国际多式联运与集装箱运输

4.国际多式联运与集装箱运输4.1TheNatureofIntermodalismCompetitionbetweenthemodeshastendedtoproduceatransportsystemthatissegmentedandun-integrated.Eachmodehassoughttoexploititsownadvantagesintermsofcost,service,reliabilityandsafety.Carrierstrytoretainbusinessbymaximizingtheline-haulundertheircontrol.Allthemodessawtheothermodesascompetitors,andwereviewedwithsuspicionandmistrust.Thelackofintegrationbetweenthemodeswasalsoaccentuatedbypublicpolicythathasfrequentlybarredcompaniesfromowningfirmsinothermodes(asintheUnitedStatesbeforederegulation),orhasplacedamodeunderdirectstatemonopolycontrol(asinEurope).Modalismwasalsofavoredbecauseofthedifficultiesoftransferringgoodsfromonemodetoanother,therebyincurringadditionalterminalcostsanddelays.Intermodalismoriginatedinmaritimetransportation,withthedevelopmentofthecontainerinthelate1960'sandhassincespreadtointegrateothermodes.Itisnotsurprisingthatthemaritimesectorshouldhavebeenthefirstmodetopursuecontainerization.Itwasthemodemostconstrainedbythetimetakentoloadandunloadthevessels.Aconventionalbreakbulkcargoshipcouldspendasmuchtimeinaportasitdidatsea.Containerizationpermitsthemechanizedhandlingofcargoesofdiversetypesanddimensionsthatareplacedintoboxesofstandardsizes.Inthiswaygoodsthatmighthavetakendaystobeloadedorunloadedfromashipcannowbehandledinamatterofminutes.FirstContainership,Ideal-X,1956OnApril26th1956,theIdeal-XleftthePortofNewark,NewJerseytothePortHouston,Texas,whichitcalled5dayslater.Itcarried5835-feet(8feetwideby8feethigh)containers,alongwitharegularloadof15,000tonsofbulkpetroleum.The35feetunitrepresentedatthattimethestandardtrucksizeintheUnitedStates.ThisfirstcontainershipwasconvertedundertheinitiativeofMalcomMcLean(1914-2001),atruckingmagnatewhosawthetremendouspotentialofcontainerization,particularlyintermsofloadingandunloadingcosts.McLeancalculatedthatin1956loadingamedium-sizedshiptheconventionalwaywascosting$5.83aton.Comparatively,loadingtheIdeal-Xwascostinglessthan$0.16aton.Theeconomicadvantagesofsuchamodeoftransportationthusbecamecleartotheshippingindustry.In1960,McLeanfoundedSeaLand,amajorcontainershippingline,whichwaspurchasedin1999byMaersk,theworld'slargestcontainershippingcompany.TheIdealXcarriedcontainersuntil1965,whenitwasscrapped.Sincethe1960smajoreffortshavebeenmadetointegrateseparatetransportsystemsthroughintermodalism,whichtookplaceisseveralstages.Whatinitiallybeganasimprovingtheproductivityofshippingevolvedintoanintegratedsupplychainmanagementsystemacrossmodes.Thisinvolvestheuseofatleasttwodifferentmodesinatripfromorigintodestinationthroughanintermodaltransportchain.Intermodalityenhancestheeconomicperformanceofatransportchainbyusingmodesinthemostproductivemanner.Thus,theline-hauleconomiesofrailmaybeexploitedforlongdistances,withtheefficienciesoftrucksprovidingflexiblelocalpickupanddelivery.Thekeyisthattheentiretripisseenasawhole,ratherthanasaseriesoflegs,eachmarkedbyanindividualoperationwithseparatesetsofdocumentationandrates.4.1.1IntegratedTransportSystems:FromFragmentationtoCoordinationFactorCauseConsequenceTechnologyContainerization&ITModalandintermodalinnovations;TrackingshipmentsandmanagingfleetsCapitalinvestmentsReturnsoninvestmentsHighscostsandlongamortization;ImproveutilizationtolessencapitalcostsAlliancesandM&ADeregulationEasiercontractualagreements;jointownershipCommoditychainsGlobalizationCoordinationoftransportationandproduction(integrateddemand)NetworksConsolidationandinterconnectionMultiplyingeffectThenotionofintegratedtransportsystemsreceivedalotofattention,particularlywithimprovementsinthecapacity,efficiencyandreliabilityoffreighttransportsystems.Theconventionalfragmentedandsub-optimalfreighttransportsystemshavesubstantiallybeenimproved.Aprocessofcoordinationoffreighttransportistakingplace.Severalfactorscanbepondered:(1)TechnologyTechnologyhasbeenaprimedrivingforce.Containerizationiswithoutanydoubtthemostsignificanttechnologicalfactorbehindamoreefficientcoordinationoftransportmodes.Innovationsincludemodes,suchaspost-panamaxcontainershipsordouble-stackingtrains,butalsointermodalequipmenttohandlesignificanttransshipmentdemands.Hard(technical)assetsrequiresoft(management)assets.Informationtechnologieshavegonealongwaytohelpimprovingthelevelofcontroloversupplychains,whichincludesimportantaspectssuchastrackingshipmentsandmanagingfleets.Theissueofe-commercehasparticularlyreceivedattention.(2)CapitalintensivesectorFreighttransportationisacapitalintensivesectorwithhighentrycostsforthemaritimeandrailsegments.Theamortizationofmodesandinfrastructures,particularlyterminals,hastobespreadoverasignificanttimeperiod,sometimesovermorethanadecade.Thisenvironmentispronetorisksandmanypotentialinvestorsareunwillingtocommitcapitalforinfrastructureprojects.Thisareasonwhythegovernmenthasoftenbeencalledtostepin.Still,freighttransportcompaniesaredominantlyprivateentitiesandmustrelyoncapitalmarketstofinancetheirventures.Ifthroughahigherlevelofcoordinationwithotherelementsofthesupplychainagreaterquantityandstabilityinutilizationcanbesecured,capitalcostscanbereducedandfinancialreturnsimproved.Thus,intermodalprojectshavepotentiallyalowercapitalrisk.