跨文化交际中语言禁忌课件

成员：苗茜茜

王慧婷

宋嘉LinguisticTabooinCross-culturalCommunicationIntroductionTaboo,acomplicatedcultural

phenomenon,existsinallhumansocieties.Linguistictaboo,asanintegralpartof

language,isnotonlyalinguisticphenomenonbutalsoasocialphenomenon.

Incross-culturalcommunication,itisimpossibletobeindifferenttolinguistictaboo.Neglectingtaboowillresultinculturalconflictorevenculturalshock.DefinitionTabooisacertainexpressionorbehaviorthatshouldbeavoidedincertaincontexts.Someexpressionsrelatedtosocialtaboosarelinguistictaboos.LinguisticTabooin

Cross-culturalCommunicationAddress

InChinese,theancestors’andtheoldergeneration’snamescannotbereferreddirectly.爸爸，妈妈，爷爷，姥姥，姑姑，阿姨，舅舅，叔叔总经理，董事长，厂长王总，张局长，李处长

IntheEnglishculture,theyoungergenerationcanrefertheeldergeneration’snamedirectly.Itshowsthattheyareequal,friendlyandintimate.Thewordslikegod,heaven,Christ,Jesusareholyandrespectableandcan’tbereferreddirectly.

Pregnant

Sheisinaninterestingcondition(1980)Sheisinadelicatecondition.(1895)Sheisknittinglittlebooties(1910)Sheisinafamilyway(1920)Sheispregnant/anticipating/enceinte/expectant/expecting“有喜了”怀孕孕妇分娩有了Oldcomplement“老当益壮”、“老骥伏枥，志在千里”Intelligent,authoritativeandknowledgable“老中医”“不听老人言，吃亏在眼前”“老马识途”“姜还是老的辣”“老张”“老孙”是汉语中特有的称呼方式，Sick,disableanduseless“Old”canbesubstitutedbysenior,thelong-lived,elderlymen,adistinguishedgentlemanDiseases“挂彩”（北方）“带花”（南方）“抱恙”“不适”“欠安”“腿脚不方便”“耳朵背”“眼睛不太好”“吃药”“吃好茶”。在香港探望病人时，忌送剑兰、梅花等花束。B.O.(BodyOdor);C.C.(cancer);VD(venerealdisease);SARS(SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome);AIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)TB(tuberculosis);MD(Mentaldeficiency)aslowlearner(astupidstudent);aspecialstudent(adisablestudent);avisuallyretardedstudent(ablindstudent);thehandicapped(thecrippled)Hedoesn’tfeelwell(Heisill)India——Tosavedisabledchildrenwithtotalsolareclipse在印度卡纳塔克邦古尔伯加地区，当出现日全食时，一些瘫痪儿童的身体被部分埋入一堆肥料之中。当地人相信，日全食能够治愈他们的瘫痪。DeathDeath“安息”、“仙逝”、“夭折”、“长眠”、“作古”、“永别”、“辞世”、“逝世”、“过世”、“走了”、“老了”、“不在了”、“出远门了”、“没了”“崩”“薨”“卒”“不禄”Funeral

人们特意加“寿”字以破不祥。有些人忌讳说“棺材”而改称为“寿材”、“寿器”或“长生板”passaway,gotoanotherworld,gotosleepforever,returntodust,bewithGod,expire,decease,perish,cutoffInUkraine,ifyouintenttosendflowers,youmustensurethatthenumberofflowersisodd.Becausetheevennumberissenttothefuneral.And,donotsendyellowflowersorEasterlily,becausethesekindsofflowersareonlypreparedforthefuneral.多哥——把葬礼办得像狂欢马达加斯加岛“翻尸节”Madagascar—“famadihana”

世界各地都有各种纪念逝去亲人的方式，像在马达加斯加岛上，他们死者与生者的联系相当密切，每隔一段时间他们就会举办“翻尸节”。Sex“房事”“同房”“外遇”“走野路”“发生关系”“夫妻生活”“云雨”“拈花惹草”“偷吃禁果”“下体””下身”“羞处”“阴部”makelove,inastateofnaturegotobedwith

