专业外语课件professional english iii

ProfessionalEnglishDian

Tang,

Teng

Zhang2014.

9Structures

of Article

and

WritingStructures

of

ArticleWriting

artsPapers

into

SCIsystemStructures

of

ArticlesTechnical

paperTechnical

reportPractical

writingTechnical

papertitle,authorship

and

affiliation,abstract,keywords,introduction,experimental

(materials

and

methods),results

and

discussion,conclusions,acknowledgements,list

of

references,appendicesTechnical

reporttitle

page,…acknowledgments,contents,list

of

illustrations,glossary

of

terms

and

abbreviations,…Practical

writingFormal

letter,Memorandum,Resume

(Curriculumvitae),Researchproposal,Feasibility

report,Design

report,PatentInvitation

forbids

and

bid

proposalWhy

publish?Scientists

publish

to

share

with

the

researchcommunity

findings

that

advance

knowledgeand

understandingTo

present

new,

original

results

or

methodsTo

rationalize

published

resultsTo

present

a

review

of

the

field

ortosummarize

a

particular

topicPublish

or

perishCan

I

publish

this?Have

you

done

something

new

and

interesting?Have

you

checked

the

latest

results

in

the

field?Have

the

findings

been

verified

by

appropriate

analysis

andtheir

significance

verified?Are

the

methods/measurements

valid

and

reliable?Can

you

describe

the

scope

and

limitations

of

the

methods?Do

your

findings

tell

a

nice

story

or

is

the

story

plete?Is

the

work

directly

related

to

a

current

hot

topic?Have

you

provided

solutions

to

any

difficult

problems?If

all

answers

are

“yes”,

then

start

preparing

your

manuscript.What

type

of

manuscript?FullLength

Methodology

ResearchLetters/

Rapid

Communications

/

Short

CommunicationsCase

StudiesReviewPapersSelf-evaluate

your

work:

Is

it

sufficient

for

afullarticle?Or

are

your

results

so

thrilling

that

they

need

to

berevealed

as

soon

as

possible?Ask

your

supervisor

and

colleagues

foradvice

onmanuscript

type.

Sometimes

outsiders

maysee

thingsmore

clearly

than

you.Which

journal?Consider:Aims

and

scope

(check

journal

websites

and

recent

articles)Types

of

articlesReadershipCurrent

hot

topics

(go

through

recent

abstracts)Asking

colleagues

foradviceSometimes

it

is

necessary

to

lower

one’s

sightsor

return

to

the

lab/clinic

to

obtain

more

dataArticle

structureWriting

artsTitle

writingAuthorshipAbstractOthersTitleA

good

title

should

contain

the

fewest

possible

wordsthat

adequately

describe

the

contents

of

a

paperExampleTwo

methodologies

(reduced

species

list

index

andqualityqualityof

rocky

bottoms

index)of

algae

populations

into

evaluate

thethe

presence

ofvarying

pollution

gradientsComparison

of

two

methods

for

quality

assessment

ofalgae

populations

under

varying

pollution

gradientsTitle

WritingTitle

forms:

hanging

title;

sentence

title;question

title;

series

title;

running

titleTitle

properties:

indicative

title;conclusive;

mystery

titleBasic

requirements:

essential

words;length

of

title;

form

of

title;

articlewords;verbs;

capitalizationTo

be

nano

or

not

to

be

nano?Nanomaterials,

nanostructures,

nanostructured

materials,nanoimprint,

nanobiotechnology,

nanophysics,

nanochemistry,nanoelectronics,

nanorobotics,radical

nanotechnology,

nanosciences,nanosoldiers,nanooptics,nanomedecine,nanoeconomy,

nanobusiness,

nanolawyer,

nanoethics

to

namea

few

of

the

nanos.

