大学英汉翻译教程（第5版）PPT完整全套教学课件

English-ChineseTranslation

--withbusinesstexts大学英汉翻译教程（第五版）2021Chapter1

FundamentalsofTranslationAboutthecourse:Translation

withBusinessTexts2.TranslationisNOTTAUGHT,but

LEARNEDthroughpracticeReferencesAboutthedictionary:Latestversioninbothlanguages(2019)ProfessionallytranslatedbythesameauthorNatureofTranslationDefinitions：

译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。

唐·贾公彦：《义疏》

Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaning,andsecondlyintermsofstyle.

Nida&Taber:TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslationTranslation:across-language&cross-culturalprocess

Sourceculture Receptiveculture Translator

Targetlanguage

Translatedtext TargetreaderAuthorSourcelanguageSourcetextReader/translatorBusinesstranslationMeaning:information,makingunderstoodStyle:professional,idiomatic,personal,etc.,makingacceptedTranslationawareness:message-oriented,mindfulofcross-language&cross-culturecommunicationBusinesstranslationMakingupofalargechunkof everydaytranslatingworkInformation/messageorientedRequiringbasic&professional knowledgeCallingforquicknessinmindandhandBusinesstranslationTypesofbusinessmaterialsfortranslation(degreeofformalfidelityinadescendingorder)：legaldocuments(laws/regulations,contracts,organizationalcharters,etc.)academicworksandtextbooksonbusinessandrelatedsubjectsbusinesscorrespondenceandreportsconferencespeechesonbusinesstopicsbusinessjournalspromotionmatters(brochures,ads,etc.)Translationcriteria译事三难：信、达、雅

严复:《〈天演论〉译例言》（1897）

faithful,fluent&elegant

Criteriaforbusinesstranslation

信息内容完整(accuracy&adequacy)

交际效果对等(functionalequivalence)

文体风格贴切(stylisticacceptability)

ThetranslatorisacopycatifYoucopyyourclassmate’swork,withorwithoutmodification.Youcopyfrompublications(books,onlinesources,etc.),withorwithoutmodification.Youuseasoftwaretodothetranslationassignment.DIY.Noplagiarism.Chapter2

Processoftranslation

UNDERSTANDINGthesourcelanguage(SL)textwithcontextbackground/professionalknowledgelogicProcessoftranslation

REPRODUCINGthesourcetextmessageinthetargetlanguage withcontext&logic befluentinexpressionandtryto ironouttranslationese(翻译腔)Casestudy1:adequacy

Internationalbusinessisbusinessconductedinmorethanonecountry,includingbuyingandsellinggoodsandservices.

国际商务是在两国或更多的国家之间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。Case2:acceptability

Iwas54yearsold.Ihadalreadyaccomplishedagreatdeal.Iwasfinanciallysecure.Icouldaffordtoplaygolffortherestofmylife.

Version1.

我54岁了。我已经取得了很大的成就。我的财务有保障。我在余下的生命里可以玩得起高尔夫球了。Version2.

我那年54岁，（…）已是功成名就、财务自由，满可以打打高尔夫球以度余生。

TranslationStrategiesLiteralvs.liberalstrategiesGlobalizationvs.localizationAlienation/foreignizationvs. domesticationBalancebetweentheabovepairsBewareoffalsefriendsTheyarewordsorexpressionswhichhavethesameformintwoormorelanguagesbutconveydifferentmeanings. --MonaBakerBewareoffalsefriendsmaddoctor 精神病科医生blindwall 没窗户的墙deadpresident 美钞（上印有总统头像）personalremark 人身攻击sweetwater 淡水criminallawyer 刑事律师Chinapolicy 对华政策Translationtechniques/skillsConversion: partsofspeech,voices,perspectives,etc.Compensation: amplification,

omitting,etc.Extension:

explanation,splitting,etc.Substitution:

replacingforfunctionalequivalenceTipsforbeginners1Readandcomprehendtheoriginaltextinananalyticalwaytograspbothexplicit(linguistic)andimplicit(logic)messages;Checkforspecialnamesandprofessionaltermsandattachtheoriginalversioninbracketsforreferenceifnecessary;Makethetranslatedtitlesconcise,impressiveandimmediatelycomprehensible;Tipsforbeginners2Findappropriateorfunctionallyequivalentexpressionsinthetargetlanguage:textincontext;Donotelaborateorfabricate;Proofreadcarefullyand

takecareofyourpunctuationmarks.Roleofthetranslator:mediatorLanguageproficiencyWidescopeofknowledgeTechniques/skillsbasedonexperienceProfessionalethicsChapter3ConversionConversionof:PartsofspeechSentencestructuresVoicesForms(waysofexpression)Perspectives,etc.Conversionofpartsofspeech(词类）Chineseisaverb-allanguage,inthatmanyhigh-frequencyEnglishpartsofspeech(noun,preposition,adverbconnective,etc.)canbeconvertedintoChineseverbs.ConversionmayhelpimprovethefluencyoftheChineseexpressioninmanyways.Nounvs.verbAndthereisgrowingrecognitionthatpovertyreductionandempowermentofthepoorrequirebroadimprovementsingovernance.人们也越来越认识到，减少贫困与赋权穷人需要广泛改善治理。nounvs.verbEachcountrywillbethejudgeofwhatconstitutesanerraticfluctuationinitsexchangerate.Versions1.

每个国家都将是哪些是造成其汇率不正常波

动之因素的裁判。Version2.

什么情况属于一国货币的汇率非正常波动，要由每一个国家自己判断。Prepositionvs.verb

TheybelievethatthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesisnotonlyintheinterestoftheChineseandAmericanpeoplesbutalsocontributestotherelaxationoftensioninAsiaandtheworld.

双方认为，两国关系正常化不仅符合中美两国人民的利益，也有助于缓和亚洲及世界紧张局势。Prepositionvs.verbBYDwastheonlyChineserepresentative

atthisyear'sNorthAmericanInternationalAutoShowinDetroit.Version1比亚迪是今年在底特律举行的北美国际汽车展上的唯一中国企业。Version2比亚迪作为唯一的中国企业参加了今年在底特律举行的北美国际汽车展。Prepositionvs.verbThereisacrowdof50,000peoplebeforethematch.有五万人在观看这场比赛。Adjectivevs.verbTheAmericanpeoplehailedtheprogramforgreaterSino-UStrade.美国人欢迎这个扩大中美贸易的计划。Adjectivevs.verbTheystriveforalowerbirthrates.他们力争降低出生率。Connectivevs.verbThedistanceisfourkilometersor2.4856miles.距离是四公里，折合（约）2.4856英里。Conversionofarticles...consideringtheshort-runelasticityofdemandforoil,a10%increaseinpricecausesa1.5%decreaseinthequantitydemanded.Conversely,a1.5%decreaseinsupplycausesa10%increaseinprice.……鉴于短期内石油需求弹性极低，油价每上涨10%会导致需求下降1.5％；反之，石油供应每下降1.5％会导致油价上涨10％。Chapter4 Restructuring

