpartnershipFormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:GeneralPartnershipAdvantages—

Simpleorganization.—

Additionalpersonalresources(financialandmanagerial).—

Therighttoselectpartners.—

Lowstart-up(organizational)costs.—

Limitedoutsideregulation.—

Nodoubletaxation.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:GeneralPartnershipDisadvantages—

Unlimitedliabilityforpartnershipobligations.—

Lackofcontinuityineventofdeathordisability

ofonepartner.—

Sharingofprofits.—

Allprofitsaretaxedaspersonalincome.—

Difficulttoraiseadditionalcapital.—

Hardtofindsuitablepartners.—

Dividedauthority(limiteddecisionmaking).FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:LimitedPartnershipAdvantages—

Generalpartnermaintainscontrolofthebusiness.—

Limitedpartnercaninvestwithalimiton

personalliability.—

Easywaytosecurecapital.—

Businessnottaxeddirectly.FormsofBusinessOwnership1Partnerships:LimitedPartnershipDisadvantages—

Morecomplextoorganize.—

Limitedpartnerhasnocontroloverthebusiness.—

Generalpartnerhasunlimitedpersonalliability

fortheobligationsofthebusiness.—

Lackofcontinuityineventofdeathordisability

ofthegeneralpartner.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnerships:LimitedPartnershipDisadvantages—

Morecomplextoorganize.—

Limitedpartnerhasnocontroloverthebusiness.—

Generalpartnerhasunlimitedpersonalliability

fortheobligationsofthebusiness.—

Lackofcontinuityineventofdeathordisability

ofthegeneralpartner.FormsofBusinessOwnershipPartnershipsQuestionsfordiscussion—

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenalimited

partnerandageneralpartner?—

Howwouldyoudecidewhethertoteamupwith

someoneinapartnershipformofbusiness?CorporationsItisempoweredwithlegalrightswhichareusuallyonlyreservedforindividuals,suchastosueandbesued,ownproperty,hireemployeesorloanandborrowmoney.Thecorporationisalegalentity,allowedbylegislation,whichpermitsagroupofpeople,asshareholders(for-profitcompanies)ormembers(non-profitcompanies),tocreateanorganization,whichcanthenfocusonpursuingsetobjectives.CorporationsTypesofCorporationTypeDescriptionPrivateAttemptstoearnasatisfactoryprofit.PublicOwnedandrunbythegovernment.ClosedStockheldbyonlyafewownersandnotactivelysoldonthestockmarket.OpenStockheldbynumerouspeopleandactivelysoldonthestockmarket.MunicipalCitiesandtownshipsthatcarryoutbusiness.DomesticIncorporatedinoneprovinceorcountryanddoingbusinesswithinthatprovinceorcountry.CorporationsTypesofCorporationTypeDescriptionForeignIncorporatedinoneprovinceorcountryanddoingbusinessinanotherprovinceorcountry.AlienIncorporatedinonenationandoperationinanothernation.NonprofitServiceorganizationincorporatedforlimited-liabilitystatus.CorporationsAdvantages—Limitedpersonalliability:meansthattheownersofabusinessareresponsibleforlossesonlyuptotheamounttheyinvest—Skilledmanagementteam:Professionalmanagersaretrainedandexperiencedcareerexecutives.CorporationsAdvantages—Transferownership:Shareholdershavetherighttoselltheirsharesofacorporation’sstocktowhomevertheyplease—Greatercapitalbase:Thecorporateformofbusinessmakesiteasierforabusinesstogrowandexpand.Throughtheissuance