We

need

a

clear

definition

of

all

theseburgeoning

fields

for

the

sake

of

the

grant

attribution,

for

thesake

of

research

program

definition,

and

to

avoid

everyonebeing

lost

in

so

many

nanos.CHRISTIAN

JOACHIMnature

materials

|

VOL

4

|

FEBRUARY

2005

|Can

lightbe

stoppedin

realisticmetamaterials?NATURE|

Vol

455|23

October

2008A

lens

less

ordinaryNATURE|VOL

420

|

14

NOVEMBER

2002|Ultra-large-scale

syntheses

of

monodispersenanocrystalsnature

materials

|VOL

3

|

DECEMBER

2004

|Negative

Refractive

Index

at

Optical

Wavelengths5

JANUARY

2007

VOL

315

SCIENCECan

crystalline

phases

be

self-healing

sealantsfor

solid

oxide

fuel

cells?Development

of ceramicsealant

for

solid

oxidefuel

cell

application:

Self-healing

property,mechanical

stability

and

thermal

stabilityControllingthe

redox

reaction

at

the

interfacebetween

sealing

glasses

and

Cr-containinginterconnect:

Effect

of competitive

reactionJournal

of

Power

SourcesReduction

of chromate

formation

at

theinterface

of solid

oxide

fuel

cells

by

differentadditivesChromate

formation

at

the

interface

between

asolid

oxidefuelcell

sealingglassandinterconnect

alloyImproving

the

Chemical

Compatibility

ofSealingGlass

for

Solid

Oxide

Fuel

Cells:Blocking

the

Reactive

Species

by

ControlledCrystallizationJournal

of

Power

SourcesTuning

the

interfacial

reaction

between

CaO–SrO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2

sealing

glass–ceramicsand

Cr-containing

interconnect:

Crystallinestructure

vs.

glassstructureReducing

the

reaction

between

boron-containingsealing

glass-ceramics

and

lanthanum-containingcathode:

Effect

of

Bi2O3Journal

of

the

European

Ceramic

SocietyDevelopment

of

nickel–iron

bimetalliccatalytic

layer

for

solid

oxide

fuel

cells:Effect

of

citric

acidInternational

Journal

of

Hydrogen

EnergyAuthorship

and

affiliationsChinese

nameContributionsBe

consistent

with

spelling,

full

versus

short

names,

fullversus

short

addressesAuthorshipAuthorship

credit

should

be

based

onSubstantial

contributions

to

conception

and

design, oracquisition

of

data,

or

analysis

and

interpretation

ofdataDrafting

the

article

or

revising

it

critically

for important

intellectual

contentFinal

approval

of

the

version

to

be

publishedAuthors

should

meet

conditions

1,

2,

and

3.

Thosewho

have

participated

in

certain

substantiveaspects

of

the

research

project

should

beacknowledged

or

listed

as

contributors.

Check

theGuide

for

Authors

and

ICMJE

guidelines:AbstractTypes:Indicative

(descriptive)

abstracts

outline

the

topicscovered

in

a

piece

of

writing

so

the

reader

can

decidewhether

or

not

to

read

on.

Often

used

in

review

articlesand

conference

reportsInformative

abstracts

summarize

the

article

basedon

the

paper

structure

(problem,

methods,

casestudies,

conclusions),

but

without

section

headingsStructured

abstracts

follow

headings

required

bythe

journal.

Often

used

in

Medical

journalsUse

the

abstract

to

“sell”

your

articleThe

quality

of

an

abstract

will

strongly

influence

the

editor’sdecisionShape-memory

nanoparticles

frominherently

non-spherical

polymercolloidsSamples

of

polymeric

materials

generally

have

no

intrinsicshape;

rather

their

macroscopic

form

is

determined

by

externalforces

such

as

surface

tension

and

memory

of

shear

(forexample,

during

extrusion,

moulding

or

embossing).

Hence,

inthe

molten

state,

the

thermodynamically

most

stable

form

forpolymer

(nano)particles

is

spherical.

Here,

we

present

the

firstexample

of

polymer

nanoparticles

that

have

an

intrinsic

non-spherical

shape.

