2022年6月英语四级真题及答案第二套

》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《/》》》》》考试真题资料word版——2023年最新整理《《《《《20226PartIWriting〔30minutes〕thispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstooneofyourschoolteacherscollege.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartⅡListeningComprehension〔25minutes〕SectionADirections：InthisyouwillhearthreenewsAttheendofeachnewsyouwillheartwoorthrees BoththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyeAfteryouhearayoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA〕，〕，C〕andD〕。ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustQuestion1A)Howcollegestudentscanimprove their sleephabits.B)Whysufficientsleepisimportantforcollegestudents.C)Whycollegestudentsaremorelikelytohavestressproblems.D)Howcollegestudentscanhandletheirpsychologicalproblems.Question2A)Itisnoteasy20226PartIWriting〔30minutes〕thispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstooneofyourschoolteacherscollege.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartⅡListeningComprehension〔25minutes〕SectionADirections：InthisyouwillhearthreenewsAttheendofeachnewsyouwillheartwoorthrees BoththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyeAfteryouhearayoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA〕，〕，C〕andD〕。ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustQuestion1A)Howcollegestudentscanimprove their sleephabits.B)Whysufficientsleepisimportantforcollegestudents.C)Whycollegestudentsaremorelikelytohavestressproblems.D)Howcollegestudentscanhandletheirpsychologicalproblems.Question2A)Itisnoteasytoimproveone'ssleephabits.B)Itisnotgoodforstudentstoplayvideogames.C)Studentswhoarebetterpreparedgenerallygethigherscoresinexaminations.D)Makinglast-minute preparationsfortests may be lesseffectivethansleeping.Drections:Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.Question3A)WhethermoreairportsshouldbebuiltaroundLondon.B)Whetheradequateinvestmentisbeingmadetoimproveairportfacilities.C)WhethertheBritishAirports Authorityshouldselloffsomeofitsassets.D)WhethertheSpanishcompanycouldoffer betterservice.Question4A)Inefficientmanagement.B)Poorownershipstructure.C)Lackofinnovationandcompetition.D)Lackofrunway andterminal capacity.Drections:Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.Question5A)Reportthenicotinecontentoftheircigarettes.B)Set alimittotheproductionoftheircigarettes.C)Takesteps toreducenicotineintheirproducts.D)Studytheeffectsofnicotineonyoungsmokers.Question6A)Thebiggestincreaseinnicotinecontenttendedtobeinbrandsyoungsmokerslike.B)Big tobaccocompanieswere frankwiththeircustomersabout thehazardsofsmoking.C)Brandswhich containhighernicotinecontentwerefoundto bemuchmorepopular.D)Tobaccocompaniesrefused todiscussthedetailednicotinecontentoftheirproducts.Question7A)Theypromisedtoreducethenicotinecontentincigarettes.Question3A)WhethermoreairportsshouldbebuiltaroundLondon.B)Whetheradequateinvestmentisbeingmadetoimproveairportfacilities.C)WhethertheBritishAirports Authorityshouldselloffsomeofitsassets.D)WhethertheSpanishcompanycouldoffer betterservice.Question4A)Inefficientmanagement.B)Poorownershipstructure.C)Lackofinnovationandcompetition.D)Lackofrunway andterminal capacity.Drections:Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.Question5A)Reportthenicotinecontentoftheircigarettes.B)Set alimittotheproductionoftheircigarettes.C)Takesteps toreducenicotineintheirproducts.D)Studytheeffectsofnicotineonyoungsmokers.Question6A)Thebiggestincreaseinnicotinecontenttendedtobeinbrandsyoungsmokerslike.B)Big tobaccocompanieswere frankwiththeircustomersabout thehazardsofsmoking.C)Brandswhich containhighernicotinecontentwerefoundto bemuchmorepopular.D)Tobaccocompaniesrefused todiscussthedetailednicotinecontentoftheirproducts.Question7A)Theypromisedtoreducethenicotinecontentincigarettes.B)Theyhavenotfullyrealizedthe harmful effectofnicotine.C)Theywerenotpreparedtocommentonthecigarettestudy.D)Theywillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoftheirproducts.SectionBConversationDirections：Inthissection，youwillhear twolongconversations。