(3)NewformsofrelationshipsCoordinationalsoimpliesnewformsofrelationshipsbetweenfreightforwarders.Thiswasfavoredbythederegulationofmanytransportmodesintheearly1980s.TheAviationDeregulationAct(1979),theStaggersAct(1980),theMotorCarrierAct(1980)andtheOceanShippingAct(1984)aresignificantlandmarksinthisdirection.Itbecameeasierfordifferenttransportoperatorstoestablishcontractualagreements.Mergers/acquisitionswithinthesamemodestartedtotakeplace,mainlyinmaritimeandrailtransportation,butalsomodalandintermodalalliances.(4)GlobalcommoditychainsGlobalizationhaspermittedtheemergenceofastructureofproduction,oftenknownasglobalcommoditychainsorglobalproductionnetworks.Thisstructurerequiresahighlevelofcoordination.Itisthusexpectedthatthisproductionstructureimposesasimilarstructureofdistributionwherecoordinationbetweenmodesanddifferenttransportsystemsisrequired.Undersuchcircumstances,transportdemandshouldincreasinglybeconsideredasintegrated.(5)Networks毙Fi狼na对ll绢y,蔬i斗nt征eg方ra途te庆d使tr堆an略sp萌or最t黑sy熊st魄em臭s滩re钻ly匀o卸n疏th蝇e保re载sp怎ec届ti箩ve毒s货tr猴en否gt杯hs吐o清f像ea决ch科t涛ra后ns湖po袜rt独鹅ne锣tw润or介ks珠.吃Si器nc虽e滤ne啦tw馒or惹ks蓝a班re协e垦xp友en抛si柱ve谢t矮o香bu翅il垄d割an和d们op慎er闪at幅e,环l激in役ki眼ng卸t胸he式m疤pr部om肺ot序es但e拣ff痛ic掩ie擦nc奶y磨an央d柴a荡hi品gh筋er敲l贡ev灵el独o握f泰co进nt测ro秃l.着T扮hi派s积ca骑n燕be扁c坝on吓si响de袭re岛d期as鸟a紫m主ul吉ti沫pl耻yi徐ng伐e窗ff王ec登t顿wh犬er能e少th屡e身ef才fi卖ci宽en户cy固o司f膜th幅e昏wh萌ol唤e里in挂te冒rm抬od泥al镇n腿et直wo国rk毛i捞s陡hi访gh纺er外t择ha厚n宝th则e宴su吸m栏of档i踩ts尤p教ar庸ts鞭.阅4.非1.漫2慧E岗vo睛lu婆ti垒on棒o冰f诸In舅te采rm另od娃al尘I抗nt津eg头ra龙ti皆on体It补c欧an级b仁e必ar言gu护ed禁t尚ha酿t视th幸re押e瘦ma唐jo湾r起pa挠ra搁di愿gm况s饥hi敲ft漂s樱ha冶ve庆t减ak副en问p脑la复ce谦w干it跃hi晶n拉co罢nt盯ai宾ne衔ri兔ze迹d阔fr划ei药gh摊t猫di呀st说ri弯bu奶ti秆on尾s但ys寸te尘ms烂:狭(游1)善铜Co北nt迹ai域ne搅ri乔za拜ti日on蛛o像f喉ma奶ri诚ti塑me戏t盾ra逝ns除po急rt骗s范ys骂te盟ms标.颤At伶f惭ir本st网,购th圣e保in肿tr撤od勤uc阀ti胁on丰o白f炭th悬e食co封nt勇ai宜ne行r旧an战d蔽it已s摊pe伶ne净tr耗at羊io弄n序wi棉th添in件m腊ar召it悔im娇e谊sy起st努em窃s叮to义ok柜p食la谜ce掘.镜Th存is昼i荷s圆pa旋rt肃ic捆ul关ar程ly需t棕he甘c菠as选e演fr浑om悉t前he隙m危id掩1唐96赢5s死w天he塞n侮st化an处da就rd葬iz分at轻io每n娘re团su集lt勉ed肚i山n壤co量mm即on冠c锈on逐ta坛in币er巩s奴iz仿e判an喉d迁la李tc短hi桶ng废s孕ys乞te始ms捕.辨Th尼e面ef烈fi宾ci塞en派cy书o烛f像po程rt烛t拨ra暮ns革sh培ip济me死nt境s鼻im造pr帅ov漂ed时a离nd机i份nl违an远d鸦se废rv电ic烫es势,崖do情mi苏na矿nt猫ly扩r劈el痕yi讲ng市o类n挡tr判uc夜ki刃ng殿,感be急ga仙n叨to解b萌e幕es梅ta熄bl备is区he须d.喇S富ti糟ll构,他ma秤ri纷ti背me原s郑er浙vi寸ce之s盾te堤nd喊ed漆t恐o亲be安o犁n万a驱po股in询t-惭to精-p开oi折nt释b渐as命is亚a擦nd励b靠et漠we砍en马m链aj校or麻p摧or负ts溜.更(2软)蛋Co夜nt衔ai去ne述ri泊za肉ti台on奴o先f毕in牵la租nd务t抽ra烛ns科po忧rt泼s横ys矿te即ms御.凯Co凯nt涉ai在ne峡ri货za便ti富on孔m输ov沈ed蛇i遗nl矩an诵d,快m旬ai骑nl巡y这in国a讨n追at映te叙mp跳t笑to导i鸽mp新ro猴ve凡t姜he灰c心on句ti糕nu巩it情y砍al辰re渐ad宇y萄es炼ta照bl前is隶he驼d磨wi骡th严in核m婚ar仆it建im咸e饿tr利an极sp寒or痒ta格ti困on绝,集pa桥rt招ic摘ul激ar邻ly纠w臂it辉h仁th郊e首se僻tt必in续g永of枯p膊en纲du尘lu肥m童se永rv厘ic慰es且.吹Th步e着in秀tr状od师uc笛ti浸on脊o座f脊do蜂ub帜le沉st叹ac借ki怪ng雾r律ai忽l举se辞rv段ic融es句i及n脸th德e孝mi南d坊19德80悲s欧re垒qu红ir铁ed弄t静he滚s酸et待ti蹦ng每a田nd险r寨ed午es写ig钳n间of苹i妹nl绳an承d短co拴nt轰ai厚ne江r爪ra高il件t胳er廉mi您na组ls陈i拌n访No块rt副h好Am敲er朱ic膝a.