放线菌属的分类及描述

PAGEPAGE1放线菌属的分类及描述第一篇：放线菌属的分类及描述放线菌手册汇编放线菌科概述Actinomycetaceae描述：放线菌科是由Buchanan在1918年创立的该科的一般特征是：革兰氏染色阳性，分支，偏直条状，大多数成员是属于球杆状或者类球形。细胞长度一般小于0.5μm,平均长度在1.7μm到2,9μm之间。群落可能形成丝状体形成类似菌丝体的外形，但是大多数菌落不分枝，而且主要是白色或者灰色，有一些特殊的菌落会形成深红色、淡红色、棕色、粉色、淡粉或淡黄色。现在该科根据16sRNA的核酸序列划分出包括五个不同的属：Actinomyces,Actionobaculum,ArcaFigure1ScanningelectronmicrographofActinomycesisraeliinobacterium,Aobiluncus,Aaribaculum.放线霉菌属Actinomyces该属包括的种有A.bovisA.bowdeniiA.canisA.cardiffensisA.catuliA.coleocanisA.dentalisA.denticolensA.europaeusA.funkeiA.georgiaeA.gerencseriaeA.graevenitziiA.hongkongensisA.hordeovulnerisA.howelliiA.humiferusA.hyovaginalisA.israeliiA.marimammaliumA.meyeriA.naeslundiiA.nasicolaA.neuiiA.odontolyticusA.oricolaA.radicidentisA.radingaeA.slackiiA.streptomyciniA.suimastitidisA.suisA.turicensisA.urogenitalisA.vaccimaxillaeA.viscosus一、ActinomycesbovisActinomycesbovisisagram-positive,rod-shapedbacteriumofthegenusActinomyces.ItisthecausativeagentofLumpyjawincattle,andoccasionallycausesinfectionsinhumansHistoryActinomycesboviswasfirstdescribedin1877byC.O.Harz,asamicrobewithinthejawtissueofcowswithlumpyjaw.ItwasthoughttobeidenticaltoActinomycesisraeliiuntil1940,whenD.Eriksonshowedthesetobetwoseparateorganisms.Figure2Bovineactinomycosis.Granules(sulfagranules),consistingofcoloniesofbacteria(Actinomycesbovis)andclub-shaped（球棒状的）reactionproduct,arewithinapurulentexudate.（脓性渗出物）二、ActinomycesgeorgiaeActinomycesgeorgiaeisaspeciesinthegenusofActinomyces.Itisapartofthehumanperiodontalflora（牙周菌群）.三、ActinomycesgerencseriaeActinomycesgerencseriae(Johnsonetal.1990)usedtobeknownasActinomycesisraeliiserovarII.Actinomycesgerencseriaewasnamedforthebacteriologist,MaryAnnGerencser.Figure3蜘蛛状高度分支的微菌落，26h在36°下培养（1500倍放大）Figure4培养于BHIA上的微菌落，显示了一条带有分支的长丝（24h在36°条件下）四、ActinomycesisraeliiActinomycesisraeliiisaspeciesofGram-positive,rod-shapedbacteriawithintheActinomyces.Knowntolivecommensallyonandwithinhumans,A.israeliiisanopportunisticpathogenandacauseofactinomycosis.Manyphysiologicallydiversestrainsofthespeciesareknowntoexist,thoughallarestrictanaerobes.ActinomycosisismostfrequentlycausedbyA.israelii.Itisanormalcolonizerofthevagina,colon,andmouth.Infectionisestablishedfirstbyabreachofthemucosalbarrierduringvariousprocedures(dental,gastrointestinal),aspiration,orpathologiessuchasdiverticulitis.Thechronicphaseofthisdiseaseisalsoknownthe“classicphase”becausetheacute,earlyphaseisoftenmissedbyhealthcareproviders.Thisischaracterizedbyslow,contiguousgrowththatignorestissueplanesandformsasinus(窦)tractthatcanspontaneouslyhealandrecur,leadingtoadenselyfibroticlesion(纤维性病变).Thislesionisoftencharacterizedas“wooden”.Sulfurgranules(瘤状颗粒)forminacentralpurulence（脓）surroundedbyneutrophils（嗜中性粒细胞）.ThisconglomerationoforganismsisvirtuallydiagnosticofA.israelii.