机械类专业课程名称中英文对照

PAGEPAGE1机械类专业课程名称中英文对照第一篇：机械类专业课程名称中英文对照机械制图MechanicalDrawing可编程序控制技术ControllingTechniqueforProgramming金工实习MetalWorkingPractice毕业实习GraduationPractice理论力学TheoreticalMechanics材料力学MaterialMechanics数字电子电路FundamentalDigitalCircuit机械控制工程MechanicalControlEngineering可靠性工程ReliabilityEngineering机械工程测试技术MeasurementTechniquesofMechanicEngineering计算机控制系统ComputerControlSystem机器人技术基础FundamentalsofRobotTechniques最优化技术TechniquesofOptimum工程测试与信号处理EngineeringTesting&SignalProcessing金属工艺及设计MetalTechnics&Design机械工业企业管理MechanicIndustrialEnterpriseManagement机械零件课程设计CourseDesignofMachineryElements投资经济学InvestmentEconomics现代企业管理ModernEnterpriseAdministration市场营销学MarketSelling生产实习ProductionPractice课程设计CourseExercise有限元法FIniteElement金工实习MetalworkingPractice液压传动HydraulicTransmission微机原理及接口技术Principle&InterfaceTechniqueofMicro-computer微机原理及接口技术Principle&InterfaceTechniqueofMicro-computer数控技术DigitControlTechnique活塞膨胀机PistonExpander活塞式制冷压缩机PistonRefrigerantCompreessor活塞式压缩机PistonCompressor活塞式压缩机基础设计BasicDesignofPistonCompressor活塞压缩机结构强度StructuralIntensityofPistonCompressor活赛压机气流脉动GasPulsationofPistonPressor货币银行学CurrencyBanking基本电路理论BasisTheoryofCircuit基础写作FundamentalCourseofComposition机床电路MachineToolCircuit机床电器MachineToolElectricAppliance机床电气控制ElectricalControlofMachineryTools机床动力学MachineToolDynamics机床设计MachineTooldesign机床数字控制DigitalControlofMachineTool机床液压传动MachineryToolHydraulicTransmission机电传动Mechanical&ElectricalTransmission机电传动控制Mechanical&electricalTransmissionControl机电耦合系统Mechanical&ElectricalCombinationSystem机电系统计算机仿真ComputerSimulationofMechanic/ElectricalSystems机电一体化Mechanical&ElectricalIntegration机构学Structuring机器人Robot机器人控制技术RobotControlTechnology机械产品学MechanicProducts机械产品造型设计ShapeDesignofMechanicalProducts机械工程控制基础BasicMechanicEngineeringControl机械加工自动化AutomationinMechanicalWorking机械可靠性MechanicalReliability机械零件MechanicalElements机械零件设计CourseExerciseinMachineryElementsDesign机械零件设计基础BasisofMachineryElementsDesign机械设计MechanicalDesigning机械设计基础BasisofMechanicalDesigning机械设计课程设计CourseExerciseinMechanicalDesign机械设计原理PrincipleofMechanicalDesigning机械式信息传输机构MechanicalInformationTransmissionDevice机械原理PrincipleofMechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism&Machinery机械原理及机械设计MechanicalDesigning机械原理及应用MechanicalPrinciple&MechanicalApplications机械原理课程设计CourseExerciseofMechanicalPrinciple机械原理与机械零件MechanicalPrincipleandMechanicalElements机械原理与机械设计MechanicalPrincipleandMechanicalDesign机械噪声控制ControlofMechanicalNoise机械制造概论IntroductiontoMechanicalManufacture机械制造工艺学TechnologyofMechanicalManufacture机械制造基础FundamentalofMechanicalManufacture机械制造基础(金属工艺学)FundamentalCourseofMechanicManufacturing(Meta机械制造系统自动化AutomationofMechanicalManufactureSystem机械制造中计算机控制ComputerControlinMechanicalManufacture互换性与技术测量ElementaryTechnologyofExchangeabilityMeasurement焊接方法WeldingMethod焊接方法及设备WeldingMethod&Equipment焊接检验WeldingTesting焊接结构WeldingStructure焊接金相WeldingFractography焊接金相分析WeldingFractographyAnalysis焊接冶金WeldingMetallurgy焊接原理FundamentalsofWelding焊接原理及工艺FundamentalsofWelding&Technology焊接自动化AutomationofWelding工程材料的力学性能测试MechanicTestingofEngineeringMaterials工程材料及热处理EngineeringMaterialandHeatTreatment工程材料学EngineeringMaterials工程测量EngineeringSurveying工程测试技术EngineeringTestingTechnique工程测试实验ExperimentonEngineeringTesting工程测试信息InformationofEngineeringTesting工程动力学EngineeringDynamics工程概论IntroductiontoEngineering工程概预算ProjectBudget工程经济学EngineeringEconomics工程静力学EngineeringStatics工程力学EngineeringMechanics工程