Weobserve

the

formation

of

high-aspect-ratioellipsoidal

polymer

nanoparticles,

of

controlled

diameter,made

from

main-chain

liquid

crystalline

polymers

using

amini-emulsion

technique.

The

ellipsoidal

shape

is

shown

to

bean

equilibrium

(reversible)

characteristic

and

a

direct

result

ofthe

material

shape

memory

when

a

liquid

crystal

nanoparticleis

in

its

monodomain

form.nature

materials

|

VOL

4

|

JUNE

2005

|Aluminum-based

metallizations

are

extensively

used

aselectrical

interconnections

of

integrated

powermicroelectronic

devices.

It

is

well

known

that

this

metalexposed

to

moisture

is

highly

sensitive

to

corrosion

due

tothe

chemical

interaction

of

aluminum

with

water.

In

thispaper

we

report

a

study

of

some

Al

passivation

treatmentsagainst

moisture

corrosion.

The

proposed

treatment

can

bedone

on

the

finished

wafer

without

any

damage

of

otherdevice

materials

and

satisfies

the

die

attach

and

wire-bonding

requirements.

It

consists

of

a

simple

chemicaldipping

into

an

organic

bath

containing

a

phosphating

agent.The

passivation

behavior

of

the

resulting

surfaces

has

beenchecked

by

means

of

pressure

cooker

test

both

on

the

waferand

power

metal

oxide

semiconductor

devices

assembled

inplastic

packages.Journal

of

the

Electrochemical

Society

(USA),

vol.

148,

no.

8Corrosion

inhibition

of

Al

metal

in

microelectronicdevices

assembled

in

plastic

packagesScan

durra,

A;

Curro,

G;

Frisina,

F;

Pignataro,

SThe

surfaces

resulting

in

each

process

step

have

beenanalyzed

by

means

of

electron

spectroscopy

for

chemicalanalysis.

The

passivated

surface

is

formed

of

one

to

twomonolayers

of

ortho-

and

polyphosphate

phases

directlygrafted

onto

the

alumina

surface.

The

same

growth

processallows

fluorine

surface

contamination

reduction.Journal

ofMaterials

Chemistry,

2005,

15(19),1883-1890Thermochemical

insights

into

refractoryceramic

materials

based

on

oxides

with

largetetravalent

cationsAlexandra

NavrotskyCeramic

materials

based

on

the

fluorite

structure

and

itsderivatives

are

important

for

applications

in

solid

oxide

fuelcells,

sensors,

catalysts,

gate

dielectrics,

thermal

barriercoatings,

and

nuclear

waste

immobilization.

The

interplayof

oxygen

vacancy

formation

and

short

and

long

rangeordering

of

vacancies

and

of

cations

determines

thephysical

properties

and

dominates

the

thermodynamics

ofthese

materials.

Recent

calorimetric

data

for

nanophasezirconia

polymorphs,

for

yttria

stabilized

zirconia,

hafnia,and

ceria,

and

for

a

series

of

titanate

pyrochlores

illustratethe

systematics

of

structure

stability

relations.KeywordsKeywords

are

important

for

indexing:

they

enableyour

manuscript

to

be

more

easily

identified

and

citedCheck

the

Guide

for

Authors

for

journal

requirementsKeywords

should

be

specificAvoid mon

abbreviations

and

general

termsKeywordsTitle:

A

Methodology

for

Extreme

Groundwater

SurgePredetermination

in

Carbonate

Aquifers:

Groundwater

FloodFrequency

AnalysisK.

Najib,

H.

Jourde,

S.

PistreJournal

of

Hydrology

(2008)

352,

1-15Bad

keywords:

methodology,

predetermination,

aquifer,

flood,analysisKeywords:

Groundwater

flooding,

frequency

analysis,fractured

aquifer,

rainfall

event,

hydraulic

headWhy

Introduction?To

provide

the

necessary

backgroundinformation

to

put

your

work

into

context.