ofshares,corporationsmaybeabletoaccessthemoneytheywillneedforexpansion.—Stability:ACorporationhasanunlimitedlife.Corporations—asoleproprietorshiporpartnership:ifanownershoulddie,allofhisbusinessassetsmayrequire"probate"inordertobepassedontohisorherheirsordevisees.—corporationorLimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLC):sharesofstock(ormembershipinterestsintheLLC)canbeissuedtofamilymembersorotherownerstoclearlydelineatetheirownershipinterestsinthebusiness.AdditionalInfoTransferofbusinessintereststosucceedinggenerations:CorporationsDisadvantages—Doubletaxation:Thecorporationhastopaytaxesonitsprofits.Theshareholdersmustalsopayincometaxonthedividendstheyreceivethroughownership.—theimpositionoftwoormoretaxesonthesameincome(inthecaseofincometaxes),asset(inthecaseofcapitaltaxes),orfinancialtransaction(inthecaseofsalestaxes).AdditionalInfoDoubletaxationCorporationsDisadvantages—Governmentinvolvement:ProvincialandstateGovernmentshavetherightbylawtoexercisecertaincontrolson,andtorequirecorporationstomaintainpropercorporaterecords.—Lackofsecrecy:Acorporationmustprovideeachshareholderwithanannualreport.Thereportspresentdataonsalesvolume,profit,totalassets,andotherfinancialmatters.CorporationsDisadvantages—Lackofpersonalinterest:Inmostcorporations,managementandownershipareseparate.Thisseparationcanresultinalackofpersonalinterestinthesuccessofthecorporation.—Creditlimitations:Ifacorporationfails,itscreditorscanlookonlytotheassetsofthebusinesstosatisfyclaims.CorporationsDisadvantages—Lackofpersonalinterest:Inmostcorporations,managementandownershipareseparate.Thisseparationcanresultinalackofpersonalinterestinthesuccessofthecorporation.—Creditlimitations:Ifacorporationfails,itscreditorscanlookonlytotheassetsofthebusinesstosatisfyclaims.Corporations—Corporations:haveaneasiertimeobtainingfinancingthanasoleproprietorship;haveseveralpeoplemakingmanagementdecisions,andtheentitycontinuesintheeventofillnessorthedeathofoneofthepartners;canraisemoneythroughstockofferings.AdditionalInfoDifferencesWithSoleProprietorships:Corporations—Soleproprietorship:alenderisentirelydependentonthebusinessowner'sabilitytorepaytheloanwithhisownlabor.can’tsellstocktoraisefundsforequipmentorexpansion.AdditionalInfoDifferencesWithSoleProprietorships:Corporations—What’sthedifferencebetweenanopenandaclosedcorporation?—Whydomostyoungpeopleprefertoworkforalargecorporation?QuestionsforDiscussion:JointVenturesAjointventure(JV)isthepoolingofresourcesandexpertisebytwoormorebusinesses,typicallyfromdifferentareasorcountriestoachieveaparticulargoal.Therisksandrewardsoftheenterprisearealsoshared.Partnershipsoccurwhentwoormoreentitiesdecidetoworktogetherinabusiness.JointVentures—businessexpansion—developmentofnewproducts—movingintonewmarkets,particularlyoverseas.Reasonsbehindtheformationofajointventure:JointVentures—accesstonewmarketsanddistributionnetworks;—increasedcapacity;—thesharingofriskswithapartner;—accesstospecializedstaffandtechnology.Advantages:JointVentures—Iftheobjectivesoftheventurearenot100percentclear,ornotcommunicatedtoallthestaffinvolved,problemsarelikelytoarise.—Thereisanimbalanceinlevelsofexpertise,investment,orassetsbroughtintotheventurebythedifferentpartners.Disadvantages:JointVentures—Differentculturesandmanagementstylesresultinpoorintegrationandcooperationbetweenthepartners.—Theparentbusinessesdon’tprovidesufficientleadershipandsupportintheearlystages.Disadvantages:JointVenturesAdditionalInfoJointVenturesAdditionalInfoJointVenturesAdditionalInfoJointVentures—Whatownershipisajointventuresimilarto?Why?—Whataretheadvantagesofajointventure?QuestionsforDiscussion:LimitedLiabilityCompaniesALimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)

