新时代交互英语读写译1-4中国文化部分翻译全集

Book11中国龙对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。ChineseDragonDragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000year.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orlong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwithcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.2饺子饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统特色食品。相处为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待友、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来讲，“更岁饺子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。DumplingsDumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeople’sfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint-Zhangzhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersoutofdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.There’sanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings.”DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholidays,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.3针灸针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。AcupunctureAcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupunctureistodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebody’syinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepatient’sbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatient’sacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtraditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”中国功夫中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。ChineseKungFuChinesekungfu,orChinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.ItisatraditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownasnourishingone’sspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkers’ponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsinwieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongsandsoon.5中国汉字汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意、韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方”，源于古人“天圆地方”的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。ChineseCharactersChinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquesystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsontortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyles:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare“—”(thehorizontalstroke),“︱”(theverticalstroke),“丿”(theleft-fallingstroke),“丶”(theright-fallingstroke),and“乙”(theturningstroke).6中国筷子中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵”的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。ChineseChopstickswritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.IntheQinDynasty(221BC—206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC—220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfadedout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD—1279AD),the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhangjiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuanpaper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhuiprovince;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhapqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittenthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.4对联对联又称楹联或对子，是以中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。TheantitheticalcoupletTheantitheticalcouplet(alsocalledduilian)isalsoknownasyinglianorduizi.Anantitheticalcoupletisakindofnationalwritingstyle,whichiscomposedbytheskillfulmanipulationofthecharacteristicoftheChineselanguagethatonecharactercorrespondswithonesyllable.Thephilosophicaloriginandnationalculturalpsychologyoftheantitheticalcoupletarethenotionofyin-yangduality,accordingtowhichtheChineserecognizeandmasterthings.Thefeatureoftheantitheticalcoupletisan“antithesis”:equalcharacters,thesamepartofspeech,thelevelandobliquefittingwitheachother,thecontentbeingrelated,andtherhythmscorresponding.Therearemanytypesofantitheticalcouplets,suchasSpringFestivalcouplets,marriagecouplets,birthdaycouplets,elegiaccouplets,andantitheticalcoupletsabouttea,etc.5中国围棋中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。故称为弈，别称坐隐，手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。国棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数易理，兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。ChineseWeiqi.ThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndchessparticularlyreferstoChineseWeiqi.WeiqicouldbecalledthenationalchessofChina.Inancienttimes,Weiqiwascalledyi,withthealternativenamesZuoyinandShoutan.TheregulationsofWeiqiarebothsimpleandcomplexatthesametime.Afullweiqisethas361playingpiecesandisplayedonaboardwitha19by19grid.Thecircumferenceoftheboardislessthan2/3metre.PlayingWeiqimaylooklikeanarrangementoftwosides’blackandwhitepieces.However,itisactuallyacompetitionbetweentwoplayersanditteststheirwisdom,courage,andpatience.WeiqisymbolizesHeavenandEarth.Itcontainsphilosophicaltheories,suchasthetheoriesembodiedintheimage-numerologyinTheBookofChanges,theartofwar,andtheoriesonstateadministrationandnationalsecurity,whichembodiesthewisdomandthespiritofChineseculture.6京剧京剧被誉为"东方歌剧"，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的"徽班"。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。BeijingOperaPraisedas"OrientalOpera",BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts——song,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).7道教道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。ChineseTaoismTaoismfirstoriginatedinChina.ThefounderofTaoismisLaozi,aphilosopherandthinkerwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).TaoTeChingwhoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobethemainTaoistclassic.Taoismadvocatesthevalueofahumanbeing’slife,recommendsthediscardingofalldesiresandworriesfromone’smind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.ThefollowingisanexampleofLaozi’sgoldensaying:Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromthenamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;Thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,onlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences;Hethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutcomes.8成语中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。ChineseIdiomsChineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiomsareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthanindigo),andhoujibofa(successcomeswithtimeandeffort).Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.Book31中国传统节日传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。每个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日和农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。TraditionalChineseFestivalsTraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1onthelunarcalendarhasbeendesignedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeotherChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-SeventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChina’scohesionandvitality.2中国茶文化茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618-1279）。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。ChineseteaAsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties(618AD-1279AD).Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,oil,salt,soysauce,andvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandhumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,comprehendthetruth,andelevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.3中国画中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。TraditionalChinesePaintingThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdonewithabrushdippedintoblackorcoloredinkandispaintedonsilkorxuanpaper.InancientChina,itwascalled“ink-painting”.InordertodistinguishitfromWesternoil-paintings,theChinesepeopletermtheirworks“traditionalChinesepainting”(abbreviatedto“Chinesepainting”).ThesubjectmattersofChinesepaintingsaretypicallyfigures,landscapes,birdsandflowers.ThedrawingskillsandtechniquesemployedbytheChinesepainterscanbedividedintotwoforms:finebrushworkandfree-handbrushwork.Theartisticcharacteristicsliein“thewritingbrushandink”.Chinesepaintingemphasizesusingtheshapetoconveythefeelingsofthepainter.Eventhoughapaintingisafinishedproduct,itendlesslyconveysameaning.Intermsoftheartisticcreation,traditionalChinesepaintingisareflectionoftheaestheticconsciousnessandartisticsentimentoftheChinesepeople.4中国酒文化中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应付。ChineseWineandSpiritsCultureChinaisthehomeofwineandspirits.Thefunctionsofwineandspiritswereclassifiedbytheancientsintothreekinds:treatingpatients,keepingingoodhealth,andshowingpolitenessandrespecttoothers.China’swineandspiritscultureisanimportantpartofChinesefoodculture,anditembodiesitsvaluesinmanyrespects,suchasinsocialandpoliticallife,literatureandart,lifephilosophies,aesthetics,andsoon.Thereisanoldsayingwhichgoes,“Itisnotabanquetwithoutwine.”UnderthecustomofhavingdinnertogetherinChina,drinkinggameswerethereforeintroduced.Therearemanykindsofbanquetbettinganddrinkinggames,likethemorra(afinger-guessinggame),wine/spiritswords,wine/spiritschips(adrinkinggame),allwithrichculturalconnotations.Inreality,itisdifficulttowinunlessyouhaveacardupyoursleeve.235中国石窟中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。ChineseGrottoesChinesegrottoesmainlyreflecttheartofBuddhistculture.InChina,therearefourmajorartlandscapesofgrottoes:theMogaoGrottoesatDunhuang,theYungangGrottoesatDatong,theLongmenGrottoesatLuoyang,andtheMaijishanGrottoesatTianshui.Carvedandpaintedonmountains,theBuddhistgrottoesminglebothsublimityandsecularfeelingstogether,presentingusavividandnaturalappearance.Theyembodythesystematiccombinationofboththeexceptionalartistryofgreatnatureandtheextremelyfinecraftsmanshipofmankind.TheChineseBuddhistgrottoesareregardedasaprofoundandstunninggeneralartgallery,whicharecomposedofarchitecture,painting,sculptures,etc.TheartisticachievementsofChinesegrottoeshaveattractedtheattentionoftheworld,andhavebecomeimportantinternationalculturalheritage.6中国古典文学名著中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《红楼梦》则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。ChineseClassicalLiteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fiction,andci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprose-poetry),qu(freerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureareRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,WaterMargin,JourneytotheWest,andDreamofRedMansions,whichhaveextensiveandfar-reachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreading“thefourfamousnovels”carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumanculture,andfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceoftraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.7中草药中药主要由植物药（根、茎、叶、果）、动物药（内脏、皮、骨、器官）和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指药性的“寒热温凉”，“五味”指药物的“辛酸甘苦咸”。中国人探索中草药已有几千年的历史，如今中医药及其诊疗方法已传播到世界各地。ChineseHerbalMedicineTraditionalChinesemedicinemainlyconsistsofplantmedicine(roots,stems,leaves,fruits),animalmedicine(viscera,skins,bones,organs),andmineralmedicine.Chineseherbalmedicineisbasedonplantmedicine.AccordingtotheuniqueapplicationtheoryoftraditionalChinesemedicine,itisbelievedthatitcontains“fournaturesandfiveflavors.”“FourNatures”referstothepropertiesof“coldness,heat,mildness,andcoolness,”while“fiveflavors”referstothepropertiesofbeing“pungent,sour,sweet,bitter,andsalty.”ItissaidthatChinesepeoplehavebeenconductingresearchintoherbalmedicineforthousandsofyears.Nowadays,traditionalChinesemedicineanditstherapeuticmethodshaveextensivelybeenspreadtothefarcornersoftheglobe.8中国瓷器瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代（前1600-前1046）中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代（前206-公元220）末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国”的称号。英文中“瓷器(china)”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。ChinesePorcelainPorcelainisregardedasoneofChina’soutstandingcontributionstotheworld’scivilization.AsearlyastheNeolithicAgeabout8,000yearsago,theChineseancestorsinventedandbegantousepottery.Proto-porcelainwasinventedinthemid-ShangDynasty(1600BC-1046BC).CeladonwasmoldedinthelateHanDynasty(206BC-220AD).Fromthenon,porcelainwasintroducedbyChinatotherestoftheworld.Chinawasthereforedubbedthe“porcelaincountry.”InEnglish,theword“china”hasbecomeawordthatrepresents“China.”

