高中英语语法总结非谓语动词

在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词..非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词不定式一、不定式的作用1、作主语不定式作主语时;谓语用单数..往往用it作形式主语;把不定式放在谓语后面..如：Ittookustwohourstofinishthejob.Itisimpossibleforustogetthereontime.Itisverykindofyoutohelpus.注意：1其他系动词如look;appear等也可用于此句型..2当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时;不能用Itis…to…的句型..试比较：Itistonegatemyownideatobelievehim.错Tobelievehimistonegatemyownidea.对3Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.结构中;当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时；用of;否则用for.2、作宾语(1)动词+不定式..如：Hemanagedtoescapefromthefire.Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim.it作形式宾语注：下歹1动词通常用不定式作宾语：want;try;hope;wish;need;forget;know;promise;refuse;help;decide;begin;start;learn;agree;choose;get等(2)动词+疑问词+to;“特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词;作宾语..如：Idon’tknowwhattodonext/howtodoitnext.Ican’tdecidewhentogothere.注意：不定式短语作宾语时;如果还带有宾语补足语;往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后；用it作形式宾语..如：Ifinditnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.3、作宾语补足语（1）动词+宾语+不定式todo..如：Hewarnedmetobecareful.IwantyoutospeaktoTom.Whatmakesyouthinkso不带to的不定式注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask;tell;order;want;get;wouldlike;like;advise;invite;allow;help;wish;warn;expect;prefer;encourage2）表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+tobe的不定式结构..如：WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.Thebookisbelievedtobeuseful.被动语态There+不定式..如：Wedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里..注意：1有些动词需用as短语作补语；像regard;think;believe;take;consider..如：WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师..Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲..2在动词feel一感;hear;listen仇二听;have;let;make三让;notice;see;watch;observe;lookat五看即：吾看三室两厅一感觉等后面的补足语中；不定式不带to;但变为被动语态后;必须带to..如:sawtheboyfalloffthetree.Theboywasseentofalloffthetree.sawtheboyfalloffthetree.3help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to;也可以不带to.Ioftenhelphimtocleantheroom.Ihelpedhimtofindhisthings.4、作定语不定式作定语;修饰名词或代词;不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系..不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后..如：Ihavealotofworktodo.动宾关系Heislookingforaroomtolivein.动状关系Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.主谓关系Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.同位关系注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时;不定式用主动形式表被动..如：Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语;则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词..如：Ineedapentowritewith.Iwillwirtewiththepen我需要一直钢笔写字Ihavealittlebabytolookafter.Imustlookafterthelittlebaby我有一个婴儿要照看作状语;表示目的、结果、原因等;有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语;如inorderto;soasto;so…asto;such…asto;….enoughto;too…to等..做目的状语；to;onlyto仅仅为了；inorderto;soasto;sosuch….as加…如止匕•••以便・••如：Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车..Hecametotheschooltoseehisson.作结果状语;表事先没有预料到的;要放在句子后面..如：Hehurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.做原因状语..如：Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.I’mgladtoseeyou.做条件状语..如：Toturntotheleft;youcouldfindapostoffice.5、作表语不定式可放在be动词后面;构成表语..如：Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.Myquestioniswhentoleave.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.Herworkistolookafterthebabies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时;对应的谓语动词用单数..2.当助于是不定式时;表语不能用Ving形式;可用不定式..如：Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实6、独立结构..如：Totellyouthetruth;Idon’tagreewithyou.Tomakemattersworse;itbegantorain.二、不定式的时态和语态1、不定式的时态现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生;有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后..如：Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前..如：I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.进行时：表示动作正在进行;与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生..如：Heseemstobeeatingsomething.完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始;一直延续到现在;并有可能持续下去..如：Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.2、不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时;就用被动式..如：Hewasseentoenterthehall.HeaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.三、省to的动词不定式1、情态动词除ought外；oughtto2、Wouldrather;hadbetter.3、感官动词see;watch;lookat;notice;observe;hear;listento;smell;feel等后作宾补;省略to.注意：在被动语态中to不能省略掉..如：Isawhimdance.Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.4、使役动词let;have;make.5、由and;or和than连接的两个不定式；第二个to可以省去..如：HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.6、Help可带to;也可不带to;helpsb.todosth.Why…/Whynot…8、But和except前是动词do时;后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式..试比较：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.9、通常在discover;imagine;suppose;think;understand等词后;可以省去tobe.如：Heissupposedtobenice.他应该是个好人..——Iusuallygotherebytrain.——Whynot byboatforachangeAtotrygoingBtryingtogo CtotryandgoDtrygoingPauldoesn’thavetobemade .Healwaysworkshard.Alearn BtolearnClearnedDlearning四、 动词不定式的否定式..如：Tellhimnottoshutthewindow.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter afterdrinking.AnevertodriveBtoneverdriveCneverdrivingDneverdriveTheboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet;buthismothertoldhim .Anotto Bnottodo Cnotdoit DdonotdoThepatientwaswarned foodbeforetheoperation.Atoeatno Beatingnot Cnottoeat Dnoteating动名词动名词具有动词和名词的特征;在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语一、动名词的作用1、作主语谓语用单数..It代替动名词作主语;常用于如下结构：It'snogood/usedoing。••如：Seeingisbelieving.Playingwithfireisdangerous.It’snogoodwaitinghere.2、作宾语Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Heoftenpracticesplayingthepianointheevening.Heisfondofplayingbasketball.

