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EnglishLiteratureChapters7—8KeyPointsinChapter7MovementtowardRomanticismJamesThomsonEdwardYoungGeorgeCrabbeWilliamCowperWilliamBlakeIntroductionWorksRobertBurnsIntroductionWorks
MovementtowardRomanticismExtremestendtoprovokeareaction.WithPopeandthenSamuelJohnsonatthehelm,the18thcenturyragedforwardwiththeheroiccoupletandalmostoutlawedotherforms.However,fromtheveryoutset,somedissentingvoicesexistedandtriedtomakethemselvesheard.Therewasalsotheslybutsteadyassertionofemotionintheageofreason.WithRobertBurnsandWilliamBlakecomingfortheventuallyonthescene,thestagewerewellsetforanewgenerationofpoets,theRomantics.
JamesThomson
(1700-1748)HeisrememberednowmostlyforhisTheSeasons.TheCastleofIndolencewithitsmedievalallegoricalkindofstory,isreadoccasionallyaswell.TheSeasonsisalongpoemofover5,500lines,composedinblankverseinsteadofthetyrannicalheroiccouplet.
EdwardYoung
(1683-1765)Heisnowknownsolelyforhislongpoemofsometenthousandlines,Complaint,orNightThoughtsonLife,Death,andImmortality,popularlyknownasNightThoughts.TheworkhelpedtomovepoetryforwardtowardtheageofRomanticism:foronething,itwaswritteninblankverse,notinthefashionableheroiccouplet;thenthepoemisanadequateexpressionofemotions.NightThoughtsisnotedforitspsychologicalprobingsanditsmixingofpersonalsentimentswithreligiousdeliberations.
WilliamCowper
(1731-1800)Hispersonallifewasturbulentanddepressing.Hewashigh-strungandsuicidal.Hisblankverseprovedtobethebestofhistime.HismajorworksincludetheOnleyHymnsandTheTask,forwhichheisknownandreadtoday.
WilliamBlake
(1757-1827)IntroductionBlakewasanimportantlandmarkinbetweentwoliteraryperiods,pointingdirectlytothatofRomanticism.Thereweretwofactorsinhislifethathelpedtoorienthisthematicthrust.Onewashisnativesensitivitythatenabledhimtoseevisionsanddevelopakindofmysticism.Theotherwashiscontactwithsomeradicalpeople.Thetwomajorthematicstrandsthatmakeupthebasicfabricofhispoetryincludehisconcernwithsocialeventsandhismysticism.Blakewasbasicallyavisionary
WilliamBlake
(1757-1827)WorksSongsofInnocence“InfantJoy”“TheBlossom”“TheLamb”“TheDivineImage”SongsofExperience“InfantSorrow”“TheSickRose”“TheTiger”“TheHumanAbstract”
RobertBurns
(1759-1796)IntroductionBornintoapoorScottishfarmer’sfamily.Heexperienceddirepovertyandhadclosecontactwithcommonlifeandcommonpeople.HeiscriticalofCalvinismanditshypocrisyandrigidmorality.BurnswroteintheScottishdialect,English,andamedleyofthetwo.
RobertBurns
(1759-1796)Works“ARedRedRose”“TamO’Shanter”“ForA’Thatan’A’That”ARedRedRoseOmyLuve'slikeared,redrose
That’snewlysprunginJune;
OmyLuve'slikethemelodie
That’ssweetlyplay'dintune.
Asfairartthou,mybonnielass,
SodeepinluveamI:
AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,
Tilla’theseasgangdry:Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,
Andtherocksmeltwi’thesun:
Iwillluvetheestill,mydear,
Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.
Andfaretheewell,myonlyLuve
Andfaretheewell,awhile!
AndIwillcomeagain,myLuve,
Tho’itweretenthousandmile.KeyPointsinChapter818thCenturyFictionJonathanSwiftWorksGulliver’sTravelsDanielDefoeIntroductionRobinsonCrusoeSamuelRichardsonHenryFieldingAestheticTheoriesWorksLaurenceSterneTobiasSmollett
18thCenturyFiction18thcenturywasoneinwhichthenovelasagenreprosperednotonlyinthepractice,butalsointhetheoryofthecraft.Thewritersdevelopedtherealisticmethodofpresentationandbroughtstory-tellinginfinitelyclosertothereallifeaslivedbytherealpeople.
JonathanSwift(1667-1745)WorksTheBattleoftheBooksTaleofaTubTheIrishDrapier’sLettersAModestProposalItisoneofthemostcausticsatireseverwritteninliteraryhistoryGulliver’sTravels
JonathanSwift(1667-1745)Gulliver’sTravelsThisisasavagesatireintheformofafabuloustravelogueThebookconsistsoffourparts,eachrecordingonevoyagetooneoutlandish“remote”place.PartI:“AVoyagetoLilliput”PartII:“AVoyagetoBrobdingnag”PartIII:“AVoyagetoLaputa,Balnibari,Glubbdubdrib,Luggnagg,andJapan”PartIV:“AVoyagetotheCountryoftheHouyhnhunms”
DanielDefoe
(1660-1731)IntroductionHisviewsonthenovelfocusontwothingsofsignificancetotheemerginggenre(novel):itsrealismanditsmoralaesthetic.Hisprotagonistsarecommonpeoplewithrealcommonnamesandspeakas“I”,tellingtheirownstoriesinthefirst-personnarrative,addressingthereadersdirectlywithoutanymediation,justsoastoincreasetherealisticeffectofimmediacyandinvolvement.
DanielDefoe(1660-1731)RobinsonCrusoeItistheworkforwhichDefoeisrememberedbyall.ThepopularRobinsonCrusoestoryaspeoplenormallyknowitisinfactthenarrativefocusofthefirstpart.Itisfirstandforemostamiddleclassbook,offeringjustificationfortheclass’forthcomingrisetopre-dominanceinnationallife.ThebookisatypicalPuritantale.RobinsonCrusoeisfrequentlyseensimplyasatrue-to-life,nomoreandnoless,specimenoftheordinaryhumankind.Bodyingforththesumtotaloftheperseveranceandindomitablenessofhumanspirit.Itisthisqualityinthecharacterthatremainseternallycharmingandgreat.
SamuelRichardson
(1689-1751)Pamela,OrVirtueRewardedmarksthebeginningofconversationalmannerofnarration.RichardhasbeenseenasthebeginninginoneofthesepsychologicalrealisminthehistoryoftheEnglishnovel.
HenryFielding
(1707-1754)AestheticTheoriesHiswasthefirstattemptevertodefinethenovelasaproseepic(“Prosaic-comic-epicWriting”ashecallsit)thatisnotinferiortoanepicpoem.Fieldingseesthenovelasavehicleformoralinculcation,amirrorandanimitationofnatureandlife.Thoughimitatinglife,artis,tohim,notlife.Fieldingdeemsitnecessaryforawritertohavefourbasicqualities—nativegift,adequatelearning,richexperiencewithlifeandakindheart.
HenryFielding
(1707-1754)WorksJosephAndrewsIthasbeenseenasthefirstrealisticnovelinEnglishfiction.ItsfocusisonthepresentationofEnglishlifeasbeinglivedthen,sothatitendsupasanovelofmanners.TomJonesItisFielding’smasterpieceMajorcharacters:SquireAllworthy,TomJones,JennyJones,Patridge,Bridget,MasterBlifil,theWesterns,Sophia
LaurenceSt
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