At theendofeach conversationsyouwillhearfourquestions。 Boththeconversationsandthequestion-swillbespokenonly once。Afteryouhear aquestion。Youmust choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA〕，B〕，C〕andD〕。Thenmarkthe correspondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Question8A)Indonesia.B)Holland.C)Sweden.D)England.Question9A)Gettingacoach whocanoffer real help.B)Talkingwithherboyfriend in Dutch.C)Learningalanguagewhereitisnotspoken.D)Acquiringthe necessaryability to socialize.Question10A)Listeningtolanguageprogramsontheradio.B)Tryingtospeakitasmuchasone can.C)Makingfriendswithnative speakers.D)PracticingreadingaloudasoftenasB)Theyhavenotfullyrealizedthe harmful effectofnicotine.C)Theywerenotpreparedtocommentonthecigarettestudy.D)Theywillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoftheirproducts.SectionBConversationDirections：Inthissection，youwillhear twolongconversations。At theendofeach conversationsyouwillhearfourquestions。 Boththeconversationsandthequestion-swillbespokenonly once。Afteryouhear aquestion。Youmust choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA〕，B〕，C〕andD〕。Thenmarkthe correspondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Question8A)Indonesia.B)Holland.C)Sweden.D)England.Question9A)Gettingacoach whocanoffer real help.B)Talkingwithherboyfriend in Dutch.C)Learningalanguagewhereitisnotspoken.D)Acquiringthe necessaryability to socialize.Question10A)Listeningtolanguageprogramsontheradio.B)Tryingtospeakitasmuchasone can.C)Makingfriendswithnative speakers.D)Practicingreadingaloudasoftenaspossible.Question11A)Itcreatesanenvironmentfor socializing.B)Itoffersvariouscourseswithcreditpoints.C)Ittrainsyoungpeople'sleadershipabilities.D)Itprovidesopportunitiesforlanguagepractice.Drections:Questions12to15are basedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Question12A)Theimpactofenginedesignonroadsafety.B)Therole policemen playintrafficsafety.C)Asenseoffreedomdrivinggives.D)Rulesandregulationsfor driving.Question13A)Makecarswithautomaticcontrol.B)Makecarsthathave betterbrakes.C)Makecarsthatarelesspowerful.D)Makecarswithhigherstandards.Question14A)Theytendtodrive responsibly.B)Theyliketogoathighspeed.C)Theykeepwithinspeedlimits.D)Theyfollowtrafficrulesclosely.Question15A)Itisabadidea.B)Itisnotuseful.C)Itisaseffectiveas speedbumps.D)Itshouldbecombinedwitheducation.SectionCPassagesDirections：In thissection，youwillhearthreepassages。 Attheendofeachpassage，youwillhearthreeorfourquestions。Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce。Afteryouhearaquestion，you mustchoosethebest answerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABCandDD)Itprovidesopportunitiesforlanguagepractice.Drections:Questions12to15are basedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.Question12A)Theimpactofenginedesignonroadsafety.B)Therole policemen playintrafficsafety.C)Asenseoffreedomdrivinggives.D)Rulesandregulationsfor driving.Question13A)Makecarswithautomaticcontrol.B)Makecarsthathave betterbrakes.C)Makecarsthatarelesspowerful.D)Makecarswithhigherstandards.Question14A)Theytendtodrive responsibly.B)Theyliketogoathighspeed.C)Theykeepwithinspeedlimits.D)Theyfollowtrafficrulesclosely.Question15A)Itisabadidea.B)Itisnotuseful.C)Itisaseffectiveas speedbumps.D)Itshouldbecombinedwitheducation.SectionCPassagesDirections：In thissection，youwillhearthreepassages。 