来源：HistoricallyspeakingthefirstwrittenappearanceofActinomyceswasmadein1877whenpathologistOttoBollingerdescribedtheirpresenceincattle.ShortlyafterthatJamesIsraeldiscoveredanotherspecieofactinomycesoractinomycetesthatarelivinginhumansandinhishonourtheseactinomyceshavenameactinomycesisraelii.概念性解释：Anaerobicorganismrepresentsanyorganismthatdoesn'trequireoxygenforitsgrowthandinthepresenceofoxygenitmayevendie,whilefacultativeanaerobicorganismisusuallyabacteriathatcreatesadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)thatisoneofthemostusedenzymesorcabalistsoritcanturntotheprocessoffermentationifitisexposedtotheoxygen.GrampositivebacteriaarethosethataccordingtoGramstainingaredarkblueorvioletincolour.IfabacteriumisGramnegativeitwillnotbeabletoretainthevioletstrainofcrystal.ThereisonedifferencebetweenActinomycesandotherbacteriaandthatisthatActinomycesdon'tformendosporesandtheyformbranchednetworksofhyphaethatlookslikefunguswhileotherbacteriaareinashapeofrodandtheydon'tmakebranchednetworks.Infungihyphaearethemainmodeofvegetativegrowthandtheircollectivenameismycelium.五、ActinomycesnaeslundiiActinomycesnaeslundiiisaGram-positive,rod-shapedbacteriumfoundinthemouthofhumans.Thespecieshasbeenimplicatedinperiodontaldisease,aswellasvarioustoothcavities.Inothercases,A.naeslundiiisassociatedwithgoodoralhealth.Itisoneofthefirstbacteriatooccupytheoralcavityandcolonizethetooth'ssurface.Ithasalsobeenisolatedfromwomenwithbacterialvaginosis.AnyspeciesofthegenusActinomyces,includingA.naeslundii,causeachronicdiseasecalledactinomycosis,whichischaracterizedbyswellingandformationofanabscess（脓肿）whichmayexudepus.Thiscanbebyaccompaniedtissuefibrosis.Figure5Histopathologicalchangesduetoen:Actinomycesnaeslundiibacteria.en:Silverstain,brainabscess.ObtainedfromtheCDCPublicHealthImageLibrary.六、ActinomycesradicidentisActinomycesradicidentisisaspeciesinthegenusofActinomyces,firstisolatedfrominfectedrootcanalsofteeth.ITstypestrainisCCUG36733.Oncecharacterized,ithassincebeenfoundtobepresentinfailedrootcanaltreatments.Itspathogenicityhasbeensuggestedtobeduetoanabilitytoformcellaggregates,heldtogetherbyembeddinginanextracellularmatrixinhosttissues.LikeotherpathogenicActinomyces,bycollectivelyfindingitselfinaprotectedbiofilm（生物膜）environmentcanevadeeliminationbyhostdefenses,includingphagocytosis.Figure6Scanning(a-d)andtransmissionelectronmicrographs(e-g)ofAradicidentis,strainCCUG36733.CellsgrownonBrucellabloodagarexhibitcoccoidshape(a),similartocellsgrowninserum-supplementedTrypticsoybroth,wherefimbriae-likebundlescanbeseen(b).WhencellsweregrowninRPMI-1640brothwithserum(c,d),theywererod-shapedwithintertwiningbundlesoffimbriae-likecellappendicesinanetlikearrangement.Inthinsection(e),bundleoffimbriaecanbeobservedemergingfromcellsurface;demarcatedareain(e)ismagnifiedin(f).Furtherthinsection(g)showsradiallyplacedfimbriaeemergingfromfuzzy-coatedcellsurface.Bars=1µm.七、ActinomycesviscosusActinomycesviscosusisahumanandanimalpathogen/pathobiontwhichcolonizesthemouthsofmostadulthumans.ItisGram-negative，anaerobic，rod-shaped，andfilamentous.Itcausesperiodontaldisease（牙周病）inanimals,andhasbeenisolatedfromhumandentalcalculus（牙结石）androotsurfacecaries,aswellastheoralcavityhamstersandactinomycoticlesionsinswine,cats,anddogs.Furthermore,ithasbeenshowntocauseendocarditis（心内膜炎）.ActinomycesviscosusisaGram-positive，anaerobic，filamentousbacteriumthatispartofthehumanoralflora.Thisrodshapedfilamentousbacteriaoccuraroundtheteeth,gums（牙龈）andthroatinhealthyhumans.Speciesofthisbacteriumcancauseactinomycosis-agranulomatousinfectionwiththeformationofabscessesinthemouth,lungs,orthegastrointestinaltract.Oralactinomycosismayoccurduetotraumasuchasatoothextractionorbleedinggums.Abdominalactinomycosismayfollowappendicitis.Treatmentiswithantibiotics.Actinomycesspp.normallyaresoiloraquaticfungifeedingoffdecayingmatter(saprophytes，sapro,spoiled).Theyresemblefungiandformfungi-likemats(mycelia)关于gram-staining:染色效果：Figure7AGramstainofmixedStaphylococcusaureus(S.aureusATCC25923,gram-positivecocci,inpurple)andEscherichiacoli(E.coliATCC11775,gram-negativebacilli,inred),themostcommonGramstainreferencebacteria.Gram-positivebacteriahaveathickmesh-likecellwallmadeofpeptidoglycan(50–90%ofcellenvelope),andasaresultarestainedPurplebycrystalviolet,whereasGram-negativebacteriahaveathinnerlayer(10%ofcellenvelope),sodonotretainthepurplestainandarecounter-stainedpinkbysafranin.八、ActinomycesodontolyticusActinomycesodontolyticusisananaerobic,facultativecapnophilic,gram-positive,nonsporulating,non–acidfast(不耐酸的),non-motile,irregularlystainingbacterium.Sometimesshortormedium-sizedrodsresemblingdiphtheroids（白喉）areseen.ShorterrodsresemblingpropionibacteriaarefrequentlyseenwithA.odontolyticusandmaybearrangedinpalisades（栅栏）aswellasotherdiphtheroidalarrangements.Onbloodagar,thebacteriadevelopassmall,irregular,whitishcoloniesthataresmoothtoslightlygranularandshowadarkredpigmentwhenmature(2–14days).Thispigmentationismostobviouswhentheculturesareleftstandinginairatroomtemperatureafterprimaryanaerobicisolation.TheorganismalsogrowswellonCNAandBrucellaagar.Definitiveidentificationismadebynegativecatalaseandoxidasetests,thereductionofnitrate（硝酸盐）tonitrite（亚硝酸盐）,filamentationofmicrocolonies,andabsenceofgrowthatpH5.5.Generally,thefermentation（发酵）reactionsarevariable.