暨南大学《808外国语言文学综合考试》考研真题

暨南大学《808外国语言文学综合考试》考研真题库SECTIONAI.Filltheblankswithproperanswers(10%)TheEnglishsonnet,alsoknownassonnet,usuallyhasaregularrhymeschemea-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.【答案】Shakespearean查看答案【解析】莎士比亚的诗作，改变了彼得拉克的格式，由三段四行和一副对句组成，即按四、四、四、二编排，其押韵格式为“ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG”。每行诗句有十个抑扬格音节。Itwasin1798,withthepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’s,incollaborationwithS.T.Coleridge,thatromanticismbegantobloomandfoundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.【答案】LyricalBallads查看答案【解析】1798年，华兹华斯与柯勒律治将各自的诗歌合为一册，定名为《抒情歌谣集》。ThetypicalfeatureofRobertBrowning'spoetryisthe.【答案】dramaticmonologue查看答案【解析】勃朗宁对英国诗歌的最大贡献，是发展和完善了戏剧独白诗这样一种独特的诗歌形式，并且用它鲜明而生动地塑造了各种不同类型的人物性格，深刻而复杂地展示了人的内在心理。TheGraveyardPoetswereanumberofpre-RomanticEnglishpoetsofthe18thcenturycharacterizedbytheirgloomymeditationsonmortalityinthecontextofthegraveyard.AcontemplativeandmellowmoodisachievedinthecelebratedopeningverseofGray′s.【答案】ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard查看答案【解析】这首诗充满感伤情调，成为18世纪后期感伤主义诗歌的典范之作。Asoneofthegreatinnovatorsofthemodernnovel,VirginiaWoolfdevelopedthetechniqueofinherwriting,whichfocusesonthecomplexlivesofcharacters’innermindsinsteadofoutwardactions.【答案】streamofconsciousness查看答案【解析】弗吉尼亚•伍尔芙（1882年1月25日—1941年3月28日）。英国女作家、文学批评家和文学理论家，意识流文学代表人物，被誉为“二十世纪现代主义与女性主义的先锋”。Itwas,astheprimaryauthorwhowrote“theDeclarationofIndependence”,togetherwithotherfourmenincludingBenjaminFranklin.【答案】ThomasJefferson查看答案【解析】《独立宣言》是一份于1776年7月4日由托马斯・杰斐逊起草，并由其它13个殖民地代表签署的最初声明美国从英国独立的文件。's“TheRaven”isadarkreflectiononlostlove,death,andlossofhope.【答案】EdgarAllenPoe查看答案【解析】《乌鸦》是埃德加・爱伦・坡于1844年创作的诗集，诗歌主题除了爱情就是死亡、幻灭和伤悼。NathanielHawthorne'sScarletLetterisastoryaboutawomannamedlivinginseventeenth-centuryBoston,thenapuritansettlement.【答案】HesterPrynne查看答案【解析】《红字》讲述了发生在北美殖民时期的恋爱悲剧。女主人公是海丝特・白兰。Earlyinthe1920sthemostprominentofthenewAmericanplaywrights,,establishedaninternationalreputationwithsuchplaysasTheEmperorJonesandTheHairyApe.【答案】EugeneO'Neill查看答案【解析】尤金•奥尼尔(1888年10月16日—1953年11月27日)美国剧作家，表现主义文学的代表作家，美国民族戏剧的奠基人。主要作品有《琼斯皇》《毛猿》《天边外》《悲悼》等。Hemingway'sstatureasawriterwasconfirmedwiththepublicationofhisnovelin1929,whichportrayedafarewellbothtowarandtolove.【答案】AFarewelltoArms查看答案【解析】《永别了，武器》是美国小说家欧内斯特・海明威创作的长篇小说，是其早期代表作，首次出版于1929年9月27日。通过描述二人的爱情，作品揭示了战争的荒唐和残酷的本质，反映了战争中人与人之间的相互残杀以及战争对人的精神和情感的毁灭。DefinethetermslistedbelowaccordingtoyourknowledgeofEnglishandAmericanliteratureandcriticism.(20%)Gothicnovel【答案】GothicNovel,asaliterarygenre,combineselementsofbothhorrorandromance.Thesenovels,inrebellingagainsttheincreasingcommercialismandrationalism,showthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature.Theyaremysteries,ofteninvolvingthesupernaturalandheavilytingedwithhorror,andtheyareusuallyagainstdarkbackgroundsofmedievalruinsandhauntedcastles.TheoriginatorofEnglishGothicnovelisHoraceWalpole,andhisCastleofOtranto:AGothicStoryisthefirstworkofthekind.查看答案Byronichero【答案】TheByronicheroisanidealizedbutflawedcharacterexemplifiedinthelifeandwritingsofLordBryon,likeChildHaroldandDonJuan.Theyarehandsome,chivalrous,energetic,pathetic,lonelyandremorsefuloverasin,gloomyandmisanthropic,sexuallyfree,andcapableofgenerousactsandmagnanimity.Thereisapossibledownsideoftheirpersonalitywithindividualisticspirit,aloofness,arroganceandoccasionalcontemptforthecommonpeople.