Attheendofeachpassage，youwillhearthreeorfourquestions。Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce。Afteryouhearaquestion，you mustchoosethebest answerfromthefourchoicesmarkedABCandDThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Drections:Questions16to 18are based onthe passageyouhavejustheard.Question16A)Thecardgotdamaged.B)Thecardwasfoundinvalid.C)Thecardreaderfailedto dothescanning.D)Thecardreaderbrokedownunexpectedly.Question17A)Bycoveringthecreditcardwitha layerofplastic.B)Bycallingthecreditcardcompanyforconfirmation.C)Byseekinghelpfromthe cardreader maker Verifone.D)Bytypingthecreditcardnumberintothecashregister.Question18A)Affectthesalesofhigh-tech appliances.B)ChangethelifestyleofmanyAmericans.C)Givebirthtomanynewtechnologicalinventions.D)Produce manylow-techfixesfor high-tech failures.Drections:Questions 19to21are basedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Question19A)Theyaresetbythedeanofthegraduateschool.B)Theyaredeterminedbytheadvisingboard.C)Theyleave muchroomforimprovement.D)Theyvaryamongdifferentdepartments.Question20A)Byconsultingtheexaminingcommittee.B)ByreadingtheBulletinofInformation.C)Bycontactingthenethroughthecentre。Drections:Questions16to 18are based onthe passageyouhavejustheard.Question16A)Thecardgotdamaged.B)Thecardwasfoundinvalid.C)Thecardreaderfailedto dothescanning.D)Thecardreaderbrokedownunexpectedly.Question17A)Bycoveringthecreditcardwitha layerofplastic.B)Bycallingthecreditcardcompanyforconfirmation.C)Byseekinghelpfromthe cardreader maker Verifone.D)Bytypingthecreditcardnumberintothecashregister.Question18A)Affectthesalesofhigh-tech appliances.B)ChangethelifestyleofmanyAmericans.C)Givebirthtomanynewtechnologicalinventions.D)Produce manylow-techfixesfor high-tech failures.Drections:Questions 19to21are basedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Question19A)Theyaresetbythedeanofthegraduateschool.B)Theyaredeterminedbytheadvisingboard.C)Theyleave muchroomforimprovement.D)Theyvaryamongdifferentdepartments.Question20A)Byconsultingtheexaminingcommittee.B)ByreadingtheBulletinofInformation.C)Bycontactingthedepartmentaloffice.D)Byvisitingtheuniversity'swebsite.Question21A)Theyspecifythenumber ofcredits studentsmustearn.B)Theyarehardertomeetthan thoseforundergraduates.C)Theyhavetobeapprovedbythe examining committee.D)Theyarethesame amongvariousdivisionsoftheuniversity.Drections:Questions 22 to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Question22A)Studentsmajoringinnutrition.B)Studentsinhealth classes.C)Ph.D. candidatesindieting.D)Middleandhighschoolteachers.Question23A)Itsoverestimateoftheeffectofdieting.B)Itsmistakenconceptionof nutrition.C)Itschangingcriteriaforbeauty.D)Itsoveremphasisonthinness.Question24A)Toillustrate her pointthatbeautyisbutskindeep.B)Todemonstratethemagiceffect ofdietingonwomen.C)Toexplainhowcomputerimagescanbe misleading.D)Toprovethattechnologyhasimpacted our culture.Question25A)Topersuade girlstostop dieting.B)Topromoteher ownQuestion21A)Theyspecifythenumber ofcredits studentsmustearn.B)Theyarehardertomeetthan thoseforundergraduates.C)Theyhavetobeapprovedbythe examining committee.D)Theyarethesame amongvariousdivisionsoftheuniversity.Drections:Questions 22 to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.Question22A)Studentsmajoringinnutrition.B)Studentsinhealth