热力学EngineeringThermodynamics工程项目评估EngineeringProjectEvaluation工程优化方法EngineeringOptimizationalMethod工程运动学EngineeringKinematics工程造价管理EngineeringCostManagement工程制图GraphingofEngineering电机学ElectricalMotor电机学及控制电机ElectricalMachineryControl&Technology第二篇：机械名称中英文对照一、除大块机Eliminatesthebulkmachine二、齿型筛分除杂物机Thescreeningandeliminatesthesundrygoodsmachine三、振动煤箅VibrationCoalGrate四、滚轴筛RollerScreen五、滚筒筛TrommelScreen六、振动概率筛VibrationProbabilityScreen七、减振平台AntivibrationPlatform八、布料器DistributingDevice九、皮带机头部伸缩装置ConveyerBeltTelescopiformDevice十、胶带给料机BeltFeeder十一、往复式给料机ReciprocatingFeeder十二、振动给煤机VibratorFeeder十三、叶轮给煤机CoalImpellerFeeder十四、埋刮板输送机BuriedScraperConveyer十五、螺旋输送机ScrewConveyer十六、板式喂料机ApronFeeder十七、缓冲弹簧板式大块输送机BufferSpringApronBulkConveryor十八、斗式提升机Chain-BucketElevator十九、TD75、DTⅡ型带式输送机TypeTD75/DTIIBeltConveyer二十、电动三通3-Through-ChuteWithElectricDriveGate二十一、重力式煤沟挡板GravityTypeCoalDitchBaffle二十二、物料稳流器MaterialConstantStaticizer二十三、犁式卸料器、刮水器PloughTypeTripper/Wiper二十四、栈桥冲洗器Flusher二十五、喷雾除尘系统ExhaustSystem二十六、缓冲锁气器BufferAirLock二十七、缓冲滚筒SnubPulley二十八、二十九、三十、缓冲平台BufferPlatform胶带防撕裂保护装置BeltProtectiveDevice链斗卸车机Bucket-ChainUnloader第三篇：机械专业英语文章中英文对照英语原文NUMERICALCONTROLNumericalcontrol(N/C)isaformofprogrammableautomationinwhichtheprocessingequipmentiscontrolledbymeansofnumbers,letters,andothersymbols,Thenumbers,letters,andsymbolsarecodedinanappropriateformattodefineaprogramofinstructionsforaparticularworkpartorjob.Whenthejobchanges,theprogramofinstructionsischanged.ThecapabilitytochangetheprogramiswhatmakesN/Csuitableforlow-andmedium-volumeproduction.Itismucheasiertowriteprogramsthantomakemajoralterationsoftheprocessingequipment.Therearetwobasictypesofnumericallycontrolledmachinetools：point—to—pointandcontinuous—path(alsocalledcontouring).Point—to—pointmachinesuseunsynchronizedmotors,withtheresultthatthepositionofthemachiningheadCanbeassuredonlyuponcompletionofamovement,orwhileonlyonemotorisrunning.Machinesofthistypeareprincipallyusedforstraight—linecutsorfordrillingorboring.TheN/Csystemconsistsofthefollowingcomponents：datainput,thetapereaderwiththecontrolunit,feedbackdevices,andthemetal—cuttingmachinetoolorothertypeofN/Cequipment.Datainput,alsocalled“man—to—controllink”,maybeprovidedtothemachinetoolmanually,orentirelybyautomaticmeans.Manualmethodswhenusedasthesolesourceofinputdataarerestrictedtoarelativelysmallnumberofinputs.Examplesofmanuallyoperateddevicesarekeyboarddials,pushbuttons,switches,orthumbwheelselectors.Thesearelocatedonaconsolenearthemachine.Dialsaleanalogdevicesusuallyconnectedtoasyn-chro-typeresolverorpotentiometer.Inmostcases,pushbuttons,switches,andothersimilartypesofselectorsaredigitalinputdevices.Manualinputrequiresthattheoperatorsetthecontrolsforeachoperation.Itisaslowandtediousprocessandisseldomjustifiedexceptinelementarymachiningapplicationsorinspecialcases.Inpracticallyallcases,informationisautomaticallysuppliedtothecontrolunitandthemachinetoolbycards,punchedtapes,orbymagnetictape.Eight—channelpunchedpapertapeisthemostcommonlyusedformofdatainputforconventionalN/Csystems.Thecodedinstructionsonthetapeconsistofsectionsofpunchedholescalledblocks.Eachblockrepresentsamachinefunction,amachiningoperation,oracombinationofthetwo.TheentireN/Cprogramonatapeismadeupofanaccumulationofthesesuccessivedatablocks.Programsresultinginlongtapesallwoundonreelslikemotion-picturefilm.Programsonrelativelyshorttapesmaybecontinuouslyrepeatedbyjoiningthetwoendsofthetapetoformaloop.Onceinstalled