The-Role-of-the-Interpreter-Play-in-the-Mode-of-Business-Negotiation英语专业论文

PAGEPAGE24中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目：TheRoleoftheInterpreterPlayintheModeofBusinessNegotiation姓名：0000000班级、学号：0000000000000系(部)：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：00000000开题时间：2008-4完成时间：2009-11-122009年11月目录毕业设计任务书…………………1毕业设计成绩评定表……………2答辩申请书……………………3-4正文……………5-26答辩委员会表决意见……………27答辩过程记录表…………………28课题TheRoleofInterpreterPlayintheModeofBusinessNegotiation课题(论文)提纲0引言1在中外经济合作中口译员的角色1.1口译员的必要性

1.2在中外商务往来中口译员的独特角色2商务谈判中口译员的来源及在商务谈判中的角色2.1商务谈判的来源及发展2.2口译员在商务谈判中的来源和角色3重新看待口译员在商务谈判中的角色3.1口译员在长辩中的角色3.2从分析的角度重新看待口译员的角色3.3重新看待口译员在掌控辩论的角色3.4口译员的进化4结语二、内容摘要本文主要关注商务口译，旨在探讨商务口译中译员的角色。随着经济活动日趋全球化的浪潮推进和世界经济一体化步伐的加快，商务口译作为中外商务谈判和合作中不可或缺的要素应运而生并不断向职业化的方向发展。商务口译人才在今后的生活种越来越重要。同时，商务口译也有着自己的特殊个性，而这种特性也必然对译员需要扮演的角色有影响。这一立足点出发，本文从,译员就有着“谈判者”的涵义与普通口译相比较，商务口译由于具备反馈这一双向交际不可或缺的要素而成为真正意义上的交流，是以译同时，除了“矛盾冲突的解决”和“信息交流的广泛性”等共通特性外，商务口译还具有“高度互动性”、“信息精确性”、“文化变通性”和等独有特点。在此基础之上,从语用学合作原则和交际学趋同原则的角度说明译员和各谈话者一起共同影响和决定着谈话的方向和成果，从而颠覆了传统口译理论在商务口译中的应用。参考文献[1]Gaiba,F(1998).TheOriginsofSimultaneousInterpretation.TheNurembergTrials,Ottawa:Universityof[2]Heynold,C(1994).InterpretingattheEuropeanCommission.TeachingTranslationandInterpreting,[3]刘宓庆.口笔译理论研究[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2006[4]秦红,杨秀芬.中国加入世贸组织后商务谈判面临的挑战——中美商务谈判口译语用失误分析[J].上海:上海科技翻译，2003,04[5]尹耀德.口译现场争执的处理[J].中国科技翻译.2003(16),2TheRoleoftheInterpreterPlayintheModeofBusinessNegotiation0000000Abstract:Targetingbusinessinterpreting,thispaperisaimedatexploringintotheBusinessInterpreter’srole.Withtheadvancementofchina’sreformandopening-upaswellastheaccelerationofglobaleconomicglobalization,thepresenceofbusinessinterpretinghasbeensharplyexpandedasanindispensableelementinSino-foreignbusinesscooperationalongthelineofprofessionalization.Despitemanyfeaturesincommonwithgeneralinterpreting,businessinterpretingischaracterizedbysomedefiningfeaturesofitsown,whichinevitablyexertimpactovertheroletobeplayedandadoptedbytheBusinessInterpreter.Fromthispointofdeparture,thispapertracesbacktotheoriginationofbusinessinterpreting,illustratingthatitemergedonthehistoricalstagewithwarandbarterbetweenancienttribes,andtheetymologicalroot“interprets”indicatesaconnotationof“negotiator”.Incomparisonwithgeneralinterpreting,businessinterpretingisatwo-waycommunicationinrealsenseattributabletotheparticipationoffeedback,whichisanecessarycomponentofcommunication.KeyWords:two-waycommunication;mediator;flexibleadaptation0IntroductionInterpretation,asasun-risingindustry,accreditsitsinitiationandburgeoningdevelopmenttotheexpandingcross-culturalcommunicationacrosstheglobenowadays,itisgainingpopularityandattentionwiththeever-acceleratingeconomicglobalizationaswellasculturalexchangesanddiversification.Attributabletoitsextensiveinvolvementinsocialactivitiesrangingfrominter-stateaffairstointer-corporateevents,itisalreadynounfamiliarbuzzwordtopeoplefromallwalksoflife.Ontheotherhand,thisisalsoamutuallyinfluentialandenhancingprocess.Interpretersandtranslatorsalsoplayapivotalroleinhelpingbreakdownthecartographicborderlinesandculturalbarriers,thusactingasafacilitatorinshapinga“globalvillage”.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatinterpretationisindispensableandwidelypresentincommunicativeactivitiesinvariousformsandkaleidoscopicfieldsofstudy,therefore,interpreting,asanumbrellaarticle,isfurtherdividedintoseveralcategoriesaccordingtodifferentcategorizationstandardsasapplied.Forthesakeofclarityandbrevity,itisherebyroughlycategorizedintofoursubclasses,namely,ConferenceInterpreting(SimultaneousInterpretingandConsecutiveInterpreting),CourtInterpreting,In-houseInterpretingandEscortInterpreting(ChaiMingjiong,2004:Preface).Amongthesefoursubclasses,In-houseInterpretingreferstonegotiationinterpretingorBusinessInterpretingundertakenbythein-houseinterpretersinthegivenenterprisesorgovernmentalsectors,anditismainlyconcernedwithbusinessnegotiations,commercialortechnologicalexchanges.Duetothelimitedlengthofthispaper,thesubjectunderdiscussionisconfinedonlytoconsecutiveinterpretationinthemodeofbusinessnegotiation,ortobemoreprecise,inthemodeofSino-Foreigncooperativeproject,eitherSino-ForeignEquityJointVentureorSino-ForeignContractualJointVenture,bothofwhichhavesurvivedandthrivedinChina.1RoleoftheinterpreterinSino-foreigneconomiccooperation1.1Necessityofinterpreters’presencealongsidethebuddingandunfoldingofSino-foreigncooperationPeaceanddevelopmentistheglobaltrendandthemenowadays,anynationcannotseekdevelopmentinisolation.Tokeepupwiththetrendoftimesandavoidproceedingagainstthegrainsofsociety,countriesarestrivingoneafteranothertoexpandtheirglobalpresence;meanwhile,thedevelopingcountries,amongwhichChinahastakenthelead,areembracingtheopportunitiesbroughtaboutandgoingallouttoattractforeigninvestment.TakeChinaforillustration,thankstothereformandopening-up,WTOaccessionaswellasthe2008OlympicGamesand2010WorldExposition,recentyearshavewitnessedmanymultinationalenterprisesfloodingintoChina,settinguprepresentativeofficesorbranches,establishingsolely-fundedcompaniesthroughpurchasingoriginalChineseprivately-ownedcompanies,scoringmergerandacquisitioncasestointegratesmallandmedium-sizedChinesecompaniesintotheirlargercorporationgroup.Ontopofthis,manyotherSino-ForeignEquityorContractualJointVentureshavebeensetup,featuringnotaconglomerationoftheweakerintothestronger,butawillingmarriagebetweentwogiantsinlikeindustry.Itishardlyimaginablethatnumerousforeign-relatedtalksandnegotiationsarebeingcarriedouteverydayinourcountry.Certainly,allofthesenegotiationsentailtheparticipationofinterpreters,ortobemoreprecise,notonlyparticipation,butalsoinvolvement,orrather,facilitation.Asanaturalresult,aboomofBusinessInterpretinghasdawned,handinhandwiththeboomofeconomicintegration.Interpretation,akindoforaltranslation,isfirstandforemostcommunicationinnature.However,technicallyspeaking,thiscommunicativenatureisnotalwayspresentduetotheabsenceoffeedbackinsomeinterpretationmodes,namely,one-waycommunication,because“Feedbackmakescommunicationatwo-wayorinteractiveprocess”,andfeedbackisanindispensablelinkandcomponentofacommunicationprocess.Inthisregard,theinterpretationunderdiscussioniscommunicationinrealsense,sinceitispossessedofallnecessary“ingredientsofcommunication:behaviorsource,encoding,message,channel,responder,decoding,responseandfeedback”.Totakeafurtherstep,itisakindofindirectand“abnormalcommunication”“materializedthroughtheintermediaryroleoftheInterpreter”.Inlightofthiscommunicativeperspective,itfindsitsexpressionintwoprocesses,namely,comprehensionandreformulation.Withoutanydoubt,theformeristhedirectcommunicationbetweentheBehaviorSource(MessageOriginator)andtheInterpreterwhilethelatteristhedirectcommunicationbetweentheInterpreterandtheResponder(MessageReceiver).Therefore,inthistwo-endindirectcommunicationprocessbetweentheMessageOriginatorandtheMessageReceiver,theInterpretermediatesasatransformationstationwhichreceivesthemessageinsourcelanguage,operatesontheinputinmeresecondsanddeliversthesamemessageintargetlanguageinanincrediblytransientperiod,thusachievingmutualunderstandingbetweenbothsides.Thismechanismisbestreflectedinoneclassicremark:“Traduirec,cistcompradorsETfairecompradors(Translationistounderstandandtobeunderstood)”.Asanaturalconclusion,astheonlyonewhoisindirectcontactwithboththeMessage?OriginatorandtheMessageReceiver,theInterpreterisheavilyengagedandplaysarolewhichaffordsnoneglect.1.2UniqueRoleoftheInterpreterinSino-ForeignBusinessCooperativeProject“Fidelity”hasbeencelebratedastheoverarchingprinciplegoverningtranslationandinterpretation.Preconditionedonthisguideline,thereexistsanidealizedmodelininterpretation,thatis,theInterpretershouldbetotallyinvisibleandtransparent,re-displayingtheoriginaltextintargetlanguageinbothmeaningandform,ensuringaperfectoverlappingandidenticalnessbetweentheoriginalandthetranslatedandthuskeepingthecommunicationlinesmoothlygoingon.Apartfromthis,theconventionalstereotypeoftheInterpreterisaconduit,aloudspeakeranda“necessaryevil”enablingmutualunderstandingbymeansofswitchingbetweentwosetsoflinguisticcodes.Shedoesnotenterdiscussiononherownbehalf;shemustkeeptotheoriginalwordsofthespeakeranddeliversexactlythesamemeaningwithoutanyalterationinanotherlanguage;sheshouldnotexpressanypersonalopinionorproposeanyadviceconcerningtopicunderdiscussion;shemustbestrictlyneutralandpassive;onlywhenaninterpreterisinvisibleandtransparenttoadegreethatherexistenceishardlyperceptiblebycommunicatorscanshebedeemedasqualified.Thisindisputabletheoryholdstrueforprofessionalinterpretersinmanyinterpretingmodes,however,notinthisparticularmodeofSino-Foreigncooperativeproject,inwhichtheInterpreter,stoppingbeingmerelyaconduitormessage-transmittingtool,sometimesunwittinglytakesontheotherfunctions.Insteadofbeingpassive,shehasanactiveinvolvementinthecommunication.Thisinvolvementrangesfromsomeminorpointsofinfluencingthecommunicatorswithherchoiceofwords,tosomemajoronesofdecidingonwhotakesthenextturnofspeaking,orbreakingtheiceandlaunchinganewtopicatacertainmoment.Ontopofthis,disputesanddisagreementariseinevitablyinnegotiationduetowidelydifferingnationalcultures,valueconcepts,individualbackgroundsandconflictofinterests.Atthistimewhenthenegotiationcomestoastandstillorisonthevergeofcollapsing,theInterpreter,astheonlyonewhoisindirectdialoguewithbothsidesofcommunicators,shallplaytheroleofmediatorandfacilitatortoanappropriateextentandatanopportunemoment.2TheOriginationofBusinessNegotiationInterpreting2.1OriginationandPopularizationofBusinessInterpreting--CategorizationofInterpretingDiscoursemayvarywitheachspeakerandsubject.Inthiscase,theInterpreterbecomesamoreintegralmemberofthemeetingsincesheisalwaysincloseproximitytothemeetingparticipants.Consecutiveinterpretingiscommonlyusedforformalorinformalmeetings,sightseeingtourguiding,diplomaticoccasion,businessnegotiations,banquetsorreceptions.TherehavebeenheatedargumentsoverthesuperioritybetweenSimultaneousInterpretingandConsecutiveInterpreting,DanielGilehasdevotedapapertoaclosecomparisonbetweenthetwofromacognitiveperspectiveandcounteredtheonce-prevalentconceptthatConsecutiveInterpretingisjustanacceleratedSimultaneousInterpretingbyproposingdifferentiatedEffortModels.Categorizedbycontentanddomain-specificsubject,itcanbedividedintopolitical(diplomatic)interpretation,technicalinterpretationandbusinessinterpretation.Underthesethreebroadheadings,interpretationfurtherbranchesoutintoseveraltypes,suchasconferenceinterpreting,courtinterpreting,escortinterpreting(liaisoninterpretingoron-siteinterpreting)andbusinessnegotiationinterpreting,tomentionjustafew.Conferenceinterpretingmainlyrendersserviceforvariousbilateralandmultilateralconferencesofinternationalnature,confrontedwithallkindsofsubjectsimaginable.Simultaneousandconsecutiveinterpretingmethodsareusuallyemployed.Acourtinterpreterinterpretsinacivilorcriminalcourtproceeding(e.g.arrangementmotion,pretrialconference,preliminaryhearing,deposition,trial)forawitnessoradefendantwhospeaksorunderstandslittleornoEnglish.Courtinterpretersmustaccuratelyinterpretforindividualswithahighlevelofeducationandanexpansivevocabulary,aswellaspersonswithverylimitedlanguageskillswithoutchangingthelanguageregisterofthespeaker.On-siteinterpretingisusuallyusedincivilengineeringprojectorvisittomanufacturingorproductionplant,thusinvolvinghighlytechnicalknowledgeandvocabulary.BusinessNegotiationInterpretingorIn-houseInterpretingmainlyservesthepurposeofbusinesstalk,negotiationaswellascommercialandtechnologicalexchanges,inwhichSightInterpretingandConsecutiveInterpretingareusuallyemployed.Duetothelimitedlengthofthispaperaswellasthetimeconstraint,thesubjectunderdiscussioninthispaperisconfinedonlytoConsecutiveInterpretinginthecontextofbusinessnegotiation.2.2OriginationofBusinessInterpretingandtheInterpreter’sRole“Interpretersreputedlybelongtothesecondoldestprofession.”SaidbyJenniferMackintosh,Interpretationisanage-oldprofessiondatingbackfromtimeimmemorialwhenlanguagecameintobeing.Itboastsamuchlongerhistorythantranslationsincewrittenlanguagelaggedmuchbehindspokenlanguage.However,comparedwithtranslation,theoriginationtimeofinterpretationisfarmoredifficulttobedefined.Thisisbecausewrittenlanguagecanbeintelligiblyrecordedontangiblepapersforresearchandretrievaloffollowinggenerations,whilespokenlanguagecanonlyberecordedbyspecialrecordingdeviceswhichwereinventedageslaterthantheemergenceofinterpretationitself.Therefore,duetothelackofhistoricalliterature,wecanonlycomeupwithanassumptionthatthefirstgroupofinterpretersinthehistoryofhumanityappearedonthestageduringthefirstcontactbetweenandamongdifferentnations,outofeitherwarfareortrade.Asamatteroffact,thehistoryofBusinessInterpretingcanbetracedbacktotheverybeginningoftheoriginationofinterpreting,butittookarathercrudemodeatthattime,renderingservicefor“commoditiestradingandbarter”andmanifestingitselfinakindof“non-professionalandnon-refinedintermediaryoralcommunicationmingledwithamultitudeofbodylanguages,letnospeakofsystematicinterpretationtechniquesor‘skills’”.Assimpleandcrudeasitwasduringitsinitialstage,interpretationservedthesameultimateendasitdoestoday,thatis,tofacilitatecommunicationbetweenpeoplespeakingdifferentnativelanguages.Andonepointaffordsnoneglect:interpretationcameintobeingwithwarfareandcommercialtrade,soitwasconsequentlypositionedinanegotiationenvironmentwithnegotiatorsonbothsidesfightingforinterestsandbenefitsontheirownpartandmakingcompromisesorconcessionsinevitably.Asaresult,wecaneasilyrelatethatinterpreterscouldnotonlyobservetheprincipleoffidelitytotheoriginalspeech,butalsohadtosetgreatstorebynegotiationskills.Therefore,thesharedunderstandingbetweentheInterpreterandthespeakeraswellasthehighlysophisticatedworldlysenseoftheInterpreteralsoaccountedmuch.Thisisbynomeansasubjectiveassumptioncookedoutofnothing;thisconceptisalsoechoedandreinforcedbytheetymologicalrootof“interpretation”.“Interpret”derivesfromLatinword“interpretari”meaning“explain”;andthecorrespondingLatinnoun“interprets”means“anegotiator”.2.3EmergenceandExpandedPresenceofBusinessInterpretingDespitethefactthatInterpretingandInterpreterscameintobeingwithtradeorwarfarenegotiationbetweentribes.BusinessInterpreting,asasubclassundertheumbrellaarticleofInterpreting,didnotenjoywidespreadattentionorexposureuntilrecentyears,whichwitnessesaflourishingtrendofeconomicglobalizationfeaturingafreeflowofcapitalandmanpowerinaglobalcontext.Nowadays,BusinessInterpretingisamostpopularizedinterpretingmode.Unlikepoliticalaffairsinterpretationwhichmayonlytakeplaceinsolemnandcriticaldiplomaticatmosphereorcourtinterpretationwhichisonlyemployedonverylimitedoccasions,businessinterpretationisall-pervasiveandpenetratingintoamultitudeofsocialaspects.3RediscoveringtheInterpreter’sRoleinBusinessNegotiation3.1Long-lastingDebateovertheInterpreter’sRoleNotmerelylimitedtolaypersons,thisconventionalstereotypeofinterpretersisalsosharedbytraditionalinterpretationtheory,namely,interpreterisa“necessaryevil”enablingmutualunderstandingthroughlanguagetransformation.Inthenotionofinterpretationtheory,theInterpreterdoesnotentertheconversationonherownbehalf,justexpressingothers’ideasandactingasaloudspeakerormicrophone;shemustkeeptotheoriginalutteranceofthespeakeranddeliversexactlythesamemessagefreefromembellishmentoralterationinanotherlanguage;sheshouldnotexpressanyopinionorproposeanyadviceconcerningtopicunderdiscussion;shemustbestrictlyneutralandpassive;Onlywhenaninterpreteristotallyinvisibleandtransparenttoadegreethatherexistenceishardlyperceivablebycommunicatorcanshebedeemedasqualified.Thisindisputabletheoryholdstrueforprofessionalinterpretersinmanyinterpretingmodes.Incompliancewiththisnotion,almostalloftheofficialinterpretationadministrativeinstitutionsandinternationalinterpretationorganizationshaveclearlypointedoutintheirCodeofEthicsandCodeofProfessionalStandardthattheInterpretermustnottakepartinanydiscussionorprovideanysuggestionorpersonalopinion,theymustmaintaintheirneutralitycompletelywithoutfail,otherwise,theyarenotprofessionalandnegligentofduty.Granted,thiseffortattemptingtoprofessionalizeinterpretinghaspaidoffinadefinitionsuitabletomostoftheinterpretingmodessuchasConferenceInterpretingandsuitabletomostofthecontextsinanyinterpretingmode.However,inthecontextofbusinessnegotiation,ifthisruleisputintopracticeinahideboundwaywithoutbeingadaptedtotheactualsituation,thislackofflexibilitymightleadtothenegotiationendedupinruin.Asamatteroffact,thistopicoftheInterpreter’srolehasbeensparklingoffheateddiscussionsinrecentyears,whichwillundoubtedlycontinueonanincreasinglyelevatedlevelintheyearstocome.Researchersandpractitionershavedividedopinionsastwoschoolsofthought,withonesideclingingtotheperceptionthattheInterpreterisnothingbutaconduit.“Theinterpreterisexpectedtoconveythecommunicants'messagesaccurately,maintainingthesameregisterthatwasusedinthesourcelanguagewithoutembellishment,explanationoromission.”Moreover,incasetheInterpreterstopsbeingmerelyaconduitormessage-transmittingtoolandsometimesnecessarilyandunwittinglytakesontheotherfunctionsinthisparticularmodeofSino-Foreigncooperativeprojectornegotiation,someresearchersdefine“theotherfunctions”asnothingrelatedtotheroleoftheInterpreterwhileanotherschoolofthoughtregardsitasanintegralpartoftheInterpreter’srole.IrisVarnerLindaBeamerobservedfromaclient’sperspectivethat“theInterpreterfacilitatesmutualcomprehensionandunderstanding.Sheisaconduitanddoesnotenterthediscussiononherownbehalf”,whileRoypositivelypointedouttheactiveroleoftheInterpreter:“TheInterpretercanmanagetheflowoftalkbyadoptingappropriatediscoursestrategiesand,togetherwiththeprimaryinterlocutors,influencesandevendecidesthedirectionandoutcomeoftheinteraction”.Lateron,RanWanandJiangLihuecarriedontheresearchfindingsofRoyandevenwentasfarastoconcludethat“Interpretingisathree-partycommunicationwiththeInterpreterasathird-partyinterlocutor”.Inaddition,ChenMingyaoalsosuggestedthat“incaseofonenegotiatorblurtingoutinsultingremarksonthespurofthemoment,theInterpretershallassumethemediatingresponsibilitybyignoringit,softeningthetoneorsubstitutinglessoffensivewordsinordertoeaseupthestress…theInterpreterisnotonlyaccountableformessagetransmissionbutalsoresponsibleforassistingbothpartiestoreachawin-winoutcome”.YinYaodeproposedthat“theInterpreterisobligatedtoandresponsibleforuntyingtheknotsandcoordinatingthebilateralrelationship”.Againstthisbackdropandduetothetimeconstraint,thispaperwillproceedtoanalyzetheInterpreter’sroleonthebasisofviewingthenecessarymediatinganddefusingfunctionsasanintegralpartoftheInterpreter’sobligation.Thisisparticularlyapplicabletothecaseofin-houseinterpreterwhohasintimatefamiliaritywiththecompanyandnegotiators.Instead26ofbeingpassive;shehasanactiveinvolvementinthecommunication.Thisinvolvementrangesfromsomeminorpointsofinfluencingthecommunicatorswithherchoiceofwords,tosomemajoronesofdecidingonwhotakesthenextturnofspeaking,orbreakingtheiceandlaunchinganewtopicatacertainmoment.Ontopofthis,disputesanddisagreementariseinevitablyinnegotiationduetowidelydifferingnationalcultures,valueconcepts,individualbackgroundsandconflictofinterests.Atthistimewhenthenegotiationcomestoastandstillorisonthevergeofcollapsing,theInterpreter,astheonlyonewhoisindirectdialoguewithbothsidesofcommunicators,shallplaytheroleofmediatorandfacilitatortoanappropriateextentandatanopportunemoment.3.2RediscoveringtheInterpreter’sRolefromaDiscourseAnalyticalPerspectiveBusinessNegotiationiscommunicationinrealsensewiththeSpeakertriggeringofffeedbackfromtheResponder,ortobeputinanotherway,itisagenuine“conversationalinterchange”.