




版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
学术英语社科AcademicEnglishforSocialSciencesTextAKeytermsCriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeSpecializedvocabularyCollocationsFormalandinformalEnglishSignpostlanguageUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesTextAKeyterms
rationalpeople:理性人Thosepeoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives,giventheavailableopportunities.Unit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesmarginalchange:边际变化smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction
marginalbenefit:边际效益theadditionalbenefitfromanincreaseinanactivityTextAKeytermsUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivities
marginalcost:边际成本theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity
marginaldecision-making:边际决策theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity
incentive:鼓励
somethingthatinducesapersontoactHowPeopleMakeDecisionsEconomists’explanationaboutdecisionmaking:Therearerulesbehindpeople’sdecision-makingbehaviors.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesRationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesExample1:standbyticketsWhatarationalairlinecando?Situation:Flyinga200-seatplaneacrosstheU.S.coststheairline$100,000.Costofeachseat:$500(That’stosay,neversellaticketforlessthan$500.)Suppose:Aplaneisabouttotakeoffwith10emptyseats.Astandbypassengerwillpay$300foraseat.Question:shouldtheairlineselltheticket?Answer:Yes.Reason:Iftheplanehasemptyseat,thecostofaddingonemorepassengeristiny.Herethemarginalcostismerelythecostofsomethingtoeat,likepeanuts,coco,etc.Conclusion:Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost,sellingtheticketisprofitable.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesExample2:watervs.diamondWhyiswatersocheap,whilediamondsaresoexpensive?waterdiamondNecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextracupissmallbecausewaterisplentiful.UnnecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextradiamondislargebecausediamondsarerare.Unit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesTextACriticalreadingandthinkingTextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesConclusion:Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.(Theymakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits.)
Areyouarationalperson?Example1:thepriceofanappleHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Whenthepricerises:Itprovidesanincentiveforbuyerstoconsumeless;Itprovidesanincentiveforsellerstoproducemore.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesRationalpeoplerespondtoincentives.
Example2:ataxongasolineHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?
Encouragepeopleto□drivesmall,morefuel-efficientcars;□carpool□takepublictransportation;□liveclosertowheretheywork;□drivehybridcars;□driveelectriccars.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivities
Example3:aseatbeltlawAmericanlawsrequireseatbeltsasstandardequipmentonnewcars.Howaseatbeltlawaltersadriver’scost-benefitcalculation(Peltzman’sanalysis):Seatbeltsreducethelikelihoodofinjuryordeath→makeaccidentslesscostly→drivefasterandlesscarefully→alargenumberofaccidentsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesResult:Theselawsproducebothfewerdeathsperaccidentandmoreaccidents.
Conclusion1:Thenetresultislittlechangeinthenumberofdriverdeathsandanincreaseinthenumberofpedestriandeaths.Conclusion2:Whenanalyzinganypolicy,considerboththedirecteffectsandlessobviousindirecteffects.Ifthepolicychangesincentives,itwillcausepeopletoaltertheirbehavior.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivities→Rationalpeopleknowthatwhentheymakeadecision,itisoftennotayes-or-nochoice,butrequiresdeliberateconsiderationoftheprosandcons.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivities
Rationalpeopleknowthatdecisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.(Para.2)→Themostimportanttheoryineconomicstudyconcernsitselfwithincentives.Othertheoriesarenotasimportant.“Therestiscommentary”isaphraseusedinAmericanEnglishtomean“therestistrivialorlessimportant”.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivities“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”(Para.6)→Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikerandomtalknotsupportedbyevidence.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesAtfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeidlespeculation.(Para.12)Specializedvocabularyrationalpeoplemarginaldecision-makingmarginalchangemarginalbenefitmarginalcostnetresultTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesCollocationsTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesachievethehighlevelofsatisfactionmaximizeprofitsachieveobjectivesbeblackandwhiterollroundblowoffflystandbypuzzlingeconomicphenomenatakeanactionallocatescarceresourcesendupwithunintendedconsequencesidlespeculationFormalandinformalEnglishSeePage9,anddoTask3.TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesSignpostlanguage
Showconnectionsbetweensentencesandparagraphs.SeePage9,anddoTask2
TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesSignpostlanguageTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivities
Signalimportantpartsofacademicwriting,suchasstructure,writer’sposition,arguments,conclusionReportingsomeone’sview:
Somepeople/researcher(s)maintain(s)/argue(s)/assert(s)/claim(s)/point(s)out…SignpostlanguageDisagreeingwithsomeone’sview:Idisagreewith…thatTheviewisopentodoubt/notnecessarilytrue/highlydebatable…Oneofthemainargumentagainst…isthatTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesSignpostlanguagePointingoutagapinresearch:Howeverlittleinformation…Thesestudieshaveemphasized…,asopposedto…Althoughconsiderableresearchhasfocusedon…,lessattentionhasbeengivento…TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesSignpostlanguageAgreeingwithsomeone’sview:Iagreewith…whenhewritesthat…Xiscertainlycorrectinsayingthat…Anotherpointinfavourof…is…Afurtherargumentsupporting…is…NB:Inthefollowingunitsofstudy,moreexampleswillbegiven.TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesTask1Thetreediagrambelowillustratesthemainpointsofthetext.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext.TextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesDecision-makingbehaviorsineconomicactivitiesThinkingatthemargincomparingmarginal________andmarginal__________Respondingto__________Example1standbyticketsCriticalreadingandthinkingExample2______vs._________Example1thepriceofanappleExample2ataxon_________Example3_____________costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseatbeltslawTask2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesCriticalreadingandthinkingF___1Whenrationalpeoplemakedecisionsinlife,theyareverycertainofthechoice.___2Atthetimeofexamination,studentshavetodecidehowtousealltheirtimestudying.___3Marginalchangesaresmallgradualchangesofthepresentplanofaction.___4Theexampleofthestandbyflyistoldtoshowhowcostcanbeignored.___5Diamondsaremoreexpensivethanwaterbecausepeoplearemoreattractedtothem.FFFTTask2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesCriticalreadingandthinkingT___6Thequotationofoneeconomist“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”isgiventoshowtheimportanceofincentives.___7Theexampleoftheappleshowshowfoodpricesvaryaccordingtomarketneeds.___8Thegasolinetaxhasaneffectonpeople’schoiceofcars.___9Whentheseatbeltismadecompulsory,peopledrivemorecarefully.___10Policymakersneedtotakeintoconsiderationthelessobviousindirecteffectsofapolicy.FFFTTask1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.ColumnAColumnB1marginalaresource2scarcebresult3maximizecchange4netdsatisfaction5levelofepeople6rationalfprofitTask1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.1____________________________________________2____________________________________________3____________________________________________4____________________________________________5____________________________________________6____________________________________________marginalchange边际变化scarceresources稀缺资源maximizeprofits最大化利润netresult净成果levelofsatisfaction满意度rationalpeople理性人Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.1
我们来年旳目旳是取得利润最大化。_______________________________________________2
时间是一种稀缺资源,所以假如工人失业,他们旳时间就浪
费了。______________________________________________________________________________________________Weaimtomaximizeprofitsoverthenextyear.Timeisascarceresource,soifworkersareunemployedtheirtimeiswasted.Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.3理性人有非理性旳想法吗?_______________________________________________4
满意度调查成果表白游客对某些服务不满意。______________________________________________________________________________________________Dorationalpeoplehaveirrationalthoughts?Researchintosatisfactionlevelhasfoundthattouristsarenotsatisfiedwithsomeoftheservices.Task2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1MatchthesignpostlanguagefromTextAwiththepurposeeachofthemserves.
SignpostlanguagePurposes1aswewillseeaexplanation2atthesametimebtimesequence3bycontrastcgivingexamples4forexampledcomparisonandcontrast5inotherwordsecoherence6inthiscase1__2__3__4__5__6__ebdcaeTask2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.1Heisnotwell-knownforhisrespectforfactualaccuracy,_____________,hewaslying.2Officescaneasilybecomemoreenvironmentally-friendlyby,___________,usingrecycledpaper.3Wedon’tlikethesituation.But_______________,wehavetodealwiththisproblem.inotherwordsforexampleatthesametimeTask2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.4Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously,whileours,___________,hasdeclined.5_____________,inthischapterthereisnogeneralformulaforthesolutiontothisquestion.6Thewholeteamdon’twanttolosehim.___________,heneedstorealizethatcompanyregulationsmustbeobeyed.bycontrastAswewillseeInthiscaseTask3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.1Asyoustudyeconomics,youwillcomeacrossfirmsthatdecidehowmanyworkerstohireandhowmuchoftheirproducttomanufactureandselltomaximizeprofits.
Key:___________2Thereasonisthataperson’swillingnesstopayforanygoodisbasedonthemarginalbenefitthatanextraunitofthegoodwouldproduce.
Key:____________encounteryieldTask3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.3Anincentiveissomethingthatpersuadesapersontoact,suchastheprospectofapunishmentorareward.
Key:___________4Manypolicieschangethecostsorbenefitsthatpeoplefaceand,therefore,changetheirbehavior.
Key:____________5Forexample,considerpublicpolicyaboutautosafety.
Key:____________inducesalterregardingTask3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.6Thedeclineinsafedrivinghasaclear,badimpactonpedestrians.
Key:___________7Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeanidleguess.
Key:____________8Whenapersonwearsaseatbelt,thelikelihoodofsurvivinganautoaccidentrises.
Key:____________adversespeculationprobabilityTask3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2Completethesentenceswithsomeoftheanswersyouhavegotintheaboveexercise.1Stresscanhavea(n)________effectonpeople’shealth.2Thisdoesn’t_____thefactthatwhatyoudidwaswrong.3Hewarnedusthatwemight__________alotofoppositionattheverybeginning.4Somebelievethatsurgerycould_______aheartattack.5Hehasverylittletosay_________thenewEUregulations.6Knowingaboutthepastdoesn’tnecessarily_____solutionstocurrentproblems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyieldTextBCriticalreadingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesNewAirportLandingFeesDelayedSeePage14,anddoTask1andTask2TextBCriticalreadingUnit1
Decision-MakingBehaviorsin
EconomicActivitiesAnewfederalpolicy:allowingairportstochargehigherlandingfeesduringpeakperiodsReasonforformulatingthispolicy:encourageairlinestoarrangef
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
评论
0/150
提交评论