classes.C)Ph.D. candidatesindieting.D)Middleandhighschoolteachers.Question23A)Itsoverestimateoftheeffectofdieting.B)Itsmistakenconceptionof nutrition.C)Itschangingcriteriaforbeauty.D)Itsoveremphasisonthinness.Question24A)Toillustrate her pointthatbeautyisbutskindeep.B)Todemonstratethemagiceffect ofdietingonwomen.C)Toexplainhowcomputerimagescanbe misleading.D)Toprovethattechnologyhasimpacted our culture.Question25A)Topersuade girlstostop dieting.B)Topromoteher ownconceptofbeauty.C)Toestablishan emotionalconnection withstudents.D)Tohelp studentsridthemselves ofbad livinghabits.PartIIIReadingComprehension〔40minutes〕SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Contrarytopopularbelief,olderpeoplegenerallydonotwanttolivewiththeirchildren.Moreover,mostadultchildren (26)everybitasmuchcareandsupporttotheiragingparentsaswasthecaseinthe"goodolddays",androostolderpeopledonotfeel (27).About80%ofpeople65yearsandolderhavelivingchildren,andabout90%ofthemhave (28)contactwiththeirchildren.About75%ofelderlyparentswhodon'tgotonursinghomeslivewithin30minutesofatleastoneoftheirchildren.However, (29)havingcontactwithchildrendoesnotguaranteehappinessinoldage.Infact,someresearchhasfoundthatpeoplewhoaremostinvolvedwiththeirfamilieshavethelowestspirits.Thisresearchmaybe (30),however,asillhealthoftenmakesolderpeoplemore (31)andtherebyincreasescontactwithfamilymembers.Soitismorelikelythatpoorhealth,notjustfamilyinvolvement, (32)spirits.Increasingly,researchershavebeguntolookatthequalityofrelationships,ratherthanatthefrequencyofcontact,betweentheelderlyandtheirchildren.Ifparentsandchildrenshareinterestsandvaluesandagreeonchildrearingpracticesandreligious SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Contrarytopopularbelief,olderpeoplegenerallydonotwanttolivewiththeirchildren.Moreover,mostadultchildren (26)everybitasmuchcareandsupporttotheiragingparentsaswasthecaseinthe"goodolddays",androostolderpeopledonotfeel (27).About80%ofpeople65yearsandolderhavelivingchildren,andabout90%ofthemhave (28)contactwiththeirchildren.About75%ofelderlyparentswhodon'tgotonursinghomeslivewithin30minutesofatleastoneoftheirchildren.However, (29)havingcontactwithchildrendoesnotguaranteehappinessinoldage.Infact,someresearchhasfoundthatpeoplewhoaremostinvolvedwiththeirfamilieshavethelowestspirits.Thisresearchmaybe (30),however,asillhealthoftenmakesolderpeoplemore (31)andtherebyincreasescontactwithfamilymembers.Soitismorelikelythatpoorhealth,notjustfamilyinvolvement, (32)spirits.Increasingly,researchershavebeguntolookatthequalityofrelationships,ratherthanatthefrequencyofcontact,betweentheelderlyandtheirchildren.Ifparentsandchildrenshareinterestsandvaluesandagreeonchildrearingpracticesandreligious (33)theyarelikelytoenjoyeachother'scompany.Disagreementsonsuchmatterscan (34)causeproblems.Ifparentsareangeredbytheirdaughter'sdivorce,dislikehernewhusband,anddisapproveofhowsheisraisingtheirgrandchildren, (35)arethattheyarenotgoingtoenjoyhervisits.A.abandonedB.advancedC.biasedD.chancesEmitmentF.dampensG.dependentH.distantI.frequentJ.fulfillmentK.grantL.merelyM.provideN.understandablyO.unrealisticallySectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CouldFoodShortagesBringDownCivilization?[A]FormanyyearsIhavestudiedglobalagricultural,population,environmentalandeconomictrendsandtheirinteractions.Thecombinedeffectsofthosetrendsandthepoliticaltensionstheygeneratepointtothebreakdownofgovernmentsandsocieties.YetI,too,haveresistedthatfoodshortagescouldbringdownnotonlyindividualgovernmentsbutalsoourglobalcivilization.