Structuralconversionofthesubjectclauses&expressionsattributiveadverbialReorganizationConversionofthesubjectTherailroadindustry'sinabilitytoadjustpricesduringtherapidinflationofthe1970scausedaquarterofthemtogobankrupt.由于铁路业在1970年代通货急剧膨胀期间无法调整运费，有四分之一的铁路公司宣告破产。ConversionofthesubjectThegravityofthesituationwhichconfrontstheworldtodaynecessitatesmyappearancebeforeajointsessionoftheCongress.鉴于当今世界面临着严峻的局势，我不得不出席国会的联席会议。attributiveclause vs.adverbialTheirbasicfearisoftheslackupofprotectionism,andaboveall,Americancapitaloutflowwhichtothemmeansjoboutflows.令他们最为恐慌的是放松贸易保护主义的做法，尤其害怕美国资本外流，因为对他们来说，这等于工作机会外流。attributiveclause vs.adverbialWithsuchparticipationanddebate,thepooraremorelikelytofeelsomesenseofownershipoftheresultingpolicies,whichtheyperceivecanhelpthemcrafttheirwayoutofpoverty.有了这种参与和辩论，穷人才更有可能对由此产生的政策生发某种主人翁感，因为他们发觉这些政策可以帮助自己摆脱贫困。attributiveclausevs.adverbialUnfortunately,everycountryintheworldhastradebarrierswhicharedesignedtoprotectitseconomyagainstinternationalmarketforces.遗憾的是，世界各国都设置了贸易壁垒，旨在保护本国经济免受国际市场力量的冲击。attributiveclausesvs.adverbialsHewantedchanges,andthosechangeswouldbenefitnottherichtowhoseschoolshehadgoneandinwhosecircleshehadmoved,butthe oppressed.他要进行改革，这些改革将有利于受压迫者却而非富人，尽管他毕业于富人的学校，出入于富人的圈子。ConversionofadverbialsMostforecastersbelievethatunemploymentwillrisetoabout9percent beforeiteasesnextyear.大多数观察家认为，失业率将上升到大约百分之九，到明年才会有所缓和。ConversionofadverbialsAjointventurethatdidnotworkoutmaybeprofitableforthepartnerswhenbrokenupiftherightdecisionsweremadeonthepurchaseofrealestateortheacquisitionoftherightequipment.如果合资企业当初在购买不动产或适用设备时决策正确，那么，即使它倒闭了，对合资伙伴来说仍然可能有利可图。ExpressionofcomparativedegreeInfact,youcouldsaythatMcDonald’sisreallymoreofalandlordthanaconventionalfast-foodchain.事实上，与其说麦当劳是一家传统的快餐连锁公司，还不如说它是一家房地产商。ExpressionofcomparativedegreeIt'snothinglessthanrobberytoasksuchahighprice.要这么大的价钱，简直就是抢劫。compoundstructureButforthemostpart,nationalstatespersistastheframeworkforgovernanceandasindispensablefacilitatorsofeconomicgrowthandpovertyreduction.但在大多数情况下，民族国家仍然是治理的框架，也是经济增长与减少贫困不可或缺的推动者。ReorganizationFrom$6.1billionin1981,theU.S.deficitwithAsia'sfourtigerslastyearreached$37billion,or22%ofthetotalU.S.tradedeficit.美国与亚洲四小虎的贸易逆差在1981年为61亿美元，去年却高达370亿美元，占美国贸易逆差总量的22%。Chapter5 ConversionofvoicesThepassivevoice

isusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishthaninChinesewhen: 1.thesubjectistherecipientofanaction 2.thesubjectisthetopicortheme 3.theagentisomittedpurposely 4.theagentisunknown,or 5.itisneededforcoherencePassivityinChinese

Theglasshasbeenbroken.

玻璃被打破了。

（典型被动句）

玻璃给人打破了。（带泛指施事方的被动句）

玻璃打破了。

（带被动含义的主动句）

玻璃破了。

（说明事实的主动句）passiveinactiveThelinkbetweenindustrialdemandanddemandforcommoditiesisbeingweakenedbychangesinthepatternofeconomicgrowth.由于经济增长格局发生了变化，工业需求与对商品的需求之间的联系正在减弱。verb+objectForeignconcessionswouldbecancellediftheydidnotaccordwiththelaw.向外国人提供的特许权若不符合法律将予以取消。

passiveinpredicativeThecrewwastrainedinFlorida.这批机组人员是在佛罗里达培训的。

usesubject-lesssentence

Machineryforthejustsettlementofinternationaldifferencesmustbefounded.

(…)必须建立公正解决国际分歧的机构。subject-lessexpressionsItmustbeadmittedthat...

必须承认……Itmaybesafelysaidthat...可以有把握说……

Itisreportedthat... 据（…）报道……Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...

（…）由此可见……

GiveanewsubjectItisexpectedthatthefirstseriousattemptswillbemadetobringsomeinternationalordertothefarmpatchworkthisyear.各国（方）有望在今年首次做出认真努力，使杂乱无章的农产品贸易纳入某种国际秩序。GiveanewsubjectItwastoldthat... 有人曾经说过……Itissometimesaskedthat...

人们有时会问……Itiswellknownthat... 众所周知……Itisclaimedthat... 有人宣称……MultiplechoiceSchoolsarenotbuiltormaintained,clinicsarenotstockedandstaffed,roadsarenotrepairedbecausethefundsforthesearesquanderedorstolen.学校没人建造或维护，医院没有物资和人手，道路无人修复，因为专用资金被浪费或被私吞。Activevs.passivePolicieswillbemorelikelytobestableandsustainablewhentheyenjoypopularunderstandingandsupport.当政策得到民众的理解和支持时，它们就更有可能是稳定和可持续的。Activevs.passiveThecleverfailedbecauseoftheircleverness.Version1聪明人的失败是因为他们的聪明。Version2聪明反被聪明误。Chapter6 Conversionbetween forms&thecontentThischapterdiscussesconversionbetweenthe“concrete”andthe“abstract”betweenthe“part”andthe“whole”othersTechniques:interpretation&replacement

“abstract”vs.“concrete”Informedguessworksuggeststhatitcouldrisetooveronehundredmilliontonsnextyear.了解情况的人推测说，产量在下一年可能超过一亿吨。interpretation Egypthasenteredtheleagueofthemostpromisingemergingmarkets.

埃及已经成为最具前途的新兴市场之一。interpretationWithmostoftheoldChryslermanagementreplaced,aFordenginenowpowersChrysler.克莱斯勒公司原领导班子大部分被撤换，现在掌舵的是一位来自福特的人。interpretationDecisionsonpublicexpendituresaretiltedtowardunproductiveinvestments—sophisticatedweapons,white-elephantconstructionprojects—thatcandeliverlargekickbackstothecivilianofficialsandmilitaryofficerswhoawardthem.有关公共开支的决定会向非生产性投资倾斜—诸如先进武器研发、庞大而不实用的建设工程—这些都会给审批它们的政府和军队官员带来巨额回扣。interpretationBusinessescannotgetlicensestooperateandsmallproducerscannotgettitletotheirlandbecauseitwouldtakehalfayearandasmallfortunetonavigatetheshoalsofabloated,corruptstatebureaucracy.企业无法获得营业执照，小生产者无法获得土地所有权，因为要通过臃肿腐败的国家官僚体系的处处障碍，需要花费半年时间和不小的一笔钱。interpretinguntranslatableexpressions

Japan’sexportsareexpectedtoexceedherimportsbyabout14to15billiondollarsthisyear,makingoneofonlyahandfulofmajorindustrialcountrieswhosetradewillbeintheblack.

今年，日本的出口预计超过进口140至150亿美元左右，这将使它成为屈指可数的有贸易顺差的主要工业国家之一。ReplacementBecausetheyknowwherethey'vecomefrom,theyknowwherethey'reat,andtheyknowwherethey'regoing.Version1 因为他们知道自己从哪里来，现在在哪里，要往哪里去。Version2因为他们知道自己的起点，他们知道自己的现状，他们也知道自己的目标。“part”vs.“whole”Thedeficitonthetotalcurrentaccountwillremainintripledigitsasfarastheeyecansee.在（人们）可以预见的将来，国际收支经常项目上的逆差总额将继续维持在三位数。CulturalbackgroundinterpretationForMadelineHenry,clearly,thesewereallhappeningsinthelandofOz.显然，对梅德琳·亨利来说，这一切都是发生在童话世界里的事。

注：指美国作家L.F.Baum的著名童话

TheWonderful WizardofOz，汉语译作《绿野仙踪》。Chapter7ConversionofperspectivesThischaptermainlydiscussesthedifferentwaysofnarrationinthetwolanguagesandhowtoconvertthemintranslation,suchas:ConversionbetweentheaffirmativeandnegativeexpressionsChangeofspatial&temporalsequencesinexpressionsShiftofmodifiersvs.themodifiedNegationvs.affirmationNegativesentencesarethosewithnegativewords,suchasnot,no,none,nobody,nothing,etc.orwordswithnegativeaffixes,suchasun-,dis-,anti-,-less,etc.Affirmativesentencesarethosewithnonegativemarkers,includingthosethatmayhavenegativeimplicationsinaspecificcontextorsituation.Invertedexpressions

riotpolice

防暴警察 terrormeasures

反恐措施 crisisplan

应急计划 hungermarch

反饥饿游行self-taught自学10%discount九折northeast东北wetpaint油漆未干Negativevs.affirmative"Wedonot,"sheremindedusgently,"wanttohavetogotothebank."Weallshookourheads.她轻声提醒我们道：“咱们最好别动银行存款。”我们大家都点点头。

prepositionswithnegativityincontext

BetweensessionsoftheContractingParties,theCouncilofRepresentativesisauthorizedtoactonbothroutineandurgentmatters.

缔约方大会休会期间，由代表理事会全权处理日常及紧急事务。

Connectives:doublenegationDon’tmakeyourconclusionbeforetheendoftheyear.Version1你在年底之前不要下结论。Version2还是到年底再下结论吧。Verbs:Affirmationvs.NegationThememoryofthiswarmreceptionshallremainwithuslongafterourdeparturefromthebeautifulandhistoricalcapitalofthisgreatcountry.在我们离开这个伟大国家古老、美丽的首都之后，你们的盛情款待将令我们久久不能忘怀。Negationvs.affirmationThethoughtofreturningtohisnativelandneverdesertedhimamidhistribulation.在苦难中，归国的念头一直萦绕在他心头。adjectivesButcongratulationforajobdoneisthesubjectofadifferentspeechfromtheoneIhavepreparedtoday.但是，赞扬已经取得的成就并不是我今天要讲的话题。Casefordiscussion

Theproblemswereparticularlyacuteinthecompany'stoptenmajormetrosalesmarkets,whereithadbeenfiveyearssincethecompanyhadreceivedlocalmediasupport.

在该公司的十大城市销售市场上，问题尤其严重，因为当地新闻媒体已经五年没有为该公司做宣传了。ShiftofwordorderWeencloseachequeforUS$35,110insettlementofyourinvoiceNo.SH2065of20th,April,2018.随信寄上35,110美元支票一张，以支付贵方2018年4月20日第SH2065号发票货款。Wordorder:pre-&post-modifiersHewitnessedthe

sixth

post-war

economic 12 3 4

crisisofseriousconsequences

thatprevailed 5 6invariousfields

intheUSA. 6 7他亲眼目睹了（…）

美国

战后

第六次

波及各领域的、

1 7 3 2 6后果严重的

经济危机。

5 4Chapter8 AmplificationCompensation Afterconversion,compensationisoftenused tocompletethemeaninglostinconversion toimprovethestructureaccordingly tore-establishthelogicincontexttoprovidebackgroundorannotationMethods: Addingoromittingwords SentencemergingorsplittingSemanticsystemConceptualmeaning（概念意义）isthebasicmeaningofaword,i.e.theabstractconceptofthethingorattributeitrefersto;Structuralmeaning（结构意义）,orsystematicmeaning,includesthoseconveyedbygrammar,wordorderandotherstructuralarrangements;Associatedmeaning（附加意义）istheadditiontotheconceptualmeaningintheuseofalanguage,includingsymbolic,social,andemotionalmeanings.Theabovemeaningsconstituteandareintegratedintoasemanticsysteminthesourcelanguagetext.SemanticdifferencesinwordsA=甲： carbondioxide=二氧化碳A＞甲： cousin＞

表兄弟A＜甲： dog＜

犬

A≈

甲： state≈

国A≠

甲： London=0addingauxiliarywordsSino-Britishlinkshavemultiplied--political,commercial,educational,cultural,defense,scienceandtechnology.

中英两国在政治、商业、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的交往大幅增加。addingconnectivewords

Hecomeswitharoughmandatetocoolinflation,cutbackBigGovernmentandstanduptotheRussian,withnoclearconsensusastohow.

他肩负着降低通货膨胀、精简庞大的政府机构和迎接俄国人的挑战等艰巨使命，然而，至于怎样完成，却没有明确的一致意见。completingthemeaning

ItwasonlywhenSadatintroducedhis“OpenPolicy”(enshrinedinthefamousLawof1974)thattheclimatebegantochange.

直到萨达特实行了“开放政策”（这项政策被郑重地写进著名的“1974年法律”中），投资环境才开始改变。completingthemeaningTheoldmansaid,"Theysayhisfatherwasafisherman.Maybehewasaspoorasweare.“Version1老人说：“人们说，他爸是个打鱼的。他也许和我们一样穷。”Version2那老头说：“听说他爹过去是个打鱼的。他以前八成跟咱家现在一样穷。”completingtheomittedpartNewYorkwasafinancialsuperpower:thenumberofbanksandmarketsshotup,asdidGDP.Version1纽约成为一个超级金融中心。银行和市场的数量激增，国内生产总值也是如此。Version2纽约成长为超级金融中心：银行遍地开花，各种交易市场如雨后春笋，国内生产总值也节节攀升。completingtheexpression

Often,however,tariffsareprotectiveandaredesignedtocarryoutaparticulareconomicpolicy.

然而，关税经常具有保护性质，旨在贯彻具体的经济政策。completingthemeaningAlone,

Rooseveltcouldhaveaccomplishedlittle.罗斯福若是单枪匹马，很可能一事无成。CompletingthestructureAstockmarketbubblerequiresthecooperationofeveryone.股市泡沫需要人人参与才能产生。ProvidingbackgroundInApril,therewasthe"ping"heardaroundtheworld.InJuly,theping"panged".四月，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去，到了七月，美国“乓”的一声又把球打了回来。CasefordiscussionDepositorsacrossthecountrybeganrunsontheirbanks.Sensingimminentcollapse,statesdeclaredemergencyholidays.Thosethatremainedopenlimitedwithdrawals.全国各地的储户都开始去银行挤兑。各州感觉到大祸将临，纷纷宣布银行暂时休业。照常营业的银行则限制了提款金额。Chapter9 Omission&mergingOmissionisoftenusedafterconversiontoReduceoreliminatewordsthatareregardedasredundantinChineseStreamlineexpressionssoastoenhancethefluencyandlucidityintranslationNote:omissiondoesnotmeananylossoftheoriginalmessage.OmittingredundantwordsWhatareoftenomittedinE-Ctranslation:Particles,includingpronouns,connectives,articles,prepositions,alargenumberofpronouns,andwordsorphrasesthatareregardedasredundantintermsofidiomaticexpressionorafterstructuralmergingomittingpronouns

Weassureyouofourpromptattentiontothismatter.

我方（…）保证（…）立即处理此事。omittingconnectives

However,suchchangeisnoteasyandcanbeaccomplishedonlywhenleadersofbothsideshavenoillusions,talkcandor,andmeetdifferenceshead-on.

然而，做出这种改变并非易事，只有（…）双方领导人不抱幻想、开诚布公、正视分歧，才能做到这一点。OmittingparticlesWhenwepraisetheChineseleadershipandthepeople,wearenotmerelybeingpolite.（…）我们赞扬中国领导人和中国人民（…）不仅仅是出于礼貌。omittingparticlesBeaplacewhatitmay,onegetstolikeit,if

oneliveslonginit.不论是（…）什么样的地方，只要（…）住久了，（…）总会喜欢上（…）的。（20Chinesecharacters）什么地方住久了都会喜欢的。（12）故土难离。Omittingtoimproveexpression

TheSellerguaranteesthatthegoodssuppliedunderthepresentcontractarecurrentlymanufacturedintheSeller'scountry,thequalityandperformancesofthecontractedgoodsareinconformitywiththecurrenttechnicalspecificationslaiddownbytheABCIndustriesCorporation.

卖方保证本合同所供货物均系卖方所在国新近生产，其（…）质量及各项性能均符合ABC实业公司（…）现行技术规定。clausemergingItwasahopewhichreflectedtheconvictionexpressedsomeyearsearlierbythethenBritishPrimeMinister.