Theintroduction

should

provide:Review

of

the

problems

that

will

be

addressedthrough

the

methodologyGeneral

definition

or

overview

of

the

approachandwhether

ithas

been

usedbefore

or

is

novelDescription

of

how

the

data

will

be

collectedand

analyzedIn

brief

terms,

what

was

achievedWrite

a

good

introductionConsult

the

Guide

to

Authors

for

word

limit“Set

the

scene”Outline

“the

problem”

and

hypothesesEnsure

that

the

literature

cited

is

balanced,

up

to

dateand

relevantDefine

any

non-standard

abbreviations

and

jargoSomething

to

avoidWrite

an

extensive

review

of

the

fieldCite

disproportionately

your

own

work,

work

ofcolleagues

or

work

that

supports

your

findings

whileignoring

contradictory

studies

or

work

by

competitorsDescribe

methods,

results

or

conclusions

other

than

tooutline

what

was

done

and

achieved

in

the

finalparagraphOveruse

terms

like

“novel”

and

“for

the

first

time”MethodologyThe

Methodology

section

should

be

the

bulk

of

thepaper

and

it

must

provide

sufficient

informationso

that

a

knowledgeable

reader

can

reproduce

theexperiment.Methods

can

include

statistical,

historical,

samplingand/or

theoreticalWhere

appropriate,

actual

examples

of

the

use

of

themethodology

should

be

included

(case

studies)Equations,

algorithms,

flow

charts

and

figures/tablesare

often

included

in

the

methodology

section

fordescriptive

purposesUnless

the

Guide

for

Authors

states

otherwise,

usepresent

tense

for

methodology-type

papersResults/Case

StudyUse

figures

and

tables

to

summarize

dataShow

the

results

of

statistical

analysisConfirm

that

the

method

is

reliableJustify

the

choice

of

methodsDefine

the

limitations

of

the

methodGraphics“Readers…

often

look

at

the

graphics

firstandmany

times

go

no

further.