[B]Icannolongerignorethatrisk.OurcontinuingfailuretodealwiththeenvironmentaldeclinesthatareunderminingtheworldfoodeconomyforcesmetoconcludethatF.dampensG.dependentH.distantI.frequentJ.fulfillmentK.grantL.merelyM.provideN.understandablyO.unrealisticallySectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CouldFoodShortagesBringDownCivilization?[A]FormanyyearsIhavestudiedglobalagricultural,population,environmentalandeconomictrendsandtheirinteractions.Thecombinedeffectsofthosetrendsandthepoliticaltensionstheygeneratepointtothebreakdownofgovernmentsandsocieties.YetI,too,haveresistedthatfoodshortagescouldbringdownnotonlyindividualgovernmentsbutalsoourglobalcivilization.[B]Icannolongerignorethatrisk.Ourcontinuingfailuretodealwiththeenvironmentaldeclinesthatareunderminingtheworldfoodeconomyforcesmetoconcludethatsuchacollapseispossible.[C]Asdemandforfoodrisesfasterthansuppliesaregrowing,theresultingfood-priceinflationputsseverestressonthegovernmentsofmanycountries.Unabletobuygrainorgrowtheirown,hungrypeopletaketothestreets.Indeed,evenbeforethesteepclimbingrainpricesin2022,thenumberoffailingstateswasexpanding.Ifthefoodsituationcontinuestoworsen,entirenationswillbreakdownataneverincreasingrate.Inthe20thcenturythemainthreattointernationalsecuritywassuperpowerconflict;todayitisfailingstates.[D]Statesfailwhennationalgovernmentscannolonger providepersonalsecurity,foodsecurityandbasicsocialservicessuchaseducationandhealthcare.Whengovernmentslosetheircontrolonpower,lawandorderbegintodisintegrate.Afterapoint,countriescanbecomesodangerousthatfoodreliefworkersarenolongersafeandtheirprogramsarehalted.Failingstatesareofinternationalconcernbecausetheyareasourceofterrorists,drugs,weaponsand民),threateningpoliticalstabilityeverywhere.[E]Thesurgeinworldgrainpricesin2007and22andthethreattheyposetofoodsecurity——hasadifferent,moretroublingqualitythantheincreasesofthepast.Duringthesecondofthe20thcentury,grainpricesrosedramaticallyseveraltimes.In1972,forinstance,theSoviets.Irecognizingtheirpoorharvestearly,quietlycorneredtheworldwheatmarket.Asaresult,wheatpriceselsewheremorethandoubled,pullingriceandcompricesupwiththem.Butthisandotherpriceshockswereevent-driven——droughtintheSovietUnion,crop-shrinkingheatintheU.S.CornBelt.Andtheriseswereshort-lived:pricestypicallyreturnedtonormalwiththenextharvest.[F]Incontrast,recentsurgeinworldgrainpricesistrend-driven,makingitunlikelytoreversewithoutareversalinthetrendsthemselves.Onthedemandside,thosetrendsincludetheongoingadditionofmorethan70millionpeopleayear,Ifthefoodsituationcontinuestoworsen,entirenationswillbreakdownataneverincreasingrate.Inthe20thcenturythemainthreattointernationalsecuritywassuperpowerconflict;todayitisfailingstates.[D]Statesfailwhennationalgovernmentscannolonger providepersonalsecurity,foodsecurityandbasicsocialservicessuchaseducationandhealthcare.Whengovernmentslosetheircontrolonpower,lawandorderbegintodisintegrate.Afterapoint,countriescanbecomesodangerousthatfoodreliefworkersarenolongersafeandtheirprogramsarehalted.Failingstatesareofinternationalconcernbecausetheyareasourceofterrorists,drugs,weaponsand民),threateningpoliticalstabilityeverywhere.[E]Thesurgeinworldgrainpricesin2007and22andthethreattheyposetofoodsecurity——hasadifferent,moretroublingqualitythantheincreasesofthepast.Duringthesecondofthe20thcentury,grainpricesrosedramaticallyseveraltimes.In1972,forinstance,theSoviets.Irecognizingtheirpoorharvestearly,quietlycorneredtheworldwheatmarket.Asaresult,wheatpriceselsewheremorethandoubled,pullingriceandcompricesupwiththem.Butthisandotherpriceshockswereevent-driven——droughtintheSovietUnion,crop-shrinkingheatintheU.S.CornBelt.Andtheriseswereshort-lived:pricestypicallyreturnedtonormalwiththenextharvest.