Hehasgivenupsmoking.Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle;please(1)只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit;advise建议；risk;appreciate;envy嫉妒;avoid避免;consider考虑；delay延迟;deny否认;dislike不喜欢;enjoy;escape逃避;excuse原谅、宽恕;finish完成forgive原谅;understand理解;giveup放弃;imagine想象;keep保持;mind介意、在乎;miss未达到；practise训练;putoff推迟；resist抵抗；suggest建议、暗示can'thelp禁不住；。@门’tstand无法忍受；devotetoto为介词致力于•••；lookforwardto期望、盼望;stickto坚持;beusedto习惯于;objectto反对;bebusy忙于•••；feelike想要•••besurprisedat对……感到惊讶beproudof以……为骄傲succeedin在某方面成功beafraidof害怕giveup放弃(2)只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen碰巧;offer主动提出；promise答应;agree同意;refuse拒绝;decide决定；determine决定、决4;pretend假装;fail未能够;learn;wish希望;hope;expect;afford负担得起..(3)接动名词、不定式均可;意义相同的动词：like;love;dislike;hate;begin;star;continue;prefer;can'tbear/endure无法忍受;cease停止(4)下列词接动名词和不定式均可;但意义不同的动词：forget;goon;mean;regret;remember;stop;try等Stoptodo停下来去做 stopdoing停止做Forgettodo忘记要做 forgetdoing忘记做过Remembertodo记得要做rememberdoingRemembertodo记得要做rememberdoing记得做过Regrettodo遗憾要做Regrettodo遗憾要做Trytodo企图做;尽力做Goontodo继续做另一件事Meantodo打算做regretdoing后悔做过trydoing试着做goondoing继续做同一件事meandoing意味做InsomepartsofLondon;missingabusmeans foranotherhour.AwaitingBtowaitingCwaitDtobewaiting⑸Need;require;want作“需要”讲;其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义;beworth也有类似用法..如：Theflowersneedwatering/tobewatered.Theproblemisworthdiscussing.3、作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置..如：Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Herjobiswashing;cleaningandtakingcareofthechild4、作定语动名词作定语;一般表示用途..如：awaitingroom;adivingboard;areadingroom;adininghalltherearealotofswimmingpoolsinthecity.注：1现在分词作定语表动作;它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系;可改写成一个定语从句..如果为单词;放在被修饰n之前;为短语;放在被修饰n之后..如：asleepingboy=aboywhoissleepingadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping2动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质；可改写成一个for的短语;两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系..如：awashingmachine=amachineforwashingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming二、动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前;通常要用完成式;否则都用一般式..如：Weareinterestedinplayingchess.Hewaspraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.I’msorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象;动名词用被动语态..如：Wemustdosomethingtopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.Irememberhavingbeentoldastory.Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbytheteacher.及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doingbeingdonedoing完成时havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词..在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语..现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上;现在分词表示主动意义;过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上;现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生;过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性..如：fallingleaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves已经落在地上的树叶一、分词的作用1、作定语单个分词作定语;分词前置..如：Thesleepingboyismyson.Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Alostopportunityneverreturns.Heisaretiredworker.分词短语作定语;分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give;left等作定语也后置..如：Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.Thisisthequestiongiven.Thereisnothinginteresting.过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系;相当于一个被动语态的定语从句..如：MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsThefirsttextbook forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.AhavewrittenBtobewrittenCbeingwrittenDwrittenWhat’sthelanguage inGermanyA speaking B spoken C bespoken D tospeakPricesofdailygoods throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A arebought B bought C beenbought D buying.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor “Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”Aread Breads CtoreadDreading2、2、现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语..Notreceivinganyletterfromhim;Igavehimacall.AsIdidn’treceiveanyletterfromhim;Igavehimacall.Givenmoreattention;thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Ifmoreattentionwasgiven;thetreescouldhavegrown匕㊀e㊀上条件Walkingalongthestreet;Iranacrossmyoldfriend.Bittenbyasnake;hewastakentohospital原因.Thoughdefeated;hedidn'tloseheart.让步Helayonthegrass;lookingintothe$卜丫.伴随Hecamerunningtotellmethegoodnews.方式 someofficials;Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.AFollowedBFollowedbyCBeingfollowedDHavingbeenfollowed答案：BTherewasaterriblenoise thesuddenburstoflight.AfollowedBfollowingCtobefollowedDbeingfollowed答案：B ;liquidscanbechangedintogases.AHeatingBTobeheatedCHeated DHeat答案：C注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词;关键看主句的主语..如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出;分词就用现在分词;反之就用过去分词..试比较：BeingUsedforalongtime;thebooklooks01d.由于用了很长时间；这本书看上去很旧..Usingthebook;Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中；我发现这本书很有用..分词作状语时;其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致;如果不一致;就用独立主格结构;即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语..现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语;一般不用作定语..When ;themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.AcompletedBcompletingCbeingcompletedDtobecompleted suchheavypollutionalready;itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.AHavingsufferedBSufferingCTosuffer DSuffered3、作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征;过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态..如：Thefilmistouching.Theglassisbroken.Shelookedtiredwithcooking.Heremainedstandingbesidethetable.—I’mvery withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.—Mm;itdoeshavea smell.Apleasant;pleasedBpleased;pleasedCpleasant;pleasantDpleased;pleasant4、作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样;在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语..如：Ismellsomethingburning.Iheardhimsingingthesong.Iheardmynamecalled.Ican’tmakemyselfunderstoodinEnglish.Ifoundmycarmissing.I’llhavemywatchrepaired.我想把我的手表修一下..Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee thenextyear.

AcarryoutB