Therefore,thereviewer

should

be

particularly

sensitive

toinclusion

of

clear

and

informative

graphics.”–

Henry

Rapoport,

Associate

Editor,

JournalofOrganic

ChemistryFigures

andtables

arethe

mosteffectiveway

to

present

resultsCaptions

should

be

able

to

stand

alone,

such

that

thefigures

and

tables

are

understandable

without

theneed

to

read

the

entire

manuscriptCaptions

should

not

contain

extensive

experimentaldetails

that

can

be

found

in

the

methodology

sectionThe

data

represented

should

be

easy

to

interpretColour

should

only

be

used

when

necessaryDiscussionFor

some

methodology

journals,

the

discussion

andconclusions

are

lumped

into

one

section

and

areusually

brief.To

describeDid

the

methods

address

the

model?Were

the

methods

successful?How

did

the

findings

relate

to

those

of

other

studies?Were

there

limitations

of

the

study?ConclusionsPut

your

study

into

CONTEXTDescribe

how

it

represents

an

advance

in

the

fieldSuggest

future

applicationsSuggest

areas

of

future

researchAvoid

repetition

with

othersectionsAvoid

being

overly

speculativeDon’t

over-emphasize

the

impact

of

your

studyAcknowledgementsAcknowledge

anyone

who

has

helped

you

with

thestudy,

including:Researchers

who

supplied

materials,

reagents,

or

computerprogramsAnyone

who

helped

with

the

writing

or

English,

or

offeredcritical

comments

about

the

contentAnyone

who

provided

technical

helpState

why

people

have

been

acknowledged

and

asktheir

permissionAcknowledge

sources

of

funding,

including

any

grantor

reference

numbersAcknowledgementTo

thankTo

be

thankfulThanksTo

appreciateappreciationTo

acknowledgeAcknowledgementTo

be

gratefulGratituteTo

be

indebtedindebtednessReferencesCheck

the

Guide

for

Authors

for

the

correct

formatSpelling

of

author

namesPunctuationNumber

of

authors

to

include

before

using

“etal.”Reference

styleCheck

the

style

and

format

as

required

–

it

is

not

theeditor’s

job

to

do

so

for

you!!Supplementary

materialInformation

related

to

and

supportive

of

the

main

text,but

of

secondary

importance,

may

be

contained

in

anappendixIncludes:Extensive

statistical

analysisSupplementary

mathematical

analysisAdditional

dataVideo

dataPlagiarism“Presenting

the

data

or

interpretations

of

otherswithout

crediting

them,

and

thereby

gaining

foryourself

the

rewards

earned

by

others,

is

theft,

and

iteliminates

the

motivation

of

working

scientists

togenerate

new

data

and

interpretations”Bruce

Railsback,

Professor,

Department

of

Geology,University

of

GeorgiaPlagiarismPlagiarism

is

a

serious

offence

that

could

lead

to

paperrejection,

academic

charges

and

termination

ofemployment.

It

will

seriouslyaffectyour

scientificreputation.DON’TDO

IT!Unacceptable

paraphrasing,

even

with

correctcitation,

is

considered

plagiarism!!ParaphrasingOriginal

(Gratz,

1982):Bilateral

vagotomy

resulted

in

an

increase

in

tidalvolume

but

a

depression

in

respiratory

frequencysuch

that

total

ventilation

did

not

change.Restatement

1:Gratz

(1982)

showed

that

bilateral

vagotomy

resulted

inan

increase

in

tidal

volume

but

a

depression

inrespiratory

frequency

such

that

total

ventilation

didnot

change.Ronald

K.

Gratz.

Using

Other’s

Words

and

Ideas.Department

of

Biological

Sciences,

Michigan

Technological

UniversityParaphrasingOriginal

(Buchanan,

1996):What

makes

intentionally

killing

a

human

being

a

moral

wrongfor

which

the

killer

is

to

be

condemned

is

that

the

killer

didthis

morally

bad

thing

not

inadvertently

or

even

negligently,but

with

a

conscious

purpose

–

with

eyes

open

and

a

willdirected

toward

that

very

object.Restatement

2:Buchanan

(1996)

states

that

we

condemn

a

person

whointentionally

kills

a

human

being

because

he

did

a

"morallybad

thing"

not

through

negligence

or

accident

but

with

openeyes

and

a

direct

will

to

take

that

life.Ronald

K.

Gratz.

Using

Other’s

Words

and

Ideas.Department

of

Biological

Sciences,

Michigan

Technological

UniversityData

fabrication

andfalsificationFabrication

ismaking

up

data

or

results,

andrecording

or

reporting

themFalsification

is

manipulating

research

materials,equipment,

processes;

or

changing

/

omitting

data

orresults

such

that

the

research

is

not

accuratelyrepresented

in

the

research

record“The

most

dangerous

of

all

falsehoods

is

a

slightlydistorted

truth”G.C.

Lichtenberg

(1742–1799)Faculty

members

in

conflict

withpresident

of Japanese

universityPublished

online

23

February

2011

|

Nature

470,

446-447

(2011)

|

doi:10.1038/470446aAkihisa

InoueHow

about

the

language?“Journal

editors,

overloaded

with

qualitymanuscripts,

may

make

decisions

onmanuscripts

based

on

formal

criteria,

likegrammar

or

spelling.

Don't

get

rejected

foravoidable

mistakes;

make

sure

your

manuscriptlooks

perfect”Arnout

Jacobs,

Elsevier

PublishingBoth

the

scienceand

the

language

need

to

besound!The

three

“C”sGood

writing

possesses

the

following

three

“C”s:ClarityConcisenessCorrectness

(accuracy)The

key

is

to

be

as

brief

and

specific

as

possiblewithout

omitting

essential

detailsKnow

the

enemyGood

writing

avoids

the

following

traps:RepetitionRedundancyAmbiguityExaggerationRepetition

and

RedundancyVary

the

sentences

used

when

writing

the

abstract

ordescribing

findings

at

the

end

of

the

introductionDon’t

copy

from

other

sections

verbatim!Avoid

words

with

the

samemeaningIn

addition,

a

systematic

analysis

of

the

data

was

also

presented…After

statistical

analysis

of

the

data,

the

methods

werethen

modified…Avoid

using

the

same descriptive

word

twice

in

onesentenceIn

this

paper,

a

simple

methodology

for

classifyingsimple

composite

wastes

has

been

proposed.AmbiguityEnsure

correct

use

of

“which”,

commas

and

hyphensIn

“Data

were

normalised

to

the

internal

referencehousekeeping

gene

actin,

which

showed…”The

“which”