[F]Incontrast,recentsurgeinworldgrainpricesistrend-driven,makingitunlikelytoreversewithoutareversalinthetrendsthemselves.Onthedemandside,thosetrendsincludetheongoingadditionofmorethan70millionpeopleayear,agrowingnumberofpeoplewantingtomoveupthefoodchaintoconsumehighlygrain-intensivemeatproducts,andthemassivediversion)ofU.S.graintotheproductionofbio-fuel.[G]Asincomesriseamonglow-incomeconsumers,thepotentialforfurthergrainconsumptionishuge.Butthatpotentialpalesbesidethenever-endingdemandforcrop-basedfuels.Afourthofthisyear'sU.S.grainharvestwillgotofuelcars.[H]Whataboutsupply?Thethreeenvironmentaltrenstheshortageoffreshwater,thelossoftopsoilandtherisingtemperatures——aremakingitincreasinglyhardtoexpandtheworld'sgrainsupplyfastenoughtokeepupwithdemand.Ofallthosetrends,however,thespreadofwatershortagesposesthemostimmediatethreat.Thebiggestchallengehereisirrigation,whichconsumes70%theworld'sfreshwater.Millionsofirrigationwellsinmanycountriesarenowpumpingwateroutofundergroundsourcesfasterthanrainfallcanrefillthem.Theresultisfallingwatertables)incountrieswithhalftheworld'speople,includingthethreebiggrainproducers——China,IndiaandtheU.S.[I]Aswatertableshavefallenandirrigationwellshavegonedry,China'swheatcrop,theworld'slargest,hasdeclinedby8%sinceitpeakedat123milliontonsin1997.ButwatershortagesareevenmoreworryinginIndia.Millionsofirrigationwellshavesignificantlyloweredwatertablesinalmosteverystate.[J]Astheworld'sfoodsecurityfallstopieces,individualcountriesactingintheirownself-interestareactuallyworseningthetroublesofmany.Thetrendbeganin2007,whenleadingwheat-exportingcountriessuchasRussiaandArgentinalimitedorbannedtheirexports,inhopesofincreasinglocalfoodsuppliesandtherebybringingdowndomesticfoodprices.Vietnambanneditsexportsforseveralmonthsforthesamereason.Suchmovesmayeliminatethefearsofthoselivingintheexportingcountries,buttheyarecreatingpanicinimportingcountriesthatmustrelyonwhatisthenleftforexport.[K]Inresponsetothoserestrictions,grain-importingcountriesaretryingtonaildownlong-termtradeagreementsthatwouldlockupfuturegrainsupplies.Food-importanxietyisevenleadingtoneweffortsbyfood-importingcountriestobuyorleasefarmlandinothercountries.Inspiteofsuchtemporarymeasures,hardtoexpandtheworld'sgrainsupplyfastenoughtokeepupwithdemand.Ofallthosetrends,however,thespreadofwatershortagesposesthemostimmediatethreat.Thebiggestchallengehereisirrigation,whichconsumes70%theworld'sfreshwater.Millionsofirrigationwellsinmanycountriesarenowpumpingwateroutofundergroundsourcesfasterthanrainfallcanrefillthem.Theresultisfallingwatertables)incountrieswithhalftheworld'speople,includingthethreebiggrainproducers——China,IndiaandtheU.S.[I]Aswatertableshavefallenandirrigationwellshavegonedry,China'swheatcrop,theworld'slargest,hasdeclinedby8%sinceitpeakedat123milliontonsin1997.ButwatershortagesareevenmoreworryinginIndia.Millionsofirrigationwellshavesignificantlyloweredwatertablesinalmosteverystate.[J]Astheworld'sfoodsecurityfallstopieces,individualcountriesactingintheirownself-interestareactuallyworseningthetroublesofmany.Thetrendbeganin2007,whenleadingwheat-exportingcountriessuchasRussiaandArgentinalimitedorbannedtheirexports,inhopesofincreasinglocalfoodsuppliesandtherebybringingdowndomesticfoodprices.Vietnambanneditsexportsforseveralmonthsforthesamereason.Suchmovesmayeliminatethefearsofthoselivingintheexportingcountries,buttheyarecreatingpanicinimportingcountriesthatmustrelyonwhatisthenleftforexport.