English-Literature教学讲解课件

EnglishLiteratureCompiledbyWuWeiLun1.WhatisLiterature?Literaturereferstothepracticeandprofessionofwriting.Itcomesfromhumaninterestintellingastory,inarrangingwordsinartisticforms,indescribinginwordssomeaspectsofhumanexperiences.Literatureischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversityofintellectualandemotionalappeal.Literatureshowsusnotonlywhatasocietyislikeinacertainage,butalsowhatindividualfeelaboutit,whattheyhopefromit,andhowtheycanchangeitorescapefromit.2.WhywereadLiterature?a.readforpleasureHowellsobservedthatthestudyofLiteratureshouldbeginandendinpleasure.b.readingforrelaxationModernlifeisfullofpressure.Itispeople’scommondesiretoseektemporallyrelaxationfromthestressinlife.c.readingtoacquireknowledge.Literaturegivesreadersaninsightintothetradition,custom,beliefs,attitudes,folklore,valuesoftheageinwhichitiswritten.3.HowtostudyLiterature?a.analyticalapproachTheelementsoffictionincludeplot,character,setting,pointofview,theme,symbol,allegory,style,andtone.b.thematicapproachWhatisthestory,thepoem,theplay,ortheessayabout?c.historicalapproach

Itaimsatillustratingthehistoricaldevelopmentofliterature.AlltheLiteratureexistsintimeandassuchbearstheunmistakableimprintoftheperiodandcultureinwhichitiswrittend.OtherapproachesMarxist/sociologicalcriticismpsychoanalyticalcriticismfeminist/gendercriticismmythicandarchetypalcriticismreader-responsecriticismformalist/newcriticismstructuralismOtherapproaches(2)post-structuralismDecostructuralismOurtextbookisarrangedinchronologicalorder,butwedealwitheachperiodanalyticallywithemphasisontheme.II:theAnglo-Saxonperiod

(449-1066)1.historicalbackgroundThreeconquests:Romanconquestin43AD;Anglo-Saxonconquestin449;Normanconquestin106643AD,RomanconqueredBritain,makingthelatteraprovinceofRomanEmpire;thewithdrawalofRomantroops,theTeutonictribes,esp.,theAnglosconqueredtheislandandcalleditAngle-land,thenEngland,theirlanguageisAnglo-SaxonoldEnglish.2.literature

1):pagan:oralsagas:theSongofBeowulf2):Christian:copiedbythemonk.TheinfluenceoftheChristianityuponlanguageandculture.Twoecclesiasticpoets:CaedmonandCynewulf3.theSongofBeowulfEngland’snationalepic1)creationtime:writtenin10-thcentury2).plotandtheme:

fightwithGrendel

fightwithGrendel’smotherfightwithfiredrakedeathandfuneral3).Characteristicsof“Beowulf”

3).Characteristicsof“Beowulf”a.themixtureofpaganelementswithChristiancoloring.Themostoutstandingexampleisthefrequentreferenceintheepicto“Wyrd”(fate)asthedecisivefactorinhumanaffaires,whileonotheroccasions“God”or“Lord”isalsomentionedastheomniscientandomnipotentbeingthatrulesoverthewholeuniverse.Characteristicsof“Beowulf”(2)b.thefrequentuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements.“Ringgiver”isusedforking,“Swanroad”,“whale-path”or“sealbath”forthesea,“wave-traveler”or“sea-wood”forship,“shield-bearer”,“battle-hero”or“spear-fighter”forsoldier.c.Beowulfiswritteninalliterativeverse.Itsrhythmdependsuponaccentandalliteration.Thatis,thebeginningoftwoormorewordsinthesamelinewiththesamesoundorletter.Thelinesaremadeupoftwoshorthalves,separatedbyapause.Norhymeisused;butamusicaleffectisproducedbygivingeachhalflinetwostronglyaccentedsyllables.Eachfullline,therefore,hasfouraccents,threeofwhichusuallybeginwiththesamesoundorletter.Characteristicsof“Beowulf”(3)BeowulftowersaboveallotherAnglo-Saxonliterature,notonlybecauseitisapowerfulpoemaboutpeople’sherowrittenintrueepicstyle,butalsobecauseittellsinartisticformthetaleinaleisurelyway,fullofelaborationsinlegendarydetails,andtheverserisesatplacestoheightsofpoeticgrandeur.ThesignificanceofBeowulf4).ThesignificanceofBeowulf：a.ThisgloriousepicpresentsusavividpictureofthelifeofAnglo-Saxonpeopleandhighlypraisesthebraveandcourageousspiritofthefightingagainsttheelementalforces.b.TheepicreflectsthesituationstheepochofpagantribalismandoftheeraoftheChristianizedfeudalsociety.c.Theepicgivesthevividportrayalofagreatnationalhero,strongandcourageouspeopleandhiskinfolk.PartII:theAnglo-Normanperiod(1066—1350)