is

used

incorrectly,

referring

to

actin

ratherthan

to

the

normalisation

of

data“Data

were

normalised

to

the

internal

referencehousekeeping

gene

actin,

revealing

that…”

is

correctOther

common

trapsInconsistent

tense

–

don’t

mix

tenses

in

the

samesentenceBefore

tumors

were

microdissected,

epithelial

cellsare…Inconsistent

use

of

plural

or

singularIn

eight

patients,

a

biopsy

from

the

affected

sites

ofthe

head

and

neck

was

performedIn

eight

patients,

biopsies

from

the

affected

sites

ofthe

head

and

neck

were

performedUnbalanced

sentences

–

make

sure

the

clauseseither

side

of

“compared

with”

match

upExpression

levels

of

p53

in

smokers

were

comparedwith

non-smokers…Expression

levels

of

p53

in

smokers

were

comparedwith

those

in

non-smokers…Incorrect

use

of

respectively

–

two

correspondinglists

are

requiredThe

proportions

of

various

monocyte

surface

markerswere

45%,

63%

and

70%,

respectivelyThe

proportions

of

monocytes

positivefor

CD163,CD7

and

CD11a

were

45%,

63%

and

70%,respectivelyPapers

collected

into

SCI,

Ei

systems¤

SCI¤

Ei¤

CA¤

SA¤

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《科学技术文献速报》Abstract

or

Index

Systems美国《科学引文索引》SCI(见下)。美国《工程索引》Ei(见下)。3）美国《化学文摘》(ChemicalAbstracts,CA)是当今世界上最负盛名、收录最全、应用最为广泛的查找化学化工文献大型检索工具。4)

英国《科学文摘》(Science

Abstracts,SA；或INSPEC):《物理文摘》(SectionA-PhysicsAbstracts,PA)；《电子与电气文摘》(Section

B-ElectricalEngineering

&

Electronics

Abstracts,EEA)；《计算机与控制文摘》（SectionC-

Computers

and

Control

Abstracts,CCA）；《信息技术》(InformationTechnology,

IT)。Abstract

or

Index

Systems俄罗斯《文摘杂志》(AbstractJournals,AJ)或РЖ（共220余卷），被称为世界三大综合检索系统。日本《科学技术文献速报》(CorrentBulletin

on

Science

Technology,CBST)。现扩充为大型数据库"日本科学技术情报中心"(Japan

Information

CenterScienceandTechnology,JICST)。被称为世界三大综合检索系统。SCI《科学引文索引》（Science

CitationIndex,简称SCI）于1957年由美国科学信息研究所（Institute

for

ScientificInformation,简称ISI）在美国费城创办。40多年来，SCI（或称ISI）数据库不断发展，已经成为当代世界最为重要的大型数据库，被

列在国际六大著名检索系统之首。它不仅是一

部重要的检索工具书，而且也是科学研究成果

评价一项重要依据。它已成为目前国际上最具

权威性的、用于基础研究和应用基础研究成果

的重要评价体系。SCISCI来源期刊的两个档次nSCI。是SCI的核心库，产品代码K（内圈）；n

SCI-Expanded(简称SCI-E),又称SCI-Rearch。是SCI的扩展库,产品代码D（外圈）。SCI产品的6种版本①SCIPrint印刷版。1961年创刊至今。双月刊。现在拥有3700余种期刊，全为内圈。②SCI-CDE

光盘版。季度更新。现在拥有3700余种期刊，全为内圈。③SCI-CDEwithAbstracts，带有摘要的光盘版。逐