isatypeofbusinessownershipcombiningseveralfeaturesofcorporationandpartnershipstructures.Itisdesignedtoprovidethelimitedliabilityfeaturesofacorporationandthetaxefficienciesandoperationalflexibilityofapartnership.Itsformationismorecomplexandformalthanthatofageneralpartnership.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesLikeacorporation,theowners(called"members")oftheLLCarenotpersonallyresponsibleforthedebtsoftheLLC.Likeapartnership,thereisnodualtaxationandtheearningsofthebusinessaretaxeddirectlytothemembers.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdvantages—Limitedliability:Memberscannotbeheldpersonallyliablefordebtsunlesstheyhavesignedapersonalguarantee.—Flexibleprofitdistribution:Limitedliabilitycompaniescanselectvaryingformsofdistributionofprofits.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdvantages—Nominutes:TheLLCbusinessstructurerequiresnocorporateminutesorresolutionsandiseasiertooperate.—Nodoubletaxation:Allyourbusinesslosses,profits,andexpensesflowthroughthecompanytotheindividualmembers.Youavoidthedoubletaxationofpayingcorporatetaxandindividualtax.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesDisadvantages—Limitedliability:aLLCisdissolvedwhenamemberdiesorundergoesbankruptcy.—Goingpublic:itishardtogopublic.—Addedcomplexity:ALLCmaybeclassifiedasasole-proprietorship,partnership,orcorporationfortaxpurposes.Classificationcanbeselectedoradefault(违约)mayapply.LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo有限责任企业是根据美国五十个州中某一州旳法律而设置旳非法人商业实体。一般必须有两个或两个以上旳全部者，称为“组员”；但在某些州，如加利福尼亚州、特拉华州和纽约州，也允许一人设置有限责任企业。有限责任企业旳组员能够是个人或实体，美国人或外国人皆可。有限责任企业组员人数并无上限要求。

LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo有限责任企业是美国各州法律要求旳一种比较新旳企业模式，在很短时间内就成为了一种大受欢迎旳全部权形式。它旳产生满足了商人们旳需要、即提供了一种具有（1）有限责任（企业也具有有限责任旳特征，但合作并不具有条件）和（2）合作型运营旳灵活性旳法律实体。有限责任企业旳价值还体目前：不论组员对管理旳参加程度怎样，全部组员只以其出资额为限承担责任。实际上，有限责任企业是企业和合作旳嫁接产物。LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo—现行中国企业法要求旳企业分为有限责任企业和股份有限企业。从西方企业理论看，企业根据不同条件可做多种分类。例如根据是否合用有限责任分为有限责任企业和无限责任企业。—有限责任企业最明显旳特征是，股东以其出资额为限对企业承担责任，企业以其全部资产对企业旳债务承担全部责任，不能公开募股。—股份有限企业区别于有限责任企业旳最为主要旳特征是：其全部资本分为等额股份，股东以其所持有旳股份对企业承担责任，企业以其全部资本对企业旳债务承担责任，例如上市企业。LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo—Alimitedliabilitycompanycouldbeconvertedintoacompanylimitedbyshares.

LimitedLiabilityCompaniesAdditionalInfo—Note:中美企业旳名称有时没法一一相应翻译，因为两国之间企业法对企业旳定义不同，例如中国旳“股份有限企业”就无法相应英文。—美国企业名称一般为：