1.

historicalbackgroundNormanConquestofAnglo-SaxonEngland,underWilliam,DukeofNormandyafterthebattleofHastingsin1066,acceleratedthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland.Themiddleages:thedarkage(449-16-thcentury)2.literatureromance:1).threechiefeffectsoftheConquest.2).Fourkinds.a.Geoffrey’shistory:asourcebookofliteratureb.theworkoftheFrenchWriters:Arthurianlegendsc.Riming/rhythmicchronicles:historyindoggerelversed.metricalromances,ortalesinverse.Threemajorthemes

a.thematterofFrance:aboutCharlemagneandhispeers/knightsb.thematterofGreeceandRome:aboutAlexanderthegreatandtheTrojanWarandthefallofTroyc.thematterofBritain:kingArthurandhisRoundTableknight

3.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight

a.theplot1).Feastinthepalace2)journeyforthegreenchapel3)testinthecastle4).blowinthechapelb.characteristicsandtheme

thebravestofknightsatestofhisvirtueandtruthoneofthebesttoldstoriesinallthemedievalliteratureofEuropeMotif:thetestsoffaith,courageandpuritynobilityofherothehumanweaknessforself-preservationhumannessromance:theheroicadventureforadventures’sakeBeowulf:tohelpthehero’skinsfolkoutofthedistressortoprotectthemfromdisasterPartIII:GeoffreyChaucer

(1340—1400)

1.hislife

borninawinemerchantfamily,pagetoElizabethhehadbroadandintimateacquaintancewithpersonshighandlowinallwalksoflifeandknewwellthewholesociallifeofhistime.Hisliterarycareer

a.

Frenchperiod(1360-1372)inFrench“Romanceoftherose”b.

Italianperiod(1372-1385)inLatin“thelegendofGoodWomen”Englishperiod(1386-1400)inEnglish“TheCanterburyTales”

3.

TheCanterburyTales

Itisoneofthemostfamousworksinallliterature.Itbeginswithageneralprologuethatexplainstheoccasionforthenarrationofthetalesandgivesadescriptionofthepilgrimswhonarratethetales,andthenfollowthetwenty-fourtalesthatmakeupthebulkofthebook,plustheseparateprologuesandthe“linksthataccompanysomeof”thetales.

5.Chaucer’scontributionstoEnglishLiteratureandLanguage

a.amasterofrealismb.founderofEnglishliterarylanguagec.Chaucer’sEnglish:Londondialectd.FatherofEnglishpoetry:heroiccouplet(Theheroiccoupletisaniambicpentameterheavingthelinesrhyminginpairs.e.thefirstoccupantofthePoets’Corner

PopularBallads

1.

Definition:anonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.2.ClassificationofPopularBallads

a.thereflectionofthehistoricaleventsb.thereflectionofmythsandlegendsc.theadaptationofsomeliteraryworks.