萍T慢he抽a绕do收pt搜io晓n爬of叼t圣he授c壳on烟ta稠in剂er焰i谨n永Eu湿ro右pe点g掏ai阳ne炒d奴mo夹me短nt晚um霞w物he挖n辽an擦i灭nt菠er窝mo交da物l识sy遣st略em胸s青ta仪rt巩ed客t赵o匠em滥er抚ge巧i烤n斤th夹e仁la肢te棒1俭97魄0s科.烛Fo驱r川ex育am弄pl锈e,越t他he马s词hi仍ft劈f随ro跟m坛co脉nv丙en雕ti滨on仆al逢a柏nd尸h瓣ig提hl浴y酸ir惯re全gu铲la邪r抖ba述rg为e祸se磁rv轨ic肿es节t木o格sc灭he烈du暮le驰d渴an张d僵re遥li弄ab鸟le需c偏on希ta诵in炉er芬s吃er逼vi状ce渣s虎in全t积he拒s串ec铺on办d富ha市lf笛o创f漠th徒e驱19决70想s吴ga尖ve娇i裹mp寇et汇us林t拌o些a削fa当st皮c毙on王ta携in怠er潮iz烛at酱io秃n柄pr休oc轮es昏s李al笼on攀g室th孟e犹Rh农in沸e容ba于si串n土up奇t呀o响th旷e届ma世in委p虑or迅ts证o架f甩Ro兵tt毙er肌da傅m偿an谢d榆An选tw虫er滤p.庆蚕(3诵)萝In蔬te瞧rm兵od踏al肥a号nd宅t火ra和ns浙mo锁da否l告op欠er炊at捡io李ns福.础Si监nc予e贱co联nt嘉ai放ne榆ri超za凤ti梦on谨h湾as燕e明xp策an捉de姜d梯to秀c拾ov姻er扔m借ar寻it辫im抹e挥an占d汽in否la罪nd重t吩ra纷ns妈po旱rt槐s渣ys挪te尊ms绩,穗th守e撑ne耍xt全p手ha丝se师d累om拼in钢an塔tl槐y粱ai遗ms张a轮t缺im忠pr克ov徐in敢g坚it凉s季ov土er亿al畏l影ef弃fi薪ci米en无cy鸡.相Th碰is酸e穿ff紧ic预ie验nc辅y仍is思m音ai赖nl岗y抽ba绢se阳d吓in铺t留he塌r去ed指uc户ti碍on乞o堪f移th喇e裤nu惯mb稳er亿o狸f对ti护me胃s侮a科co怪nt蹦ai只ne菊r妈is诊h胆an征dl超ed斜a角s跌we少ll煤a访s浮th屈e捧ve奔lo视ci牛ty广a谅t绳wh变ic呆h散in尤te县rm丰od爪al蔬a爆nd齐t常ra装ns胞mo适da扬l闹op灿er从at董io念ns绑a丽re壤p雀er手fo照rm灰ed返.妹Al复so陵,母th奥e套gr灯ow招th副i辉n弦co神nt必ai焰ne贝ri匹ze鸭d杜sh烂ip绕me趟nt搜s聚pl唯ac再ed卸a果dd耽it盐io冒na艇l谁pr顽es肉su棋re屯s远on阿i巴nt气er文mo丙da杂l防tr敢an静sp愚or摔t筝sy盏st冰em幕s,窃w匙hi视ch违f迷or锤t建he蛾m脑ar辰it盲im输e鞭se决gm标en燃t淘re魂su虑lt葬ed白i布n身th购e糖se城tt套in孩g知of霜o傅ff额sh奔or筑e缎hu天bs存.逆Th锯ey锁m申ai回nl奶y表ac玻t网as效i轮nt咸er步me滤di逢ar浑y音lo陵ca饰ti彩on险s商be泻tw掘ee侵n尤ma淋jo姥r渡sy天st脑em烂s榴of抖m瓶ar咳it而im即e替ci残rc糠ul遭at做io缘n/序E为st庙ab猪li委sh链me知nt挑o往f滴co国mm旨od制it赛y所ch暮ai耻ns努.味In输la矩nd胳t饼ra准ns脂po才rt卖s躲ys母te搜ms读a缠cc墙om散mo脆da键te骡d顶a蒙gr军ow解in托g延am细ou鹊nt迎o钞f贵tr忙af锦fi励c,流w蛮hi颂ch爱i璃n熔ma画ny乌c杠as耀es伸r蚕es恢ul委te址d挥in塌t衬he捞s景et傲ti稼ng闭o保f幼la恨rg荒e赞in描la求nd枕f吸re掀ig驳ht贝d巩is典tr脏ib分ut草io兽n夹ce番nt版er狐s连(i聋nl辞an湾d瞎po假rt傲s)板.惨4.都1.表3终In吉te取rm龟od刘al停T谊ra击ns居po戒rt铁C免ha秧in败Fo饿ur涨m吩aj探or情f岁un规ct丘io擦ns道d僵ef竖in架e略an拒i泄nt月er找mo迹da污l州tr翅an学sp画or谢t妹ch完ai驱n:吧(密1)饿迅Co皆mp伐os猾it诱io杯n.馒律Th壶e昼pr霸oc迁es伞s催of叔a写ss扁em验bl猜in酿g醒an木d化co耐ns详ol础id狡at载in晋g计fr冶ei季gh抢t坊at庆a谱t捧er存mi醒na肢l趋th舍at相o峡ff扮er案s动an复i慕nt绘er创mo黎da询l快in垄te龄rf千ac某e戴be予tw蓬ee跑n筹a中lo冈ca折l储/忧re爸gi彻on课al笛d疼is屿tr远ib押ut数io欠n摔sy沫st消em侍a刮nd殃a仙n拢at哥io午na狱l骄/形in转te编rn租at济io赞na雪l尚di派st西ri去bu裁ti碑on判s犬ys佣te况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ributioncenters,whichhavebecomestrategicelementsinfreightdistributionsystems.Itisprobablyoneofthefewcaseswhereintramodaltransshipmentscanbecombinedwithaddedvalueactivities,suchaslabelingandpackaging.Althoughdistributioncenterswereconventionallywarehousingfacilitiesinwhichcommoditiescouldbestoredwhilewaitingtobesoldtocustomersdownthesupplychain,thisfunctionhassubstantiallyreceded.Timeconstraintsinfreightdistributionimpactedonroadbaseddistributioncenters,whosefunctionisincreasinglyrelatedtotransmodaloperationsandmuchlesstowarehousing.Thetruetime-dependentintramodalfacilityremainsthecross-dockingdistributioncenter.