,thetapeisusedagainandagainwithoutfurtherhandling.Inthiscase,theoperatorsimplyloadsand1unloadstheparts.Punchedtapesalepreparedontypewriterswithspecialtape—punchingattachmentsorintapepunchingunitsconnecteddirectlytoacomputersystem.Tapeproductionisrarelyerror-free.Errorsmaybeinitiallycausedbythepartprogrammer,incardpunchingorcompilation,orasaresultofphysicaldamagetothetapeduringhandling,etc.Severaltrialrunsareoftennecessarytoremoveallerrorsandproduceanacceptableworkingtape.Whilethedataonthetapeisfedautomatically,theactualprogrammingstepsaledonemanually.Beforethecodedtapemaybeprepared,theprogrammer,oftenworkingwithaplanneroraprocessengineer,mustselecttheappropriateN/Cmachinetool,determinethekindofmaterialtobemachined,calculatethespeedsandfeeds,anddecideuponthetypeoftoolingneeded.Thedimensionsonthepartprintarecloselyexaminedtodetermineasuitablezeroreferencepointfromwhichtostarttheprogram.Aprogrammanuscriptisthenwrittenwhichgivescodednumericalinstructionsdescribingthesequenceofoperationsthatthemachinetoolisrequiredtofollowtocuttheparttothedrawingspecifications.Thecontrolunitreceivesandstoresallcodeddatauntilacompleteblockofinformationhasbeenaccumulated.Ittheninterpretsthecodedinstructionanddirectsthemachinetoolthroughtherequiredmotions.Thefunctionofthecontrolunitmaybebetterunderstoodbycomparingittotheactionofadialtelephone,where,aseachdigitisdialed,itisstored.Whentheentirenumberhasbeendialed,theequipmentbecomesactivatedandthecalliscompleted.Siliconphotodiodes,locatedinthetapereaderheadonthecontrolunit,detectlightasitpassesthroughtheholesinthemovingtape.Thelightbeamsareconvertedtoelectricalenergy,whichisamplifiedtofurtherstrengthenthesignal.Thesignalsarethensenttoregistersinthecontrolunit,whereactuationsignalsarerelayedtothemachinetooldrives.Somephotoelectricdevicesarecapableofreadingatratesupto1000characterspersecond.Highreadingratesarenecessarytomaintaincontinuousmachine—toolmotion；otherwisedwellmarksmaybegeneratedbythecutteronthepartduringcontouringoperations.Thereadingdevicemustbecapableofreadingdatablocksataratefasterthanthecontrolsystemcanprocessthedata.AfeedbackdeviceisasafeguardusedonsomeN/Cinstallationstoconstantlycompensateforerrorsbetweenthecommandedpositionandtheactuallocationofthemovingslidesofthemachinetool.AnN/Cmachineequippedwiththiskindofadirectfeedbackcheckingdevicehaswhatisknownasaclosed-loopsystem.Positioningcontrolisaccomplishedbyasensorwhich,duringtheactualoperation,recordsthepositionoftheslidesandrelaysthisinformationbacktothecontrolunit.Signalsthusreceivedalecomparedtoinputsignalsonthetape,andanydiscrepancybetweenthemisautomaticallyrectified.Inanalternativesystem,calledanopen—loopsystem,themachineispositionedsolelybysteppingmotordrivesinresponsetocommandsbyacontrollers.ThereisonebasictypeofNCmotions.Point-to-pointorPositionalControlInpoint-to-pointcontrolthemachinetoolelements(tools,table,etc.)aremovedtoprogrammedlocationsandthemachiningoperationsperformedafterthemotionsarecompleted.Thepathorspeedofmovementbetweenlocationsisunimportant;onlythecoordinatesoftheendpointsofthemotionsareaccuratelycontrolled.Thistypeofcontrolissuitablefordrillpressesandsomeboringmachines,wheredrilling,tapping,orboringoperationsmustbeperformedatvariouslocationsontheworkpiece.Straight-LineorLinearControlStraight-Linecontrolsystemsareabletomovethecuttingtoolparalleltooneofthemajoraxesofthemachinetoolatacontrolledratesuitableformachining.Itisnormallyonlypossibletomoveinonedirectionatatime,soangularcutsontheworkpiecearenotpossible,consequently,formillingmachines,onlyrectangularconfigurationscanbemachinedorforlathesonlysurfacesparallelorperpendiculartothespindleaxiscanbemachined.Thistypeofcontrolledmotionisoftenreferredtoaslinearcontrolorahalf-axisofcontrol.Machineswiththisformofcontrolarealsocapableofpoint-to-pointcontrol.TheoriginalN/Cusedtheclosed—loopsystem.Ofthetwosystems,closedandopenloop,closedloopismoreaccurateand,asaconsequence,isgenerallymoreexpensive.Initially,open—loopsystemswereusedalmostentirelyforlight-dutyapplicationsbecauseofinherentpowerlimitationspreviouslyassociatedwithconventionalelectricsteppingmotors.Recentadvancesinthedevelopmentofelectrohydraulicsteppingmotorshaveledtoincreasinglyheaviermachineloadapplications.中文译文数控技术数控是可编程自动化技术的一种形式,通过数字、字母和其他符号来控制加工设备。数字、字母和符号用适当的格式编码为一个特定工件定义指令程序。当工件改变时,指令程序就改变。这种改变程序的能力使数控适合于中、小批量生产,写一段新程序远比对加工设备做大的改动容易得多。数控机床有两种基本形式：点位控制和连续控制(也称为轮廓控制)。点位控制机床采用异步电动机,因此,主轴的定位只能通过完成一个运动或一个电动机的转动来实现。这种机床主要用于直线切削或钻孔、镗孔等场合。数控系统由下列组件组成：数据输入装置,带控制单元的磁带阅读机,反馈装置和切削机床或其他形式的数控设备。数据输人装置,也称“人机联系装置”,可用人工或全自动方法向机床提供数据。人工方法作为输人数据唯一方法时,只限于少量输入。人工输入装置有键盘,拨号盘,按钮,开关或拨轮选择开关,这些都位于机床附近的一个控制台上。拨号盘通常连到一个同步解析器或电位计的模拟装置上。在大多数情况下,按钮、开关和其他类似的旋钮是数据输入元件。人工输入需要操作者控制每个操作,这是一个既慢又单调的过程,除了简单加工场合或特殊情况,已很少使用。几乎所有情况下,信息都是通过卡片、穿孔纸带或磁带自动提供给控制单元。在传统的数控系统中,八信道穿孔纸带是最常用的数据输入形式,纸带上的编码指令由一系列称为程序块的穿孔组成。每一个程序块代表一种加工功能、一种操作或两者的组合。纸带上的整个数控程序由这些连续数据单元连接而成。带有程序的长带子像电影胶片一样绕在盘子上,相对较短的带子上的程序可通过将纸带两端连接形成一个循环而连续不断地重复使用。带子一旦安装好,就可反复使用而无需进一步处理。此时,操作者只是简单地上、下工件。穿孔纸带是在带有特制穿孔附件的打字机或直接连到计算机上的纸带穿孔装置上做成的。纸带制造很少不出错,错误可能由编程、卡片穿孔或编码、纸带穿孔时的物理损害等形成。通常,必须要试走几次来排除错误,才能得到一个可用的工作纸带。虽然纸带上的数据是自动进给的,但实际编程却是手工完成的,在编码纸带做好前,编程者经常要和一个计划人员或工艺工程师一起工作,选择合适的数控机床,决定加工材料,计算切削速度和进给速度,决定所需刀具类型,仔细阅读零件图上尺寸,定下合适的程序开始的零参考点,然后写出程序清单,其上记载有描述加工顺序的编码数控指令,机床按顺序加工工件到图样要求。控制单元接受和储存编码数据,直至形成一个完整的信息程序块,然后解释数控指令,并引导机床得到所需运动。为更好理解控制单元的作用,可将它与拨号电话进行比较,即每拨一个数字,就储存一个,当整个数字拨好后,电话就被激活,也就完成了呼叫。装在控制单元里的纸带阅读机,通过其内的硅光二极管,检测到穿过移动纸带上的孔漏过的光线,将光束转变成电能,并通过放大来进一步加强信号,然后将信号送到控制单元里的寄存器,由它将动作信号传到机床驱动装置。有些光电装置能以高达每秒1000个字节的速度阅读,这对保持机床连续动作是必须的,否则,在轮廓加工时,刀具可能在工件上产生划痕。阅读装置必须要能以比控制系统处理数据更快的速度来阅读数据程序块。反馈装置是用在一些数控设备上的安全装置,它可连续补偿控制位置与机床运动滑台的实际位置之间的误差。装有这种直接反馈检查装置的数控机床有一个闭环系统装置。位置控制通过传感器实现,在实际工作时,记录下滑台的位置,并将这些信息送回控制单元。接受到的信号与纸带输入的信号相比较,它们之间的任何偏差都可得到纠正。在另一个称为开环的系统中,机床仅由响应控制器命令的步进电动机驱动定位,工件的精度几乎完全取决于丝杠的精度和机床结构的刚度。有几个理由可以说明步进电机是一个自动化申请的非常有用的驱动装置。对于一件事物,它被不连续直流电压脉冲驱使,是来自数传计算机和其他的自动化的非常方便的输出控制系统。当多数是索引或其他的自动化申请所必备者的时候,步进电机对运行一个精确的有角进步也是理想的。因为控制系统不需要监听就提供特定的输出指令而且期待系统适当地反应的公开-环操作造成一个回应环,步进电机是理想的。一些工业的机械手使用高抬腿运步的马乘汽车驾驶员,而且步进电机是有用的在数字受约束的工作母机中。这些申请的大部分是公开-环,但是雇用回应环检测受到驱策的成份位置是可能的。环的一个分析者把真实的位置与需要的位置作比较,而且不同是考虑过的错误。那然后驾驶员能发行对步进电机的电脉冲,直到错误被减少对准零位。在这个系统中,没有信息反馈到控制单元的自矫正过程。出现误动作时,控制单元继续发出电脉冲。比如,一台数控铣床的工作台突然过载,阻力矩超过电机转矩时,将没有响应信号送回到控制器。因为,步进电机对载荷变化不敏感,所以许多数控系统设计允许电机停转。然而,尽管有可能损坏机床结构或机械传动系统,也有使用带有特高转矩步进电机的其他系统,此时,电动机有足够能力来应付系统中任何偶然事故。最初的数控系统采用开环系统。在开、闭环两种系统中,闭环更精确,一般说来更昂贵。起初,因为原先传统的步进电动机的功率限制,开环系统几乎全部用于轻加工场合,最近出现的电液步进电动机已越来越多地用于较重的加工领域。