XxxcompanyXxxCo,Ltd(corporationlimited)XxxInc.(Incorporated)Mergers&AcquisitionsThephrasemergersandacquisitions(abbreviatedM&A)referstotheaspectofcorporatestrategy,corporatefinanceandmanagementdealingwiththebuying,sellingandcombiningofdifferentcompaniesthatcanaid,finance,orhelpagrowingcompanyinagivenindustrygrowrapidlywithouthavingtocreateanotherbusinessentity.Mergers&AcquisitionsAMergeristheresultofthecombinationoftwocompanies(orcorporations)toformanewcompany.AnAcquisitionisonecompanybuyingthepropertyandobligationsofanothercompany.Mergers&AcquisitionsWhenonecompanytakesoveranotherandclearlyestablisheditselfasthenewowner,thepurchaseiscalledanacquisition.Fromalegalpointofview,thetargetcompanyceasestoexist,thebuyer"swallows"thebusinessandthebuyer'sstockcontinuestobetraded.Mergers&AcquisitionsInthepuresenseoftheterm,amergerhappenswhentwofirms,oftenofaboutthesamesize,agreetogoforwardasasinglenewcompanyratherthanremainseparatelyownedandoperated.Thiskindofactionismorepreciselyreferredtoasa"mergerofequals".Bothcompanies'stocksaresurrenderedandnewcompanystockisissuedinitsplace.—E.gBothDaimler-BenzandChryslerceasedtoexistwhenthetwofirmsmerged,andanewcompany,DaimlerChrysler,wascreated.TypesofcorporatemergersAhorizontalmergerjoinsfirmsinthesameindustryandallowsthemtodiversifyorexpandtheirproducts.Inahorizontalmerger,theacquisitionofacompetitorcouldincreasemarketshare.TypesofcorporatemergersAverticalmerger

isthejoiningoftwofirmsinvolvedindifferentstagesofrelatedbusinesses—amanufacturermergingwithasupplierofcomponentproducts,oramanufacturermergingwithadistributorofitsproducts.TypesofcorporatemergersAconglomerate

mergerunitesfirmsincompletelyunrelatedindustries.Theprimarypurposeofaconglomeratemergeristodiversifybusinessoperationsandinvestments.TypesofcorporatemergersAdditionalInfoProcess:TypesofcorporatemergersAdditionalInfoTypesofcorporatemergersAdditionalInfoTypesofcorporatemergersQuestionsforDiscussion:—Whatisthedifferencebetweenmergersandacquisitions?—Givemoreexamplestoexplainhorizontalmergers,verticalmergersandconglomeratemergers.FranchisingAfranchise

istherighttouseabusinessnameandsellproductsorservices,usuallyinaspecificgeographicalterritory.Franchisingisthepracticeofusinganotherfirm'ssuccessfulbusinessmodel.Theword'franchise'isofAnglo-Frenchderivation-fromfranc-meaningfree,andisusedbothasanounandasa(transitive)verb..FranchisingForthefranchisor,thefranchiseisanalternativetobuilding'chainstores'todistributegoodsthatavoidstheinvestmentsandliabilityofachain.Thefranchisor'ssuccessdependsonthesuccessofthefranchisees.Thefranchiseeissaidtohaveagreaterincentivethanadirectemployeebecauseheorshehasadirectstakeinthebusiness.FranchisingThefollowingU.S.listingtabulatestheearly2023rankingofmajorfranchisesalongwiththenumberofsub-franchisees(orpartners)fromdataavailablefor2023.Ascanbeseenfromthenamesofthefranchises,theUSAisaleaderinfranchising,apositionithasheldsincethe1930swhenitusedtheapproachforfast-foodrestaurants,foodinnsand,slightlylater,motelsatthetimeoftheGreatDepression.AdditionalInfoFranchisingAsof2023,therewere909,253establishedfranchisedbusinesses,generating$880.9billionofoutputandaccountingfor8.1percentofallprivate,non-farmjobs.Thisamountsto11millionjobs,and4.4percentofallprivatesectoroutput.AdditionalInfoFranchising1.McDonald'sstartupcostsin2023,$995,900–$1,842,700(37,300partnersin2023)2.7-ElevenInc.(conveniencestores)|startupcostsin2023$40,500-$775,300,(28,200partnersin2023)3.HamptonInns&Suites(midpricehotels)|startupcostsin2023$3,716,000–$15,148,8005.4.GreatClips(hairsalons)|startupcostsin2023$109,000-$203,000AdditionalInfoFranchising5.Jani-King(commercialcleaning)|startupcosts$11,400-$35,050,(11,000partnersworldwidein2023)6.Servpro(insuranceanddisasterrestorationandcleaning)|