Anotherclassification:a.borderballads:age-longstrugglebetweenScotsandEnglishb.

theballadsofRobinHoodc.

thehumorousballadsthecharacteristicsofRobinHood

a.hishatredforthecrueloppressorsandhisloveforthepooranddown-troddenb.strong,braveandcleverc.tender-heartedandaffectionateforthepooranddown-troddend.hispureloveforMariane.hissimpleloyaltytothemonarchy4.Varietiesofthemes:

a.mattersofclassstruggleb.theborderwarsbetweenEnglandandScotlandc.conflictbetweenloveandwealthd.thecrueleffectofjealousyandtreacherye.thestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudalfamiliesf.ofhumorsg.someaboutsupernaturalghostandspirits.Thecharacteristicfeaturesofthepopularballads

a.theextensiveuseofdialogueb.therefrainc.theballadmeterd.therepetitionofwordsorphrasePartIV.TheRenaissance

Thisisagreatestandmostadvancedrevolutioninthehumanhistory.Thisistheagethegiantsareneededandproduced.F.Engles1.therenaissanceintheworld(1)ItoriginatedinItalyinthe14-thcenturywhentheart,literatureandideasofancientGreeceandRomewerediscoveredandwidelystudiedandcametoafloweryinthe15-thcenturyandlaterspreadtoFrance,Germany,Spain,HollandandBelgiumandEnglandinthe16-thcentury.TheRenaissanceperiodismarkedlybytherediscoveryandstudyoftheclassicsofancientGreeceandRome,bychallengefeudalobscurantismandreligiousdogmas,byopposingthetyrannyoffeudalrules.1.therenaissanceintheworld(2)Itischaracterizedwiththegrowthofamorescientificoutlook,majordevelopmentinartandliterature,newinventionandoverseasdiscoveriesandageneralassertionofhumanvalueandemancipationofthehumanintellectandpower.Humanismwasthekeynoteoftherenaissance,reflectingthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass.Thehumanistsadvocatedtheemancipationofman,andtheytriedtohavethenewevaluationofmanandhispowersandfoughtforequalityandjustice,opposedfeudaltyrannyandobscurantismandreligiousobstinacy.2.TherenaissanceinEngland

1).Somemajorhistoricevents:a.TheWarofRoses(1455-1488)andtheestablishmentofthedynastiesofHenryVIIandVIII—thecentralizedmonarchy.b.

TheEnclosuremovement“sheepdevouredMen”c.Thereligiousreformation,establishmentoftheAnglicanChurchd.

FlourishingintheElizabethanAge(1558-1603)e.defeatingtheSpanishInvinciblefleet”Armada”in1588andtheestablishmentofthehegemonyontheseas.f.Thegeographicalexplorationandtradeexpansionbroughtaboutthegrowthofthecitiesandthedevelopmentofthecapitalisttextileindustry.2).ThedivisionoftheEnglishrenaissance

a.Beginning:thelastyearsofthe15-thcenturyfirsthalfofthe16-thcenturyb.Flourishing:theElizabethanAge(1558-1603)

c.Declining:theperiodofJamesI(1603-1625)early17-thcentury

WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)

Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmoving,howexpressandadmirableinaction,howlikeanangleinapprehension,howlikeagod!Thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals;andyettomewhatisthisquintessenceofdust?

WilliamShakespeare

1.hislife2.divisionsofhisliterarycareer.a.

thefirstperiod(1590-1600)b.

thesecondperiod(1601-1608)c.

thethirdperiod(1609-1612)3.analysisof“hamlet”and“theMerchantofVenice”

MainfeaturesofShakespeare

a.

oneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliteratureaswellasinEnglishliterature;b.

thegreatsuccessesincharactercreationsinvividnessandintensityinemotionalandpsychologicaldepth;c.

thepsychologicalprobingofthecharactersinnerconflict;d.

theadroitplotconstructionconflict;e.

skilledinmanypoeticforms;f.

agreatmasterofEnglishlanguage;g.