第二篇：放线菌图片图2-320XX-1197气生菌丝（1000×）Fig.2-3Aerialmyceliumof20XX-1197（1000×）ABC图2-420XX-1197孢子丝及孢子A：1000×；B：20XX×；C：5000×Fig.2-4Aerialmyceliumwithsporesof20XX-1197A:1000×;B:20XX×;C:5000×高氏一号琼脂培养基，20XX葡萄糖天冬素琼脂培养基，20XX苹果酸钙琼脂培养基，20XX燕麦粉琼脂培养基，20XX葡萄糖酵母膏琼脂培养基，20XX酪氨酸琼脂培养基，20XX柴斯纳琼脂培养基，20XX马铃薯块培养基，20XX图2-5菌株20XX-1197的培养特征Fig.2-5CulturecharacteristicsofStrain20XX-1197第三篇：细菌、放线菌好教案一．细菌的形态1．细菌的个体十分微小；2．细菌从形态上可分为三类：球菌、杆菌和螺旋菌；3．所有的细菌都是单细胞个体。球菌、杆菌和螺旋菌参看视频演示：细菌的形态二．细菌的结构1．细菌的细胞由细胞壁、细胞质和细胞膜等部分构成，但没有成形的细胞核。细菌的细胞结构参看视频演示：细菌的结构2．有些细菌生有能够摆动的鞭毛，可以在水中游动；有些细菌的细胞壁外面有一层荚膜，荚膜对细菌有一定的保护作用；有些细菌的细胞内形成一个叫做芽孢的椭圆形休眠体。芽孢的壁很厚，对干旱、低温、高温等恶劣的环境有很强的抵抗力。形成芽孢只是细菌形态结构上的变化，在数量上没有增加，所以芽孢不是生殖细胞。细菌的鞭毛细菌的芽胞形态3．植物细胞和细菌细胞结构的异同点共同点：都有细胞壁、细胞膜和细胞质。不同点：植物细胞有成形的细胞核和叶绿体；细菌细胞没有叶绿体，没有成形的细胞核。三．细菌的生殖1．细菌靠简单的横向分裂进行生殖，这种生殖方式叫做裂殖。2．在适宜的环境下，细菌只需20XX0分钟就能繁殖一代。细菌分裂生殖的电镜图参看视频演示：细菌的生殖四．细菌的营养方式1．细菌吸收现成的有机物维持生活，这种营养方式为异养。2．异养的细菌分为腐生和寄生：腐生—依靠分解动植物的遗体，从中吸取有机物来生活。例如枯草杆菌。寄生—从活的动植物内吸取有机物来生活。例如痢疾杆菌。参看视频演示：细菌的营养方式五．细菌对自然界的意义—促进自然界的物质循环六．细菌与人类的关系1．大多数种类的细菌对人类是有益的。如醋酸杆菌、乳酸杆菌、棒状杆菌、甲烷细菌和根瘤菌等。2．少数种类的细菌能够引起人、动物、植物传染病，这样的细菌叫做病原菌。如结核杆菌、肺炎双球菌和软腐病细菌等。生产奶酪的乳酸菌根瘤和根瘤菌肺炎双球菌菌参看视频演示1；结核杆细菌与人类的关系参看视频演示2：病原菌及其预防返回第二节放线菌一．放线菌的形态和结构特点1．放线菌的个体十分微小。2．放线菌由许多菌丝组成一个菌丝体，呈放射状。3．放线菌都是单细胞的个体。4．放线菌的细胞体内，既没有叶绿素，也没有成形的细胞核。二．放线菌的营养方式和生殖方式1．营养方式—放线菌的菌丝分为营养菌丝和气生菌丝。它靠营养菌丝吸收营养物质，营腐生生活。2．生殖方式—当生长发育到一定时期时，气生菌丝顶端长出孢子丝，形成孢子。孢子散落出去，在适宜的条件下，萌发成新的菌丝体。三．放线菌与人类的关系1．有益的方面—有些种类的放线菌，体内能够产生一些抑制或杀死细菌等微小生物的物质，这类物质叫抗生素，可以用来制造许多重要的药品。2．有害的方面—少数种类的放线菌对人体有害，如有的放线菌能使马铃薯患疮痂病，有的放线菌能使人患脑膜炎。放线菌图一放线菌图二第四篇：放线菌的插片培养放线菌的插片培养是将放线菌菌种制成孢子悬液后（浓度以10—2—10—3为好），取0.2ml放在适合放线菌生长的平板培养基上，用玻璃刮铲涂布均匀，然后将灭过菌的盖玻片斜插入固体培养基中，置28—32℃下培养，3—5天后取出盖玻片放在载玻片上镜检，可见放线菌的自然生长的个体形态。第五篇：土壤中放线菌的分离土壤中放线菌的分离纯化和染色实验方案一、实验目的1.掌握放线菌的分离纯化及染色的基本流程；2.掌握高氏一号培养基的配制方法；3.复习分离纯化放线菌的基本操作技术、培养方法以及接种技术；4.学会使用高压蒸汽灭菌锅、培养箱、超净工作台、显微镜等实验仪器设备；5.培养微生物实验的设计思路和动手能力。二、实验材料1、实验仪器培养箱、超净工作台、显微镜、三角锥形瓶、无菌培养皿、接种环、酒精灯、高压蒸汽灭菌锅、分析天平、接种环、载玻片、盖玻片、玻璃珠、移液枪、剪刀等其它常规的实验仪器2、实验耗材擦镜纸、吸水纸、标签纸、无菌称量纸、无菌水、蒸馏水3、实验药品草酸铵结晶紫、番红、95%酒精、碘液、可溶性淀粉、硝酸钾、磷酸氢二钾、氯化钠、硫酸镁、硫酸亚铁、琼脂、重铬酸钾4、实验材料土壤四、实验步骤1、土壤取样在实验前，取学校体育馆附近树木下10~20XX壤作为土样。2、培养基的配制高氏一号培养基（分离和培养放线菌）：可溶性淀粉2.0g硝酸钾0.1g磷酸氢二钾0.05g氯化钠0.05g硫酸镁0.05g硫酸亚铁0.001g琼脂2g水100ml先把淀粉放在烧杯里，用5毫升水调成糊状后，倒入95毫升水，搅匀后加入其他药品，使它溶解。在烧杯外做好记号，加热到煮沸时加入琼脂，不停搅拌，待琼脂完全溶解后，补足失水。调整pH值到7.2～7.4，分装后灭菌，备用。3、仪器灭菌将培养基溶液的三角瓶用报纸包扎好以及玻璃珠、试管、三角锥瓶、载玻片、盖玻片放到高压灭菌锅内进行高温蒸汽灭菌。4、制备土壤稀释液（1）称取土样2.00g，在火焰旁加到一