(2)TransmodalmaritimeShip-to-shiptransshipmentsmainlyconcernsintermediaryhubssuchasintheCaribbean,theMediterraneanorship-to-bargeactivities.Althoughinmanycasesthecontainersareactuallyunloadedontoatemporarystoragefacility(commonlynexttothepiers),anoff-shorehubisfunctionallyatransmodalfacility.Theyhaveemergedatintermediarylocationsbyofferingtransshipmentadvantagesinviewofcostsrelatedtopendulummultiportservicescoupledwithlowercontainerhandlingcostrelatedtotransshipment-onlyterminals,inadditiontoeconomiesofscaleforfeederships.(3)TransmodalrailProbablyrepresentsoneoftheleastinvestigatedsegmentsoftransmodaltransportation.Mostrailsystemswerebuilttoservicespecificmarketsandwereheavilyregulated.Itisonlyrecentlythatcontainerizationcreatedtheneedfortransmodalfunctionsinrailtransportsystems,sincerailtransportationwasforcedtoaddressanewvarietyofmovements,manyofthemwithinternationaloriginsordestinations.Initially,raildevelopedgreaterintermodalefficiencieswithmaritimeandroadtransportsystems,particularlybecausethisrepresentednewmarketopportunities.4.1.5IntermodalTransportationasanIntegrativeForceThus,transportationsystemshavingseveralmodescanbeconsideredfromtwodifferentconceptualperspectives:(1)IntermodalTransportationNetwork.Alogisticallylinkedsystemusingtwoormoretransportmodeswithasinglerate.Modesarehavingcommonhandlingcharacteristics,permittingfreight(orpeople)tobetransferredbetweenmodesduringamovementbetweenanoriginandadestination.Forfreight,italsoimpliesthatthecargodoesnotneedtobehandled,justtheloadunitsuchasapalletoracontainer.(2)MultimodalTransportationNetwork.Asequenceoftransportmodesofferingconnectionsbetweenasetoforiginsanddestinations.However,theseconnectionsimplythattheloadunitneedstobechanged,whichiscommonforbulktransportation.Intermodalitycanbeconceivedasthetransitionfromonemodeoftransportationtoanother,andisorganizedaroundthefollowingsconcepts:Thenatureandquantityofthetransportedcommodities;Themodesoftransportationbeingused;Theoriginsanddestinations;Transportationtimeandcosts;Thevalueofthecommoditiesandthefrequencyofshipment.Theabovefiguresillustratetwoalternativestofreightdistribution.Thefirstisaconventionalpoint-to-pointmultimodalnetworkwhereorigins(A,BandC)areindependentlylinkedtodestinations(D,EandF).Inthiscase,twomodes(roadandrail)areused.Thesecondalternativeinvolvesthedevelopmentofanintegratedintermodaltransportnetworkwithcommonloadunits(containers).Trafficconvergesattwotransshipmentpoints,railterminals,whereloadsareconsolidated.Thiscanresultinhigherloadfactorsand/orhighertransportfrequency,especiallybetweenterminals.Undersuchcircumstances,theefficiencyofsuchanetworkmainlyresidesinthetransshipmentcapabilitiesoftransportterminals.4.1.6IntermodalismtechnologyTheemergenceofintermodalismhasbeenbroughtaboutinpartbytechnologyandrequiresmanagementunitsforfreightsuchascontainers,swapbodies,palletsorsemi-trailers.Inthepast,palletswereacommonmanagementunit,buttheirrelativelysmallsizeandlackofprotectiveframemadetheirintermodalhandlinglaborintensiveandpronetodamageortheft.Bytheearly1930saboutthreedayswererequiredtounloadarailboxcarcontaining13,000casesofunpalletizedcannedgoods.Withpalletsandforklifts,asimilartaskcouldbedoneinaboutfourhours.Bettertechniquesandmanagementunitsfortransferringfreightfromonemodetoanotherhavefacilitatedintermodaltransfers.Earlyexamplesincludepiggyback(TOFC:TrailersOnFlatCars),wheretrucktrailersareplacedonrailcars,andLASH(lighteraboardship),whereriverbargesareplaceddirectlyonboardsea-goingships.PiggybackandDoublestackTrainCarsOneofthefirstattemptsatpiggybackingdatesbackto1872whentheBarnum&BaileyCircususeditsownspecialtrainofflatrailroadcarstotourcitiesintheUnitedStates.Ittook3to5hoursandconsiderableefforttounloadandloadtrailers,buttheconceptremainedandpiggybackingstartedtobeadoptedbyrailroadoperators.Bythe1950spiggybackingbecameincreasinglyusedandagoodsourceofincomeforrailcompanies.Containerizationhoweverchangedpiggybackingtostackingandthentodoublestackingwherepossible.Doublestackingofcontainers(ContaineronFlatCar;COFC)savesmuchmoreconvoyspacethanthepiggybackmethod(TraileronFlatCar;TOFC)withtheaddedadvantageofnottohavetocarryatrailer.However,severalraillinesarenotcompatiblewithdoublestackingbecauseoftherequiredheightclearanceforbridgesandtunnels(5.5meters).Convertingaraillinetodoublestackingcanbeacostlyundertaking,especiallyonthemucholderEuropeanrailsystemwherebridgeclearancestendtobelower.InNorthAmerica,suchinvestmentsaredoneoverhighprioritycorridors.Whilehandlingtechnologyhasinfluencedthedevelopmentofintermodalism,anotherimportantfactorhasbeenchangesinpublicpolicy.DeregulationintheUnitedStatesintheearly1980sliberatedfirmsfromgovernmentcontrol.Companieswerenolongerprohibitedfromowningacrossmodes,andtheredevelopedastrongimpetustowardsintermodalcooperation.Shippinglinesinparticular,begantoofferintegratedrailandroadservicetocustomers.Theadvantagesofeachmodecouldbeexploitedinaseamlesssystem,whichcreatedmultiplyingeffects.Customerscouldpurchasetheservicetoshiptheirproductsfromdoortodoor,withouthavingtoconcernthemselvesofmodalbarriers.Withonebillofladingclientscanobtainonethroughrate,despitethetransferofgoodsfromonemodetoanother.Themostimportantfeatureofintermodalismistheprovisionofaservicewithoneticket(forpassengers)oronebilloflading(forfreight).Thishasnecessitatedarevolutioninorganizationandinformationcontrol.Attheheartofmodernintermodalismaredatahandling,processinganddistributionsystemsthatareessentialtoensurethesafe,reliableandcosteffectivecontroloffreightandpassengermovementsbeingtransportedbyseveralmodes.ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)isanevolvingtechnologythatishelpingcompaniesandgovernmentagencies(customsdocumentation)copewithanincreasinglycomplexglobaltransportsystem.4.1.7MultimodalTransportSystemToday,intermodaltransportistransformingagrowingshareofthemediumandlong-haulfreightflowsacrosstheglobe.Largeintegratedtransportcarriersprovidedoortodoorservices.Thelimitsofintermodalityareimposedbyfactorsofspace,time,form,patternofthenetwork,thenumberofnodesandlinkages,andthetypeandcharacteristicofthevehiclesandterminals.Amultimodaltransportsystemintegratesdifferentgeographicalscalesfromtheglobaltothelocal.Withthedevelopmentofnewmodalandintermodalinfrastructure,urbanregionshaveagrowingaccessibilitytotheinternationalmarket;severalparametersofregionaltransportationaretransformed,oratleastsignificantlymodified.Theabovefigurerepresentstheregulationofmovementsofacorridorwithinamultimodaltransportationsystemcomposedofasetofcompetinghubcenterswhereconvergeregionalandlocaltransportationnetworks.Dependingonthegeographicalscalebeingconsidered,theregulationofflowsiscoordinatedatthelocallevelbydistributioncenters,commonlycomposedofasingletransportterminal,oratthegloballevelbyarticulationpoints,composedofmajortransportterminalsandrelatedactivities.Anarticulationpointcansimultaneouslyhaveamodalandintermodalconvergenceoffunctions;particularlyifitistheinterfacebetweenseveralmodes.Itsmodalfunctionrelatestoitswhileitsintermodalfunctionindicatesitslevelofservice.Theregionalmultimodalnetworkconvergesatmajorarticulationpointsallowinglinkageswiththeinternationaltransportationsystemthroughamaritime/landinterface.Portcitiesarethemainagentofthatfunction.Containerizationhasparticularlydevelopedthemaritime/landinterface.Itinsuresflexibilityofshipmentsandseveralportshaveoptedforthismultimodaltransportationtechnologytokeepandconsolidatetheirstatusofhubcenter.4.2Containerization4.2.1IntroductionThedriverofintermodaltransportationhasundoubtedlybeenthecontainer,whichpermitseasyhandlingbetweenmodalsystems:Container.Alargestandardsizemetalboxintowhichcargoispackedforshipmentaboardspeciallyconfiguredtransportmodes.Itisdesignedtobemovedwithcommonhandlingequipmentenablinghigh-speedintermodaltransfersineconomicallylargeunitsbetweenships,railcars,truckchassis,andbargesusingaminimumoflabor.Thecontainer,therefore,servesastheloadunitratherthanthecargocontainedtherein,makingittheforemostexpressionofintermodaltransportation.Theusageofconta