查看答案3.CriticalRealism【答案】Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthe1840sandinthebeginningofthe1850s.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromadramaticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingconditionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.查看答案4.Transcendentalism【答案】Itisaliterary,philosophicalandartisticmovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.ItoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxyofCalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch,developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.Transcendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoulasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse,andstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,naturewasthegarmentoftheOversoul.TheirideaswereeloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,andSelf-relianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisWalden.查看答案III.Identifythefollowingquotationsbygiving(1)thetitleofthework;(2)thenameofitsauthor,and(3)explainbrieflytheimplicationsoftheunderlinedparts.(20%)Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.【答案】OfStudies;FrancisBaconItsimplicationisthatstudiescannotteachuseverythingandwecannotbelieveeverythingthatwelearnfrombooks,insteadweneedtolearnfromexperiencetotesttheknowledgewelearnedbefore.IfIwereadeadleafthoumightestbear;/IfIwereaswiftcloudtoflywiththee;/Awavetopantbeneaththypower,andshare/Theimpulseofthystrength,onlylessfree/Thanthou,OUncontrollable!【答案】OdetotheWestWind;PercyByssheShelleyItsimplicationisthatthoughthespeakerislikethewindatheart,untamableandproud—heisnowchainedandbowedwiththeweightofhishoursupontheearth.Ohsir,shesmiled,nodoubt,/Whene’erIpassedher;butwhopassedwithout/Muchthesamesmile?Thisgrew:Igavecommands:/Thenallsmilesstoppedaltogether.【答案】MyLastDuchess;RobertBrowningItsimplicationisthatthespeakercommandshiswifenottosmiletoothersbecausehethinksthatsheistoofrivolousindoingso.Fromthis,BrowningportraysadominatingandselfishDuke.Hesmiledunderstandingly—muchmorethanunderstandingly...Preciselyatthatpointitvanished—andIwaslookingatanelegantyoungroughneck,ayearortwooverthirty,whoseelaborateformalityofspeechjustmissedbeingabsurd.SometimebeforeheintroducedhimselfI’dgotastrongimpressionthathewaspickinghiswordswithcare.【答案】TheGreatGatsby;F.ScottFitzgeraldItsimplicationisthatGatsbyisnotthesameasthespeakerimagines,andthespeakerthinksthathiswayofspeechorbehaviorsareinconsistentwithhiswealthorpower.Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite,thoughnobodyiswithme.Butifamanwouldbealone,lethimlookatthestars.Theraysthatcomefromthoseheavenlyworldswillseparatebetweenhimandvulgarthings.【答案】Nature;RalphWaldoEmersonItsimplicationisthattoexperiencethe“wholeness”withnatureforwhichwearenaturallysuited,wemustbeseparatefromtheflawsanddistractionsimposedonusbysociety.Emersonbelievedthatsolitudeisthesinglemechanismthroughwhichwecanbefullyengagedintheworldofnature.IV.Writing:Chooseoneofthefollowingpairandwriteacomparativeessayofnolessthan200words.(25%)CharlesDickensandThomasHardy【答案】BothCharlesDickensonandThomasHardyweremastersofcriticalrealisminBritaininthenineteenthCentury.Dickensonbegantowritein1830s,andendedin1850s;Hardy'snovelsweremainlyinthelast10yearsofnineteenthCentury.Becauseoftheirdifferentlifeexperiencesandhistoricalbackgrounds,theirwritingstylesarebothidenticalanddifferent.Dickenson'snovelsaretortuous,lively,andfascinating.Hisnovelsareinterestingandreadable,withtheaimofattractingreaders.TheprotagonistsinDickenson'novelsoftensucceedafterthousandsofhardshipsorfrustrationsintheirlives.Hisnovelsarejustlikeapieceofmusic,whichbeginswithamelancholymelodyandendswithcheerfulnotes,oftenmakingreaderslaughwithtears.Thisistheoptimistic“Dickenson-style”novelending.Hardy'snovels,likeDickenson'snovels,arereadableandinteresting.Theplotistortuousandfascinating,whichisthecharacteristicofhisnovels,sohehasalargenumberofreaders.Theplot'stwistsandturnsofHardy'snovelsaremainlymanifestedintheupsanddowns,andaseriesofmisfortunesandmisfortunesplungingtheherointodespair.Hisworksarenovelanduniquewithmanyoccasionalhappeningsandcoincidences.Hisnovelsoftenendwithamournfultone,whichmakesreaderssad.ThecharactersinDickenson'snovelsaresingleandwillnotchangewiththechangeofexperienceandenvironment.Therefore,thegoodpeopleinDickenson'snovelsareoftenpoor,butgoodandkind.Badpeoplearesworksnotonlyvillainsandgangsters.However,thecharactersinHardyhavedualityandcomplexity,butalsochangebecauseoftheinfluenceofenvironmentandexperience.Hedoesnotregardtheprinciplethat“Baddeeds,aswellasgood,mayrebounduponthedoer.”astheendingofthenovel,butjustshowsthefateofsomecharacterstothereadersaccordingtothereality.Hardyhadnoillusionsaboutlife.Hisattitudetowardslifewasquiteresignedtofate.sworksnotonlyTheLostGeneration&TheBeatGeneration【答案】“TheLostgeneration”and“theBeatGeneration”cameintobeingafterthetwoWorldWarsin20thCentury.Theyemergedindifferenttimesandsocialsituations.Facedwiththelossoftraditionalvalues,theyexpresseddissatisfactionandrebelliontosocietyindifferentforms.AftertheFirstWorldWar,thetraditionalcivilizationofEurope,ofwhichtheyouthwasproud,collapsedinstantly,andEuropewasinturmoil.Afterthewar,theyoungmandidnotbecometheheroesthatpeopleworshiped.Theycannotfindjobsandcannotadjusttotheirtownsandfamiliesandbecameincompatiblewiththereality.Moreover,WorldWarIcausedamorelastingtraumatointellectualswhoweredissatisfiedwiththepursuitofeconomicinterestsbuttheoverlookofspiritualcontentinsociety.Allthesechangesresultedinagenerationfeelingconfusedandataloss.Theylosttheiroldrootsandcouldnotfindnewdirectionsbutjustexpressedtheirprotestagainstsocietywith“lost”appearance.WhileasthesocietyafterWorldWarnhadcompletelysuppressedhumannature,theyoungpeoplewhohadbeenhitcouldnolongerendureinsilence.Thenormalresistancewasineffectiveandtheycannotbehaveasifeverythinghadnothingtodowiththemlikethe“lostgeneration”beingintoxicatedintheindividualworld.Therefore,theydecidedtoattracttheattentionofthesocietyandthepublicbytheirpeculiarandindependentbehaviors,thusexpressingtheirresistancetothemainstreamauthority.Thetwoschoolsalldisplayedamentaloutlookthatwasnotcompatiblewiththemainstream,buttheyrevoltedindifferentways.“TheLostGeneration”was“graceunderpressure”,“TheBeatGeneration”wasanakedhowl.Althoughtheformerwaspessimisticandignoredtheoutsideworld,theydidnotretreatpassively.Undertheir“lost”appearance,theylookedforsomething,expressingtheirpursuitofpersonalfreedomfromadeeperlevel.However,thelatterexpressedthesamespiritofrebellionwithinsanityandnakedexposure.Theydislikedtheevilbigcityandmovedtothewest,totheoriginalMexico.Intheirtimes,peoplelostthemselvesandgraduallyalienatedinthesocietyofincreasingphysicalandrightdesires.Therefore,theyarousetherebelliousconsciousnessoftheresignedwithcrazybehaviorstorestorepeople’sfreedom.SECTIONBI.Therearetenmultiple-choicequestionsinthissection.Choosethebestanswerloeachquestion.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10%)WhichofthefollowingsoundsdoesnotbelongtotheallomorphsoftheEnglishsimplepastmorpheme?[d][t][it][id]【答案】C查看答案【解析】英语一般过去式的词素有三种词素变体：[d]、[t]、[id]。When-ionin“television”isremovedtogetaverb“televise”,wecallthiswayofcreatingwords.suffixationback-formationblendingacronymy【答案】B查看答案【解析】逆构词法是将语言中已经存在的某个较长的词去掉想象中的词缀从而衍生出来的一个较短的词。Inthefollowingconversation:-BeirutisinPeru,isn’tit?-AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.ThesecondpersonviolatestheoftheCooperativePrinciple.QuantityMaximQualityMaximRelationMaximMannerMaxim【答案】B查看答案【解析】质量准则第一条为“不要说自知是假的话”。Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe.prescriptivesociolinguisticdescriptivepsycholinguistic【答案】C查看答案【解析】现代语言学描述和分析语言事实。ThediscoveryoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkof.JacobGrimmBronislawMalinowskiLeonardBloomfieldSirWilliamJones【答案】D查看答案【解析】威廉•琼斯最早正式提出印欧语假设。Oneofthepropertiesoflanguageisthatalanguageusercanunderstandandproducesentenceshe/shehasneverheardbefore.Thispropertyoflanguageiscalled.dualityproductivitydisplacementarbitrariness【答案】B查看答案【解析】有了创造性，说话者便能够将基本的语言单位组成无限数量的句子，而这其中的绝大数句子却是以前从未有过或听说过的。Theconsonant[d]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:voiceless,alveolar,stopvoiceless,labiodental,lateralvoiced,dental,fricativevoiceless,labiodental,affricate【答案】C查看答案【解析】[6]是浊音，齿音，摩擦音。“Iboughtsomeroses”"Iboughtsomeflowers”.entailspresupposesisinconsistentwithissynonymouswith【答案】A查看答案【解析】第二个句子的意义可以由第一个句子衍推出来。Theprocesswhereawordorphraserefersforwardtoanotherwordorphrasewhichoccurslaterinatextorconversationiscalled.antecedentcataphoraanaphorareference【答案】B查看答案【解析】下指是对后文将要出现的内容或词项的替代。Whichpairofwordsinthefollowingisaminimalpair?dick,dugbike,pikecat,petpage,lake【答案】B查看答案【解析】单词bike和pike只有第一个音素不同，从而导致两个单词意义不同。Fillintheblankswithwordsorphrasesstartingwiththefirstlettergivenbelow.(10%)Sisthesmallestcomponentofmeaning.【答案】Sememe查看答案【解析】义素是词义的基本单位。Aneconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenterofhead.【答案】endocentric查看答案【解析】向心结构是一种其分布在功能上等同或趋近于整个结构中作为中心或核心的成分的结构。Acisacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.【答案】corpus查看答案【解析】语料是以书面语篇或录音言语描写所收集的语言数据的集合。Asisaspecificationofwhattakesplaceintheclassroom,whichusuallycontainstheaimsandcontentsofteachingandsometimescontainssuggestionsofmethodology.【答案】syllabus查看答案【解析】教学大纲就是教学计划。它是对课程内容，教学步骤和学习经历的描述。J.R.FwasthefirstprofessorofgenerallinguisticsinGreatBritainandheturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritain.【答案】Firth查看答案【解析】弗斯是英国语言学界的中心人物。他坚持语言理论研究有其独立性，不应被视为其他学科或语言教学的附庸。ICanalysisistheshortformfori.【答案】immediateconstituent查看答案【解析】IC是直接成分分析法的简称。Theifunctionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearerorreader.【答案】informative查看答案【解析】信息功能指语言用来传达信息，即告诉他人一些事情，情况，信息等功能。Binlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainofstimulus-responsereinforcement.