Book41剪纸剪纸又叫刻纸、窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢帛、皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。Paper-cuttingPaper-cutting(otherwiseknownasjianzhi)isalsocalledkezhi,chuanghuaorjianhua.Paper–cuttingwaspopularevenbeforepaperwasinvented.Whentherewasnopaper,peoplecarvedongoldleaf,silk,feathers,andsoon,withacarvingtechniqueknownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),theinventionifpaperpromotedthedevelopmentandpopularityofpaper-cutting.Thefolkthemesofthepaper-cuttingarerootedinreallife,filledwiththethemesofenjoyingalifeofeaseandcomfort,andexpressingthedesireforahappylife.2儒家思想儒家思想也称为儒学，有春秋（前770年-前476年）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》），五经（《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋》）等。儒家学派以“仁、义、礼、智、信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。ConfucianismConfucianthought,alsocalledConfucianism,wasestablishedbyConfucius,agreatthinkerandeducatorwholivedinthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).SomerepresentativesofConfucianismthroughoutChinesehistoryincludeMencius,DongZhongshu,ZhuXi,andWangYangming.ThemainclassicsofConfucianismaretheFourBooks(TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheAnalectsofConfucius,andMencius)andtheFiveClassics(Zhouyi,Shangshu(CollectionofAncientTexts),TheBookofSongs,TheRites,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals).TheConfucianschoolregards“benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelity”asbeingatthecoreofitsethicalsystem.Confucianismwasthemainideologyoffeudalsocietyformorethan2,000yearsinChina.3中国象棋中国象棋早在战国时期（前475—前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960—1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影—有中军帐（九宫）、士位（士、仕）、文官（象、相）、武将（车、马、炮）、士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一。ChineseChessTheearliestrecordsofChinesechesscanbetracedbacktotheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC—221BC).Theearly-stageChinesechesswascomposedofsixpiecescarvedoutofivory,andwasthereforecalled“SixBoxing.”ItsfinalformofplaywasfixedattheendoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960AD—1127AD)afteralongperiodofdevelopment.Thechessboardisarectangularboardthatis9lineswideby10lineslong.Composedofmarshalorgeneral,advisors(scholarorofficial),civilofficials(elephantorminister),militaryofficers(chariots,horsesandcannons),andsoldiers(soldiersorpawns),ChinesechessisChinesesocialinstitutionandcultureinminiature.Itisalsooneofthefourmostpopularchessgamesintheworld,theotherthreebeingChineseWeiqi,thegamesofchess,andshogi(orgeneral’schess).4二十四节气中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年均分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。The24SolarTermsTheancientChinesedividedayearinto24equalsegmentsaccordingtothepositionsofthesunontheecliptic.Namesweregivenwithspecialconnotationsforthesesegments;suchasvernalequinox(occursonMarch20or21)andpurebrightness(occursonApril4,5,or6);andhencetheyarecalledthe24SolarTerms.OriginatingfromtheReachesoftheYellowRiver,the24SolarTermsarebasicallyacalendartogovernagriculturalarrangementswhichtakesintoaccountthechangesinclimateandpracticalagriculturalneeds.The24SolarTermsareconsideredagreatanduniquecreationoftheancientChinese.5中国书法中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、草等各体汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。ChineseCalligraphyThefourancientChineseartisticformsarecalledguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting;andpenmanshipparticularlyreferstoChinesecalligraphy.Chinesecalligraphyidakindofartusingabrushtowritesealscript,officialscrip,regularscript,cursivescript,grassscript,andothervariouswritingstylesofChinesecharacters.ThewritingtechniquesofChinesecalligraphyarehighlightedbythemannerofusingabrush,thewayinkisused,theartofcomposition,andsoon.Itsharmoniousbeautyofartisreflectedinbetweenthelines.Chinesecalligraphyexhibitsitsbeautyindifferentposes,suchastheuniquenessoftheofficialscript’s“silkwormheadandswallowtail,”theregularscript’srequirementto“sticktothenormandrules,”thecharacteristicofgrassscript’s“flyingdragonsanddancingphoenixes,”andthedistinctive“naturalgrace”ofthecursivescript.ChinesecalligraphyreflectsthepersonalityofChinesepeople’sstraightforwardness,dignity,andreticence.6中国古琴中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据《史记》记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。为区分于西方乐器，现被称作“古琴”。古琴依风之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合性。ChineseGuqinAsoneofthefourartforms(namelyguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting)inancientchina,guqinisakindofpluckedstringinstrumentwhichisalsoknownasyaoqin,yuqinandqixianqin.AccordingtoChinesehistorybookShihChi,qinappearednolaterthantheYaoandShuneras.InordertodistinguishitfromsimilarmusicalinstrumentsoftheWest,itwascalledguqin.Theguqin’sdesignimitatestheshapeofaphoenix.Peoplealsonameddifferentpartsoftheguqinafterthenamesvariousbodypartsofthephoenix.ThisnamingmethodreflectsConfucius’thoughtsonmusicandtheideologyofharmonythatChinesepeoplevalue.7十二生肖十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支记年法”，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物记年，两种记年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戍狗、亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达、和衷共济。TheChineseZodiacTheChineseZodiacistheChinesewayofnumberingtheyears.Itattributesananimaltoeachyear,accordingtoa12-yearcycle.Sinceancienttimes,theChinesepeoplebegantousetheHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranchestorecordthepassingofyears.Atthesametime,ChinesenomadicpeoplewholivedinnorthwestChinainsteadusedanimalstonumbertheyears.Thetwowaysofnumberingtheyearsweresmoothlyintegrated,andtheChineseZodiactookshape.The12animalsintheChineseZodiacare:rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,ram,monkey,rooster,dog,andpig.Themeaningofthesymbolicanimalofthebirthyearisthatitcanmakepeoplemagnanimousandbeofonemindintimesofdifficulty.8.唐宋诗词唐诗代表了中华诗歌的最高成就。知名诗人多若星辰，李白、杜甫、白居易都是世界闻名的伟大诗人。唐诗分为古体诗、律诗、绝句，又有五言、七言之分，其题材广泛，数量庞大，风格和流派多样。宋词是继唐诗之后中国古代文学史上的又一座高峰，历来与唐诗并称双雄。宋词以长短句为主，依词牌填词，豪放派和婉约派词风各异，主要代表有辛弃疾、苏轼、柳永、李清照等。TangPoetryandSongCiTangPoetryrepresentsthehighestachievementofChinesepoetry.ThereweremanydistinguishedpoetsintheTangDynasty,includingLiBai,DuFu,andBaiJuyi,whoareworld-famous.TherearevariousformsofTangPoetry,suchaspre-Tangpoetry,regularpoems,shortpoems.Regularpoemsandshortpoemscanalsobedividedintopentasyllabicandheptasyllabicaccordingtothecharacterscontainedineachline.ThereisanenormouscollectionofTangPoetry,withawiderangeofsubjects,styles,andschools.Itsartisticcharmtoucheseveryonedeeply.SongCiisanothersummitinthehistoryofclassicalChineseliterature.TangPoetryandSongCihaveconsistentlybeencalledthetwoliterarygiants.ThemainformofSongCiisakindofpoetrythatchieflyconsistsofseven-characterlinesinterspersedwithshorterandlongerones.Thewriterspoetizeacco