[K]Inresponsetothoserestrictions,grain-importingcountriesaretryingtonaildownlong-termtradeagreementsthatwouldlockupfuturegrainsupplies.Food-importanxietyisevenleadingtoneweffortsbyfood-importingcountriestobuyorleasefarmlandinothercountries.Inspiteofsuchtemporarymeasures,soaringfoodpricesandspreadinghungerinmanyothercountriesarebeginningtobreakdownthesocialorder.[L]Sincethecurrentworldfoodshortageistrend-driven,theenvironmentaltrendsthatcauseitmustbereversed.Wemustcutcarbonemissionsby80%fromtheir2022levelsby2022,stabilizetheworld'spopulationateightbillionby2040,completelyremovepoverty,andrestoreforestsandsoils.Thereisnothingnewaboutthefourobjectives.Indeed,wehavemadesubstantialprogressinsomepartsoftheworldonatleastoneofthese——thedistributionoffamily-planningservicesandtheassociatedshifttosmallerfamilies.[M]Formanyinthedevelopmentcommunity,thefourobjectiveswereseenaspositive,promotingdevelopmentaslongastheydidnotcosttoomuch.Otherssawthemaspoliticallycorrectandmorallyappropriate.Nowathirdandfarmoresignificantmotivationpresentsitself:meetingthesegoalsmaynecessarytopreventthecollapseofourcivilization.Yetthecostweprojectforsavingcivilizationwouldamounttolessthan$200billionayear,1/6ofcurrentglobalmilitaryspending.Ineffect,ourplanisthenewsecuritybudget.36.Themorerecentsteepclimbingrainpricespartlyresultsfromthefactthatmoreandmorepeoplewanttoconsumemeatproducts.37.Socialorderisbreakingdowninmanycountriesbecauseoffoodshortages.38.Ratherthansuperpowerconflict,countriesunabletocopewithfoodshortagesnowconstitutethemainthreattoworldsecurity.39.Somepartsoftheworldhaveseensuccessfulimplementationoffamilyplanning.40.Theauthorhascometoagreethatfoodshortagescouldultimatelyleadtothecollapseofworldcivilization.41.Increasingwatershortagesprovetobethebiggestobstantetoboostingtheworld'sgrainproduction.42.Thecostforsavingourcivilizationwouldbeconsiderablylessthantheworld'scurrentmilitaryspending.43.Tolowerdomesticfoodprices,somecountrieslimitedorstoppedtheirgrainexports.worldonatleastoneofthese——thedistributionoffamily-planningservicesandtheassociatedshifttosmallerfamilies.[M]Formanyinthedevelopmentcommunity,thefourobjectiveswereseenaspositive,promotingdevelopmentaslongastheydidnotcosttoomuch.Otherssawthemaspoliticallycorrectandmorallyappropriate.Nowathirdandfarmoresignificantmotivationpresentsitself:meetingthesegoalsmaynecessarytopreventthecollapseofourcivilization.Yetthecostweprojectforsavingcivilizationwouldamounttolessthan$200billionayear,1/6ofcurrentglobalmilitaryspending.Ineffect,ourplanisthenewsecuritybudget.36.Themorerecentsteepclimbingrainpricespartlyresultsfromthefactthatmoreandmorepeoplewanttoconsumemeatproducts.37.Socialorderisbreakingdowninmanycountriesbecauseoffoodshortages.38.Ratherthansuperpowerconflict,countriesunabletocopewithfoodshortagesnowconstitutethemainthreattoworldsecurity.39.Somepartsoftheworldhaveseensuccessfulimplementationoffamilyplanning.40.Theauthorhascometoagreethatfoodshortagescouldultimatelyleadtothecollapseofworldcivilization.41.Increasingwatershortagesprovetobethebiggestobstantetoboostingtheworld'sgrainproduction.42.Thecostforsavingourcivilizationwouldbeconsiderablylessthantheworld'scurrentmilitaryspending.43.Tolowerdomesticfoodprices,somecountrieslimitedorstoppedtheirgrainexports.44.Environmentalproblemsmustbesolvedtocasethecurrentglobalfoodshortage.45.Aquarterofthisyear'sAmericangrainharvestwillbeusedtoproducebio-fuelforcars.SectionCPassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Decliningmentalfunctionisoftenseenasaproblemofoldaebutcertainaspectsofbrainfunctionactuallybegintheirdeclin