Version1这是一个反映了若干年前当时的英国首相表达过的信念的希望。Version2这个希望反映了当时的英国首相在几年前表达过的信念。clausemerging"Weareanationthatmustbegtostayalive,"saidaforeigneconomist.一位外国经济学家说：“我们这个国家（…）不乞讨就活不下去。”clausemergingAtariffmaybedefinedasataxwhichisputonacommoditywhenitcrossesanationalboundary.关税可以这样来定义，即对过境商品征收的税项。

Chapter10 Splitting&extensionPurposes: toreorganizethewayofnarration tore-establishthelogicaccordingly toimprovetheexpressioninChineseMethod: splittingandreorganizing addingwordsaftersplittingwhennecessarysplittingthewordfromasentenceTheChineseseemedjustifiablyproudoftheireconomicachievements.Version1中国人似乎为他们的经济成就感到无可非议的自豪。Version2中国人看来为自己的经济成就感到很自豪，这无可厚非。splittingthecollocation

ThepayhikespromisedbytheLeftcouldpriceFrenchproductsoutofEuropeanmarkets.

左派做出的提高工资的许诺会使法国产品价格过高，从而失去欧洲市场。splittingthecollocation

ButpersuadingU.S.lawmakerstoputasideColdWarzero-sumthinkinginitsrelationswithChinaandtobegintoseeChinaasastrategicpartnerintheworldeconomyisachallengeworthaccepting.

不过，敦促美国立法者在对华关系上摒弃冷战时代的零和思维方式，把中国视作世界经济中的战略伙伴，这虽然有难度，却值得一试。splittingthephrasefrom

asentenceWhilerecognizingthatChinaalonemustdetermineitsfate,IurgeChinatoopenitselftotherichrewardsoffullparticipationinthecommunityoftradingnations.我固然明白，中国的命运必须由自己来决定，但我仍然敦促中国全面加入到世界贸易共同体中来，此举必将给它带来丰厚的回报。splittingtheclausefromasentenceOurwaragainstterrorisacontestofwillinwhichperseveranceispower.我们的反恐怖战争是意志的较量。在这场较量中，不屈不挠的精神就是力量。splittingtheclausefromasentenceInsteadofgettingpaiddirectlybythepeoplebuyingtheshares,thebrokersselltheirordersenmassetomarketmakersthatexecutethetrades.这些券商不是直接向买入方收取手续费，而是将这些订单打包卖给造市商，由后者来执行交易。SplittingthescopeofnegationforlogicAmericacannotrealisticallymountanotherMarshallplan.Version1美国不可能切合实际地实行另一个马歇尔计划。Version2美国要再实行一项马歇尔计划，是不切实际的。SplittingthescopeofnegationforlogicYoucannothonorablyignorehisopinions.Version1你不可能体面地忽视他的意见。Version2若不理睬他的意见，会显得你没有雅量。longsentencereorganizationItisrighthere,atGeneva,whoseverynameevokespeace,thewilltopeace,cooperationamongnations,thatafterlongyearsofdiscussion,thenegotiationswerecompletedwhichhadstartedonMarch24,1984atHavanaonthenecessityofcreatingaspartoftheUnitedNationssystemabodyresponsibleforregulatinginternationaltrade.日内瓦是一个唤起和平、唤起各国和平意愿与合作的地方。正是在此地，于1984年3月24日始于哈瓦那的旷日持久的谈判终于完成了。这次谈判的主题是，是否有必要在联合国系统内建立一个负责调节国际贸易的机构。longsentencereorganizationHeconcludesthattherootsoftheconceptofsustainabilitycanbetracedbacktoancienttimes,butthatpopulationgrowthincreasesinconsumptionaftertheIndustrialRevolution,andthedangerthatcrucialresourcessuchaswood,coalandoilcouldbedepletedboostedawarenessoftheneedtouseresourcesinasustainableway.他的结论是，可持续发展观念的根源可以追溯到古代，但随着工业革命后的人口增长，消费因此增加，诸如木材、煤炭、石油等重要资源可能面临枯竭的危险，这些现象使人们更加意识到以可持续的方式使用资源的迫切性。Chapter11 FunctionalSubstitutionPurposes: toreplaceliterallyuntranslatableexpressions toclarifylogicreference toimprovefluencyNote:avoidingheavilyculture-loadedlocalsubstitution

replacingidiomaticexpressions

Hehaspassedfiftywinters.

version1 他已经过了五十个冬天了。

version2 他已经度过了五十个春秋。

version3 他已经五十岁了。

version4 他已年过半百。clarifyinglogicreference

Ifthegreenhousetheoryiscorrect,theearth'stemperaturewillriseuntiltheamountofradiationemittedfromtheplanetisequaltothesolarenergyitabsorbs.