“TheInterpreter-mediatedconversationcanbeviewedasadiscourseprocessinwhichtheprimaryinterlocutorscomingfromtwodifferentlanguage/culturalsystemsinteractface-to-facewitheachotherthroughanInterpreter”saidbyRenwenJiangLihua,.Therefore,thisparticularmodeofinterpretingcanbefurtheranalyzedfromadiscourseperspective.3.3RediscoveringtheInterpreter’sRoleinDisputesHandlingCulturaldifferenceisastand-outissuepresentingitselfinbusinessnegotiation.Differentcultureshasfosteredpeoplewithdifferentoutlooks,valuesandworkingstyles.Duetothisseeminglyinsurmountablebarrierstandinginbetween,whichisfurthercomplicatedbythenatureofbusinessnegotiationthatbothsidesarebentongainingprofitandthusnaturallyreluctanttomakeanyleeway,discrepancyandfrictionsinevitablytakeplace.Inthissituation,itistheobligationoftheInterpretertoundotheknotsandcoordinatemutualrelationshipwithoutgoingagainstthetranslationcriterion.3.4EvolutionoftheInterpreter’sRoleTosumuptheaforementionedimpactsoftheInterpreter’sdynamismatwork,itisentirelyappropriateandnecessaryfortheInterpretertobeempoweredtobringordertotheoften-occurringchaoticsituationbymeansofappointingthenextturn-holderandendalapseofembarrassingsilencebymeansofinitiatinganewturn.Besides,theInterpreterisalsoauthorizedandobligatedtomakenecessaryadaptationsonthebasisoftheoriginalmessageforthepurposeofavoidingtheimminentdispute.Inaddition,sheshalldoallinherpowertohandlesomedisputesinacomposedandcool-headedmannerpossiblybymeansofbridgingtheculturalgapsbetweenthenegotiators.Granted,thetaskoftranslatorsandinterpretersistore-displaytheoriginaltextintargetlanguageinbothmeaningandform,thusensuringaperfectoverlappingandidenticalnessbetweentheoriginalandthetranslated.Yetthisisamuchtooidealizedmodelonthebasisofthemuchtoosimplifiedwishfulthinkingthatinterpretationortranslationisonlyanactivityinvolvedwithlinguisticissue.Buttheundeniablefactisthattranslationandinterpretationprocessisfarbeyondthelinguisticlevel;theInterpreterortranslatorisneededtointerveneandactivelyparticipateduetotheexistenceandinterferenceofvarioussocialbackgroundsanddifferentnationalcultures.Infinalanalysis,notmerelybeingamicrophonefromalinguisticpointofview,theInterpreterinthisparticularmodeofbusinessnegotiationisalsoafacilitatorhelpingsteertheconversationtowardamutually-desireddirection,anactiveparticipantandamediatorwhoungrudginglyprovideshergoodofficessoastoclearawaythosedisputesrisingfromculturalmisunderstandings.Asamatteroffact,thisjustreflectsanincreasingtrendinrecentyears,whichhasalsobeenbroughttolightbysomepractitionersandresearchersofinterpretation.ProfessorLiuHypingpointedoutthat“amultitudeofinterpretingpracticeshasshowedthattheInterpreter’sroleinforeignexchangesisbecomingincreasinglymultifarious”,and“theorganizationalandcommunicativecapabilitiesbesideslinguisticcapabilityarealsoindispensabletoacompetentinterpreter”.“Shecanbetheprojectorganizeimplementerandinterpreterallrolledintoone;messenger,liaisonpersonorevennegotiator;oraconsultantmediatingthebilateralrelationshipincaseofculturalconflicts”.Actually,“theprofessionalizationofinterpretinghasbeenaccompaniedbythismultiplicitytendency.”4ConclusionDespiteallfeaturesincommonwithothermodesofinterpreting,BusinessInterpretingispossessedofsomeuniquecharacteristicsofitsown,suchasacontinuumofhigh-degreeinteractionwithbothendsofthecommunicationline,involvementofbothstakeholders’interestsandhandlingofunforeseeableemergenciessuchasconflicts.Seeninthisspecialcontextofbusinessnegotiation,theInterpreterisnomorestereotypedasaloudspeakeroranecessaryevilthatreceivespassivelyandreformulatesmechanically.Insteadofbeinginvisibleandtransparent,shehasanactiveinvolvementinthecommunication.Thisinvolvementrangesfromsomeminorpointsofinfluencingthecommunicatorswithherchoiceofwords,tosomemajoronesofappointingthenextturn-holdersoastobringorderoutofthete