thesummitoftheEnglishRenaissanceandoneofthegreatwriterstheworldover《哈姆雷特》提要

丹麦国王新死，在国外求学的王子哈姆雷特回国奔丧，参加的却是母后与叔父克劳迪斯的婚礼。模样似先王的鬼魂在夜间出现，告诉哈姆雷特是克劳迪斯阴谋杀害了他。哈姆雷特立志为父复仇。他开始装疯，有意疏远恋人奥菲莉娅；他请来戏班，按他所写的剧本演出王后与情夫合谋杀害国王的故事，以刺探克劳迪斯的反应。后者有所警觉，便派人将哈姆雷特送往英国，并指使差人带信，让英王处决哈姆雷特。但阴谋败露，哈姆雷特回国，得知奥菲莉娅因失恋神经失常溺水而亡。奥菲莉娅的哥哥雷厄提斯愤怒提出与哈姆雷特决斗，而克劳迪斯则为两人安排了一场击剑比赛，设计让雷厄提斯用沾了毒药的剑将哈姆雷特刺死。比赛中，哈姆雷特被毒剑刺中，雷厄提斯也受了致命伤，王后误喝了克劳迪斯为哈姆雷特准备的毒酒而身亡。雷厄提斯临死前说出真相，哈姆雷特杀死了克劳迪斯后也最终死去。

OnlineresourcesMr.ShakespeareandtheInternet

提供莎士比亚的生平年表、著作全集，以及多部作品的其他语言版本（如中文版的《哈姆雷特》等），同时带有相关评论和搜索引擎。

ShakespeareClassroom

/~massij/shakes/该网站标题为“莎士比亚教室”(ShakespeareClassroom)，专供高等院校教师和学生使用，提供内容包括莎剧简介，简短评论，参考资料，以及阅读莎剧时经常提出的问题等。FrancisBacon

(1561-1626)

1.hislife2.classificationofhisworksa.

Thephilosophicalworks:theAdvancementofLearningb.

Literaryworks:Essaysc.

Professionalworks:Marximsofthelaw3.Ofstudies

a.

fiveparts:purposeofreadingattitudestowardsstudyprinciplesofstudiesstudymethodstudydevelopyourcharacter/effectofstudyonhumancharacterStyle:a..Theargumentsarewellarrangedinunityandcoherenceinoneparagraph.b.

theconcisenessofexpressionsandphrasespresentsaplainstyleaswellashissimplelanguage.c.

Thesimplemetaphorshavedeepimplications.d.

Theomissionmakestheessayconcise,clearandcoherent.e.

Thenaturalflowofparallelsmakeshislogicandphilosophicalargumentconvincinglyandforceful.E.g.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudy…Craftyman…simpleman….PartV:the17-thcentury

1.Historicalbackgroundthecontradictionsbetweenthefeudalsystemandbourgeoisiea.

Elizabeth:1558-1603b.

JamesI:1603-1625politicalandreligioustyrannyc.

CharlesI:1625-1649d.

Cromwell:1649-1660commonwealthprotector:1653-1658e.

CharlesII:1660-1688restorationf.

JamesII:1685-1688g.

WilliamofOrange:1688-17021689年通过权利法案，确立君主立宪制2.Literarycharacteristics

1).thepuritanage/influence:gloomagePoem:JohnMilton,metaphysicalpoetsProse:johnBunyan2).Restoration/Frenchinfluencedrama:rimedcoupletliterature:wittyandclever,immoralandcynicalonthewholeJohnDonne(1572-1631)

1.

hislife2.

hisliterarycareerconceits\conceitfulwritingReligiouspoems,magnificentsermons3.

hiswritingstyleDeathbenotproudprosestyle:involutedandornate,cumulativeandlineronian

JohnMilton(1608-1674)

1.

hislife:totallyblindin1652thechildofRenaissance

2.

hisliterarycareer:1):earlywriting2)writingfortherevolution—pamphlets3)

writingpoetry:paradiseLost:plot,theme,charactersesp.SantaFeaturesofMilton’sPoetry:

Hededicatedhimselfbychoicetoanoblepoliticalcause,andturnedpoetonlybecausethatcausehadfailed.Thoughhisgeniusisessentiallypoetic,heisepicpoetonlybycircumstance.Inthedischargeofbothduties,weseeinhimaloftinessofmind,whichonlyhisownnamecandesignate.ItisMiltonic.Shakespearecommandsourwonderandadmiration,butMiltonourrespectandawe.

HisBiblicalandclassicalallusionsandhisepicsimilesareoftenobscure,andtheirbeautyisnoteasilycaught,evenwiththehelpofexplanatorynotes.TheeffectofresonantsyllablesthatrollwiththesoundofrumblingthundercanhardlybeappreciatedwhenthereaderisbusyfiguringoutthegrammaticalstructureofhisnumerousLatinism

agreatmasteroftheblankverse

JohnBunyan91628-1688)

1.

hislifethemostpopularpreacherandimprisonedforthat2.