第四篇：机械专业英语词汇中英文对照机床machinetool金属工艺学technologyofmetals刀具cutter摩擦friction联结link传动drive/transmission轴shaft弹性elasticity频率特性frequencycharacteristic误差error响应response定位allocation机床夹具jig动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analysemechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转twist弯曲应力bendingstress强度intensity三相交流电three-phaseAC磁路magneticcircles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronousmotor几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的sinusoid交流电路ACcircuit机械加工余量machiningallowance变形力deformingforce变形deformation应力stress硬度rigidity热处理heattreatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路circuit半导体元件semiconductorelement反馈feedback发生器generator直流电源DCelectricalsource门电路gatecircuit逻辑代数logicalgebra外圆磨削externalgrinding内圆磨削internalgrinding平面磨削planegrinding变速箱gearbox离合器clutch绞孔fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工threadprocessing螺钉screw铣削mill铣刀millingcutter功率power工件workpiece齿轮加工gearmechining齿轮gear主运动mainmovement主运动方向directionofmainmovement进给方向directionoffeed进给运动feedmovement合成进给运动resultantmovementoffeed合成切削运动resultantmovementofcutting合成切削运动方向directionofresultantmovementofcutting切削深度cuttingdepth前刀面rakeface刀尖noseoftool前角rakeangle后角clearanceangle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machiningcenter车刀lathetool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broachingmachine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluiddynamics流体力学fluidmechanics加工machining液压hydraulicpressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronicsmechanical-electricalintegration气压airpressurepneumaticpressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluidclutch液压泵hydraulicpump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数saftyfactor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rollingbearing滑动轴承slidingbearing弹簧spring制动器arresterbrake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finishmachining粗加工roughmachining变速箱体gearboxcasing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号randomsignal离散信号discretesignal超声传感器ultrasonicsensor第五篇：机械专业论文中英文对照GearboxNoiseCorrelationwithTransmissionErrorandInfluenceofBearingPreloadABSTRACTThefiveappendedpapersalldealwithgearboxnoiseandvibration.Thefirstpaperpresentsareviewofpreviouslypublishedliteratureongearboxnoiseandvibration.Thesecondpaperdescribesatestrigthatwasspeciallydesignedandbuiltfornoisetestingofgears.Finiteelementanalysiswasusedtopredictthedynamicpropertiesofthetestrig,andexperimentalmodalanalysisofthegearboxhousingwasusedtoverifythetheoreticalpredictionsofnaturalfrequencies.Inthethirdpaper,theinfluenceofgearfinishingmethodandgeardeviationsongearboxnoiseisinvestigatedinwhatisprimarilyanexperimentalstudy.Eleventestgearpairsweremanufacturedusingthreedifferentfinishingmethods.Transmissionerror,whichisconsideredtobeanimportantexcitationmechanismforgearnoise,wasmeasuredaswellaspredicted.Thetestrigwasusedtomeasuregearboxnoiseandvibrationforthedifferenttestgearpairs.Themeasurednoiseandvibrationlevelswerecomparedwiththepredictedandmeasuredtransmissionerror.Mostoftheexperimentalresultscanbeinterpretedintermsofmeasuredandpredictedtransmissionerror.However,itdoesnotseempossibletoidentifyonesingleparameter,suchasmeasuredpeak-to-peaktransmissionerror,thatcanbedirectlyrelatedtomeasurednoiseandvibration.Themeasurementsalsoshowthatdisassemblyandreassemblyofthegearboxwiththesamegearpaircanchangethelevelsofmeasurednoiseandvibrationconsiderably.Thisfindingindicatesthatotherfactorsbesidesthegearsaffectgearnoise.Inthefourthpaper,theinfluenceofbearingendplayorpreloadongearboxnoiseandvibrationisinvestigated.Vibrationmeasurementswerecarriedoutattorquelevelsof140Nmand400Nm,with0.15mmand0mmbearingendplay,andwith0.15mmbearingpreload.Theresultsshowthatthebearingendplayandpreloadinfluencethegearboxvibrations.Withpreloadedbearings,thevibrationsincreaseatspeedsover20XXrpmanddecreaseatspeedsbelow20XXrpm,comparedwithbearingswithendplay.Finiteelementsimulationsshowthesametendenciesasthemeasurements.Thefifthpaperdescribeshowgearboxnoiseisreducedbyoptimizingthegeargeometryfordecreasedtransmissionerror.Robustnesswithrespecttogeardeviationsandvaryingtorqueisconsideredinordertofindageargeometrygivinglownoiseinanappropriatetorquerangedespitedeviationsfromthenominalgeometryduetomanufacturingtolerances.Staticanddynamictransmissionerror,noise,andhousingvibrationsweremeasured.Thecorrelationbetweendynamictransmissionerror,housingvibrationsandnoisewasinvestigatedinspeedsweepsfrom500to2500rpmatconstanttorque.Nocorrelationwasfoundbetweendynamictransmissionerrorandnoise.Staticloadedtransmissionerrorseemstobecorrelatedwiththeabilityofthegearpairtoexcitevibrationinthegearboxdynamicsystem.Keywords:gear,gearbox,noise,vibration,transmissionerror,bearingpreload.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThisworkwascarriedoutatVolvoConstructionEquipmentinEskilstunaandattheDepartmentofMachineDesignattheRoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH)inStockholm.TheworkwasinitiatedbyProfessorJackSamuelsson(VolvoandKTH),ProfessorSörenAndersson(KTH),andDr.LarsBråthe(Volvo).ThefinancialsupportoftheSwedishFoundationforStrategicResearchandtheSwedishAgencyforInnovationSystems–VINNOVA–isgratefullyacknowledged.VolvoConstructionEquipmentisacknowledgedforgivingmetheopportunitytodevotetimetothiswork.ProfessorSörenAnderssonisgratefullyacknowledgedforexcellentguidanceandencouragement.IalsowishtoexpressmyappreciationtomycolleaguesattheDepartmentofMachineDesign,andespeciallytoDr.UlfSellgrenforperformingsimulationsandcontributingtothewritingofPaperD,andDr.StefanBjörklundforperformingsurfacefinishmeasurements.ThecontributionstoPaperCbyDr.MikaelPärssinenarehighlyappreciated.AllcontributionstothisworkbycolleaguesatVolvoaregratefullyappreciated.1INTRODUCTION1.1BackgroundNoiseisincreasinglyconsideredanenvironmentalissue.Thisbeliefisreflectedindemandsforlowernoiselevelsinmanyareasofsociety,includingtheworkingenvironment.Employeesspendalotoftimeinthisenvironmentandnoisecanleadnotonlytohearingimpairmentbutalsotodecreasedabilitytoconcentrate,resultingindecreasedproductivityandanincreasedriskofaccidents.Quality,too,hasbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Thequalityofaproductcanbedefinedasitsabilitytofulfillcustomers’demands.Thesedemandsoftenchangeovertime,andthebestcompetitorsinthemarketwillsetthestandard.Noiseconcernsarealsoexpressedinrelationtoconstructionmachinerysuchaswheelloadersandarticulatedhaulers.Thegearboxissometimesthedominantsourceofnoiseinthesemachines.Evenifthegearnoiseisnottheloudestsource,itspurehighfrequencytoneiseasilydistinguishedfromothernoisesourcesandisoftenperceivedasunpleasant.Thenoisecreatesanimpressionofpoorquality.Inordernottobeheard,gearnoisemustbeatleast15dBlowerthanothernoisesources,suchasenginenoise.1.2GearnoiseThisdissertationdealswiththekindofgearboxnoisethatisgeneratedbygearsunderload.Thisnoiseisoftenreferredtoas“gearwhine”andconsistsmainlyofpuretonesathighfrequenciescorrespondingtothegearmeshfrequencyandmultiplesthereof,whichareknownasharmonics.Atonewiththesamefrequencyasthegearmeshfrequencyisdesignatedthegearmeshharmonic,atonewithafrequencytwicethegearmeshfrequencyisdesignatedthesecondharmonic,andsoon.Theterm“gearmeshharmonics”referstoallmultiplesofthegearmeshfrequency.Transmissionerror(TE)isconsideredanimportantexcitationmechanismforgearwhine.Welbourn[1]definestransmissionerroras“thedifferencebetweentheactualpositionoftheoutputgearandthepositionitwouldoccupyifthegeardrivewereperfectlyconjugate.”Transmissionerrormaybeexpressedasangulardisplacementoraslineardisplacementatthepitchpoint.Transmissionerroriscausedbydeflections,geometricerrors,andgeometricmodifications.Inadditiontogearwhine,otherpossiblenoise-generatingmechanismsingearboxesincludegearrattlefromgearsrunningagainsteachotherwithoutload,andnoisegeneratedbybearings.Inthecaseofautomaticgearboxes,noisecanalsobegeneratedbyinternaloilpumpsandbyclutches.Noneofthesemechanismsaredealtwithinthiswork,andfromnowon“gearnoise”or“gearboxnoise”refersto“gearwhine”.MackAldener[2]describesthenoisegenerationprocessfromagearboxasconsistingofthreeparts:excitation,transmission,andradiation.Theoriginofthenoiseisthegearmesh,inwhichvibrationsarecreated(excitation),mainlyduetotransmissionerror.Thevibrationsaretransmittedviathegears,shafts,andbearingstothehousing(transmission).Thehousingvibrates,creatingpressurevariationsinthesurroundingairthatareperceivedasnoise(radiation).Gearnoisecanbeaffectedbychanginganyoneofthesethreemechanisms.Thisdissertationdealsmainlywithexcitation,buttransmissionisalsodiscussedinthesectionoftheliteraturesurveyconcerningdynamicmodels,andinthemodalanalysisofthetestgearboxinPaperB.TransmissionofvibrationsisalsoinvestigatedinPaperD,whichdealswiththeinfluenceofbearingendplayorpreloadongearboxnoise.Differencesinbearingpreloadinfluenceabearing’sdynamicpropertieslikestiffnessanddamping.Thesepropertiesalsoaffectthevibrationofthegearboxhousing.1.3ObjectiveTheobjectiveofthisdissertationistocontributetoknowledgeaboutgearboxnoise.Thefollowingspecificareaswillbethefocusofthisstudy:1.Theinfluenceofgearfinishingmethodandgearmodificationsanderrorsonnoiseandvibrationfromagearbox.2.Thecorrelationbetweengeardeviations,predictedtransmissionerror,measuredtransmissionerror,andgearboxnoise.3.Theinfluenceofbearingpreloadongearboxnoise.4.Optimizationofgeargeometryforlowtransmissionerror,takingintoconsiderationrobustnesswithrespecttotorqueandmanufacturingtolerances.2ANINDUSTRIALAPPLICATION−TRANSMISSIONNOISEREDUCTION2.1IntroductionThissectionbrieflydescribestheactivitiesinvolvedinreducinggearnoisefromawheelloadertransmission.TheaimistoshowhowtheoptimizationofthegeargeometrydescribedinPaperEisusedinanindustrialapplication.Theauthorwasprojectmanagerforthe“noiseworkteam”andperformedthegearoptimization.Oneoftherequirementswhendevelopinganewautomaticpowertransmissionforawheelloaderwasimprovingthetransmissiongearnoise.Theexistingpowertransmissionwasknowntobenoisy.Whendrivingathighspeedinfourthgear,ahighfrequencygear-whinecouldbeheard.Thustherewerenowdemandsforimprovedsoundquality.Thetransmissionisatypicalwheelloaderpowertransmission,consistingofatorqueconverter,agearboxwithfourforwardspeedsandfourreversespeeds,andadropboxpartlyintegratedwiththegearbox.Thedropboxisachainoffourgearstransferringthepowertotheoutputshaft.Thegearsareengagedbywetmulti-discclutchesactuatedbythetransmissionhydraulicandcontrolsystem.2.2GearnoisetargetforthenewtransmissionExperiencehasshownthatthehighfrequencygearnoiseshouldbeatleast15dBbelowothernoisesourcessuchastheengineinordernottobeperceivedasdisturbingorunpleasant.Measurementsshowedthatifthegearnoisecouldbedecreasedby10dB,thiscriterionshouldbesatisfiedwithsomemargin.Frequencyanalysisofthenoisemeasuredinthedriver'scabshowedthatthedominantnoisefromthetransmissionoriginatedfromthedropboxgears.Thegoalfortransmissionnoisewasthusformulatedasfollows:“Thegearnoise(soundpressurelevel)fromthedropboxgearsinthetransmissionshouldbedecreasedby10dBcomparedtotheexistingtransmissioninordernottobeperceivedasunpleasant.Itwasassumedthatitwouldbenecessarytomakechangestoboththegearsandthetransmissionhousinginordertodecreasethegearnoisesoundpressurelevelby10dB.2.3NoiseandvibrationmeasurementsInordertoestablishareferenceforthenewtransmission,noiseandvibrationweremeasuredfortheexistingtransmission.Thetransmissionisdrivenbythesametypeofdieselengineusedinawheelloader.Theengineandtransmissionareattachedtothestandusingthesamerubbermountsthatareusedinawheelloaderinordertomaketheinstallationassimilaraspossibletotheinstallationinawheelloader.Theoutputshaftisbrakedusinganelectricalbrake.2.4OptimizationofgearsNoise-optimizeddropboxgearsweredesignedbychoosingmacro-andmicrogeometriesgivinglowertransmissionerrorthantheoriginal(reference)gears.Thegeargeometrywaschosentoyieldalowtransmissionerrorfortherelevanttorquerange,whilealsotakingintoconsiderationvariationsinthemicrogeometryduetomanufacturingtolerances.TheoptimizationofonegearpairisdescribedinmoredetailinPaperE.Transmissionerrorisconsideredanimportantexcitationmechanismforgearwhine.Welbourn[1]definesitas“thedifferencebetweentheactualpositionoftheoutputgearandthepositionitwouldoccupyifthegeardrivewereperfectlyconjugate.”Inthisprojecttheaimwastoreducethemaximumpredictedtransmissionerroramplitudeatgearmeshfrequency(firstharmonicofgearmeshfrequency)tolessthan50%ofthevalueforthereferencegearpair.Thefirstharmonicoftransmissionerroristheamplitudeofthepartofthetotaltransmissionerrorthatvarieswithafrequencyequaltothegearmeshfrequency.Atorquerangeof100to500Nmwaschosenbecausethisisthetorqueintervalinwhichthegearpairgeneratesnoiseinitsdesignapplication.AccordingtoWelbourn[1],a50%reductionintransmissionerrorcanbeexpectedtoreducegearboxnoiseby6dB(soundpressurelevel,SPL).TransmissionerrorwascalculatedusingtheLDPsoftware(LoadDistributionProgram)developedattheGearLaboratoryatOhioStateUniversity[3].The“optimization”wasnotstrictlymathematical.Thedesignwasoptimizedbycalculatingthetransmissionerrorfordifferentgeometries,andthenchoosingageometrythatseemedtobeagoodcompromise,consideringnotonlythetransmissionerror,butalsofactorssuchasstrength,losses,weight,cost,axialforcesonbearings,andmanufacturing.Whenchoosingmicrogeometricmodificationsandtolerances,itisimportanttotakemanufacturingoptionsandcostintoconsideration.Thegoalwastousethesamefinishingmethodfortheoptimizedgearsasforthereferencegears,namelygrindingusingaKAPPVAS531andCBN-coatedgrindingwheels.Foraspecifictorqueandgearmacrogeometry,itispossibletodefineagearmicrogeometrythatminimizestransmissionerror.Forexample,atnoload,iftherearenopitcherrorsandnoothergeometricaldeviations,theshapeofthegearteethshouldbetrueinvolute,withoutmodificationsliketiprelieforinvolutecrowning.Foraspecifictorque,thegeometryofthegearshouldbedesignedinsuchawaythatitcompensatesforthedifferencesindeflectionrelatedtostiffnessvariationsinthegearmesh.However,evenifitispossibletodefinetheoptimalgearmicrogeometry,itmaynotbepossibletomanufactureit,giventhelimitationsofgearmachining.Considerationmustalsobegiventohowtospecifythegeargeometryindrawingsandhowtomeasurethegearinaninspectionmachine.Inmanyapplicationsthereisalsoatorquerangeoverwhichthetransmissionerrorshouldbeminimized.Giventhatmanufacturingtol