sleeptogethermyfriend,littlesisternumberthreeInCheshireintheUK,thetrainpassengersarenotallowedtowanderinthestationandtofarewellintimatelywhichmeansyouarenotallowedtokissinpublic.Ifyoureallyhavealotofthingstosayorwanttokissgoodbye,youcangotothekissingzone.Excretion“出恭”“起夜”“解手”“去去就来””去卫生间、去洗手间”好朋友，特殊期，来事，大姨妈urination,topiss,tovoid,toempty.tomakeabowelmovement,totakeashit.topee,tomakeapoopoo(children)gotothebathroom/restroom,powderone’sroomNumber好事成双，“六“”八““四”的避讳在选择电话号码、车牌号码、门牌号码时都会尽量避过“四”。在台湾的医院里没有四号楼或四号病房；公共汽车没有四路；四月忌婚嫁“七”的避讳源于在中国人死后每隔七天要做一次佛事，称为“作七”直至七七四十九天而止。所以在有些场合，人们是要避过数字七，比如人们选择良辰吉日一般避过逢七的日子。Numberthirteenisconsideredtobeunlucky.Nodoor’snumberisthirteen;nohotelhastheNo.13Room;theydon’tallow13peoplehavedinnertogether.Fridayisalsoconsideredasanunluckyday.NotonlybecausetheybelievethatJesusChristwasputtodeathonthecrossonFriday,butalsobecauseFridayisformanyyearsthedayofexecutionofcriminals,commonlycalled“hangman’sday”

China

Accordingtoourcustoms，goodthingsshouldbeinpairs。So，itisunpleasanttogiveyourgirlfriendapieceofflowerwhichisonlyasymboloffarewell.

JapanJapanesedon’tlikethenumbers“4”“6”“9”.Theirpronunciationaresimilarwith“death””idiot””toil”.Itisforbiddentovisitpatientswithrootplantsbecause“root”pronunciationissameassickness”.

RussiaRussianismoreliketoflowersofoddnumber,whichwouldletgirlsveryhappy.Itisbettertogiveboystallstemandcolorfulflower.Russianhatethenumber“13”whichsymbolizedangeranddeath.”7”representsluckandsuccess.Taboosofflower由于各国风土人情的差异，不同国家的人们对花语的理解也有差别，对花的颜色、花束的枝数也有讲究，因此，了解各地送花的避忌，对我们的交际应酬是很有必要的。

1．在中国的一些传统年节或喜庆日子里，到亲友家作客或拜访时，送的花篮或花束，色彩要鲜艳、热烈，以符合节日的喜庆气氛。可选用红色、黄色、粉色、橙色等暖色调的花，切忌送整束白色系列的花束。2．在广东、香港等地，由于方言的关系，送花时尽量避免用以下的花：剑兰(见难)、茉莉(没利)。6．在法国，他们非常昵爱鸢尾花，视其为国花。当你应邀到朋友家中共进晚餐，切忌带菊花，菊花代表哀悼，因为只有在葬礼上才会用到，法国人对蓝色偏爱，忌讳黄色；他们很忌讳“13”这个数字。意大利人和西班牙人同样不喜欢菊花，认为它是不祥之花，但德国人和荷兰人对菊花却十分偏爱。7．英国人一般不爱观赏或栽植红色或白色的花。英国人忌讳百合花，并把百合花看作是死亡的象征。亦忌赠黄玫瑰，他们认为此花象征分离。他们对墨绿色很讨厌，认为墨绿色会给人带来他们懊丧。很忌讳“13”和“星期五”这些数字与日期。Discriminationnigger,niggruh,negro,nigga,colored,boy(黑鬼、黑奴)Now,itispolitetocallblackpeople,African-American.PrivacyInwesterncountries,peopleplaceahighvalueonprivacy.Justlikethesayinggo,”Aman’shomeishiscastle”and“Mindyourbusiness”Questionsaboutage,salaryandweightwouldbeconsideredpryingintoone’sprivatelife.

Howoldareyou?/What’syourage?Howmuchdoyoumake?/What’syourincome?What’syourweight?Whereareyoufromandwhereareyougoing?Areyoumarriedorsingle?What’syourreligion?OtherTaboosCambodiaInCambodia,itisimpolitetoeatupallofyourfoodatyourdish,whichindicatesyouareunsatisfiedwithhostess’treatment.InJapan,fornoreasoncanyouinsertchopsticksverticallyintothefood.Becausethisisaninauspicioussign.Moreover,itisthoughttobeanimpolitebehaviorwhenyousucktheendofachopstick.匈牙利人(Hungary)敬酒的时候不会碰杯，因为奥地利人曾经在杀害13个匈牙利烈士后用碰杯而庆祝。之后的150年之内，没有任何一个匈牙利人在敬酒的时候碰杯。现在虽然过去很长时间了，但是这个传统还一直保留。泰国人(Thai)将其80岁的国王普密蓬·阿杜德(BhumibolAdulyadej)视为神灵，将其画像作为护身符希望给自己带来好运。因此对他的侮辱会被认为是犯罪，会被判处15年的监禁。NewCharactersandFactors★Itcoversabroadcateg