ThePilgrim’sprogress:ChristianThemostpopularwriterAllegoryhisstyle

Bunyanwroteinasimplebutlivelyandvividprosestyle.Everydayidiomaticexpressionswereusednaturallyandforcefully,andhisknowledgeofthetranslationsoftheBiblealsohelpedhimtointroducethebiblicallanguageintohisowndirectanduninvolvedwayofexpression.In“ThePilgrim’sProgress”’,hisnarrativemethodisastraightforwardone,butthedetailchosenareusuallyverycommonplaceyetextremelycolorful,andhisskillinpickingouttherightwordsandphrasesaddstotheartisticeffectofthedescriptiveandnarrativepassagesinthestory.Hissimple,unaffectedlanguageofthecommonpeople,andhisdetailstakenfromordinarycircumstancesofordinarylifearelargelyresponsibleforthemodernsofhisproseaswereadittoday.

ItssignificanceThemostsignificantthingisthatthesatiresinthebookarecenteredupontherulingclass.Especiallywell-knownarethedescriptionsofVanityFairandoftheexperienceofChristianandFaithfulinit,forhereBunyannotonlygivesusasymbolicpictureofLondonatthetimeoftherestorationbutoffeudal-bourgeoissocietyingeneralwhereallthingsareboughtandsold(includinghonors,titles,kingdoms,lusts,pleasuresandlives)andwherecheatingandroguery,murdersandadulteryarenormal.PartVI:the18-thcenturyTheGloriousRevolutionbroughtintopower,alongwithWilliamofOrange,thelandlordandcapitalistappropriatorsofsurplusvalue.Marx1.

historicalbackground1):thegloriousrevolutionin1688a.thebourgeoisieandthearistocracyruledthecountrytogetherb.Enclosuremovement—commercialexpansion—colonialexpansion—abigindustrialandcolonialcapitalistpower2)AmericanwarofIndependence(1775-1783)3)Frenchbourgeoisierevolutionin1789clearthemindofmanforthecomingrevolution2.TheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcenturyandinRussiainthe19thcentury.ItwasaEuropeanmovementasifprevailednotonlyoverEnglandbutalsooverRussiaandGermanyandesp.FrancewherethereweresuchgiantsasMontesquieu,Pidero,VoltaireandRousseau,writingontheeveoftheFrenchRevolutionin1789.TheEnlightenmentinEnglandwasdifferentfromthatinotherEuropeancountries.Appearedinanepochnotprecedingbutafterthebourgeoisrevolution.Theydidnotcallforthelaunchingofarevolutionbuturgedthecarryingonoftherevolutiontosystem,atthefoundationofwhichwasthecompromisebetweentheupperstrataoftheoldrulingclassthearistocratsandupperstrataofthenewrulingclassthebourgeoisieandtheEnglishEnlightenmentcomeafterthiscompromise.Theenlightenersconsideredthechiefmeansforthebettermentofthesocietywas“enlightenment”or“education”forthepeople.Theybelievedinthepowerofreason.Reasonservedastheyardstickforthemeasureofallhumanactivitiesandsocialrelations.Superstitionandinjustice;Privilegeandoppressionweretoyieldplaceto“eternaltruth”,“eternaljustice”naturalequalityandinalienablesightofman.Butthisrightofreasonisnothingotherthantheidealizedreignofthebourgeoisie.

Precedingthebourgeoisrevolutionesp.FrancewhileinEnglish,afterit,inRussia,19-thcenturythe18-thcenturywascalledtheageofreason,whichservedastheyardstickforthemeasureofallhumanactivitiesandsocialrelations.3.EnlightenmentinEngland1):moderategroupandradicalgroup2):threemajorperiods:1688-1730s,1740s-1750s,1760s-1790s4.Sentimentalism:Lawrence,Sterne5.Preromanticism:gothicnovel

DanielDefoe

1.hislife–alegendaryman2.

RobinsonCrusoea.

plot