如果温室效应理论成立，地球的温度将会不断升高，直到其（地球）辐射的热量与它所吸收的太阳能相等为止。clarifyinglogicreferenceBeforethewar,yourPresidentandMrsRooseveltcamehereonavacation.Version1战前，你们的总统和罗斯福夫人

来这里度过假。Version2战前，你们的罗斯福总统偕夫人

来这儿度过假。ReplacingtheallegoryThegreatchallengefacingeachperson–andthenationoverall–isovercomingthetwocrisestogether.Inthemoderneconomythereisnoplaybookforhowtodoit.每个人——乃至整个国家——都要面对的巨大挑战是，如何同时克服这两个危机。在当代经济中，却找不到怎样应对的操作指南。ReplacingtheallegoryMullingoverwhattodo,thecommitteesofWestminsterandThreadneedleStreetlookednorth,toScotland.Version1仔细考虑下一步后，威斯敏斯特和针线街的委员会决定北上，去苏格兰发展。Version2深思熟虑之后，英国议会和中央银行的各委员会把目光转向北方的苏格兰。replacingwithChinesesetexpressions

China'svastsizeandresources,herextraordinaryeconomicprogressoverrecentyears,havemadeheranincreasinglyimportantplayerinthemoderninternationaleconomy.

中国地大物博，且近年来经济发展速度惊人，已经成为当代国际经济中一支日益重要的力量。replacingwithChinesesetexpressionsBankmoneytraderswereinvariablyyoungmenintheirthirties--brightandambitious,quick-minded,unflusteredunderpressure.

银行的货币交易员全是三十几岁的年轻人，个个精明能干、思维敏捷、处变不惊。BacktranslationItsoundslikeaparablefromSunTzu:Anarmythatiseverywhereisanarmynowhere.

Version1这听上去像是桑·祖的名言：无处不在的军队是无处可寻的军队。Version2听起来像孙子的名言：“无不备者，无不寡。”

《孙子兵法·虚实篇》BacktranslationEvennow,PresidentCaiYuanpeispeakstous,“Universitiesareplacesforgrandlearning,”hesaid.“Theyaregrandbecausetheyfollowthegeneralprincipleoffreethought.”时至今日，我们还能听到蔡元培校长的声音：“大学者，‘囊括大典，网罗众家’之学府也……此思想自由之通则，而大学之所以为大也。”

Chapter12 RelocationTheskillsdiscussedinthischapterinclude:ShiftofscopeofnegationTransferredepithet,orrelocationofattributesandcollocation,andFigurativerelocationintranslationScope

ofnegationHedidnotcometoseemewithhiswife(butwillcomewithhiswife)

他那天没有和夫人一起来看我。Hedidnotcometoseemewithhiswife(butwithhis

daughter)

和他那天一起来看我的不是他夫人。Hedidnotcometoseemewithhiswife(buttoseehisbrother)

他那天和夫人一起来看的不是我。Hedidnotcometoseemewithhiswife(buttohurtme)

他那天和夫人一起来不是为了看我。Hedidnotcometoseemewithhiswife(butwithmywife)

和那天一起来看我的不是他的夫人。ShiftingthescopeofnegationIdonotthinkthattheyhaveatallweighedthesituation.Version1我完全不认为他们权衡过形势。

Version2我认为他们根本没有分析过形势。ShiftingthescopeofnegationFrictionisnotalwaysabadthingasyoumightthink.摩擦并不像你所想的那样总是坏事。ShiftingthescopeofnegationEveryonecannotbeapoet.不是人人可以成为诗人的。Shiftin