【答案】Bloomfield查看答案【解析】布龙菲尔德认为儿童的语言学习是通过“刺激一反应加强”链，而且成人的语言运用同样也是刺激一反应过程。ThePSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.ItmostprominentscholarisTrubetzcoy.【答案】Prague查看答案【解析】布拉格学派最为出名，令人难以忘怀的是其对音位学的贡献，以及对语音学和音位学的区分。在这当中最有影响力的学者是特鲁别茨伊柯。Philosophersusectomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.【答案】connotation查看答案【解析】哲学家们用内涵来表示单词所指实体的属性。Definethefollowingterms.(25%)1.arbitrariness【答案】Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Thereisnoreason,forexample,whyEnglishshouldusethesounds/dog/torefertotheanimaldog,orwhyChineseshoulduse“gou”torefertothesameanimal.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisquiteaccidental.查看答案antonymy【答案】Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareantonyms.Oppositenesscanbefoundondifferentdimensionsanddifferentkindsofantonymshavebeenfound.Someantonymsaregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair.Soitisamatterofdegree.Forexample,oldandyoungareimmediatelyrecognizedasantonyms,buttheystandfortwoextremes,betweenwhichthereexistintermediateformsrepresentingdifferingdegreesofbeingoldoryoung,suchas“middle-aged,mature,elderly”.“Good”and“bad”isalsoapairofgradableantonyms.Apairofcomplementaryantonymsischaracterizedbythefeaturethatthedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.Inotherwords,itisnotamatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes,butamatterofeitheroneortheother.Forexample,apersoncanbeeither“alive”or“dead”,either“male”or“female”;thereisnothirdpossibility.Therefore,“alive”and“dead”isapairofcomplementaryantonymsandsois“male”and“female”.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.Forexample,ifAisthehusbandofB,thenBisthewifeofA.So“husband”and“wife”isapairofrelationalopposites;soare“teacher”and“student”.conversationalimplicature【答案】Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.查看答案broadtranscription【答案】Phonetictranscriptionmayaimtotranscribethephonologyofalanguage,oritmaybeusedtogofurtherandspecifytheprecisephoneticrealization.Inallsystemsoftranscriptionthereisadistinctionbetweenbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Broadtranscriptionindicatesonlythemostnoticeablephoneticfeaturesofanutterance,whereasnarrowtranscriptionencodesmoreinformationaboutthephoneticvariationsofthespecificallophonesintheutterance.Thedifferencebetweenbroadandnarrowisacontinuum.Oneparticularformofabroadtranscriptionisaphonemictranscription,whichdisregardsallallophonicdifference,and,asthenameimplies,isnotreallyaphonetictranscriptionatall(butattimescoincideswithit),butarepresentationofphonemicstructure.查看答案proposition【答案】Apropositioniswhatasentencesaysabouttheworld.Thesamesentencecanexpressdifferentpropositionsondifferentoccasions.Conversely,differentsentencescanexpressoneandthesameproposition.查看答案Giveeachofthefollowingabriefaccount.(30%)Linguisticdeterminism(10%)【答案】LinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativityaretwopartsofSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Linguisticdeterminismsaysthatlinguisticstructuredeterminescognitivestructure.Thatis,learningalanguagechangesthewayapersonthinks.查看答案Met叩hor(10%)【答案】Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It'softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomain