Difference-between-English-and-Chinese教学讲解课件

DifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese

GeneralintroductionWordsSentencesDiscourseRhetoricaldevicesGeneralintroductionChineseSino-Tibetanlanguagefamilyideographiccharacter(表意文字)analyticlanguageconciseandexplicitsentencesEnglishIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyorIndo-Germanicsystemalphabeticcharacter(拼音文字)

comprehensivelanguagewell-knit,closeandcompactsentencesTherelationshipofwordsisexpressednotbytheformofworditself,butbyprepositionsandwordorderandsoon.

Themeaningofthelanguageisexpressedbythechangeoftheformoftheworditselfsuchascase,number,tenseandsoon.

InEnglish,nouns,especiallytheabstractnounsandprepositionsarewidelyused,justlikeaseriesofGrapes.InChineseverbsarewidelyused,justlikeaBamboo.英语词汇有屈折(inflection)变化，汉语没有；英语词义比较灵活多变，汉语词义相对稳定。汉语是粘着型(agglutinative)语言，词的组合依靠词素的粘着。光(+明)–light打(+击)–beat

Wordstable-tableshit-hits-hit笔：钢笔、铅笔、圆珠笔、蜡笔、粉笔、毛笔、画笔、电笔fountainpen，pencil，ballpointpen，waxcrayon，chalk，writingbrush，paintingbrush，electroprobee.g.好：他是祖国的好儿子。庄稼长得真好。他们对我真好。楼的质量不好。这个问题很好回答。啊，好票!Heisaworthysonofourmotherland．Thecropsaredoingwell．Theyarereallykindtome．Thebuildingisnotwellbuilt．Thisquestioniseasytoanswer．Oh，agoodseat!学习：学习知识学习技术学习外语学习成绩学习别人的长处互相学习以雷锋为学习的榜样acquireknowledgemasteraskillstudyaforeignlanguageacademicrecordsemulateothers’strongpoints1earnfromeachotherfollowtheexampleofLeiFengSentence

英语句子重形合（hypotaxis）；汉语句子重意合（parataxis）。所谓“形合”就是主要靠语言本身语法手段；所谓“意合”主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。英文句子结构紧凑严密。中文句子结构简练明快。总之，英语句子中，主干结构突出，即主谓机制突出。名词尤其是抽象名词和介词用得多。在表达复杂思想时，往往开门见山，然后借助英语特有词汇关系代词（relativepronoun），进行空间搭架，把各个子句（clause）有机地结合起来，构成一串葡萄似的句子。主干可能很短，上面却结着累累果实。汉语词语组合成句依靠词序(wordorder)和虚词(emptyword)。如：“鸟儿飞出了笼子。”是按正常词序组成的正确句子，若颠倒“鸟儿”和“笼子”的位置成为“笼子飞出了鸟儿”，该句则成了病句；然若加上“里”字，“笼子里飞出了鸟儿”，句子便又恢复正常，突出了鸟儿是从笼子里飞出来的信息。Theisolationoftheruralworld,becauseofdistanceandthelackoftransportfacilities,iscompoundedbythepaucityoftheinformationmedia.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。Becausethereisagreatdistanceandtherearenotenoughtransportfacilities,theruralworldisisolated.Thisisolationhasbecomemoreseriousbecausetherearenotenoughinformationmedia.Itisacuriousfact,ofwhichIcanthinkofnosatisfactoryexplanation,thatenthusiasmforcountrylifeandloveofnaturalsceneryarestrongestandmostwidelydiffusedpreciselyinthoseEuropeancountrieswhichhavetheworstclimateandwherethesearchforthepicturesqueinvolvesthegreatestdiscomfort.译文1：这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色具有的爱心最强烈和最普遍的。译文2：欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这就是实情，我怎么也提不出叫人满意的解释来。

Englishisasyntheticlanguagemarkedwithinflexions(曲折变化形式)，whileChineseisananalyticlanguagewithoutanyinflection，whichisusuallvimpliedinthecontextorexplicitlyshowninsuchwordsas“着、了、过”etc．Syntheticvs．AnalyticThusencouraged,theymadeastillbolderplanforthenextyear．由于受到这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。Compactvs．DiffusiveEnglishsentencesarecompacttightlycombinedwithconnectivesorprepositions，whileChineseisdiffused，thatis，looseinstructure．Nowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthesizeofthecomputerofwhichitformsapart，thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicomputer．现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。AnotionhastakenholdintheUStotheeffectthattheonlypeoplewhoshouldbeencouragedtobringchildrenintotheworldarethosewhocanaffordthem．在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点，说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人，才应鼓励其生育。Hypotacticvs．ParatacticInEnglish．clausesorphrasesarecoordinatedwithorsubordinatedtooneanothersyntacticallywhileinChinesetheYareplacedoneafteranotherwithoutcoordinatingconnectives．Themanyc010rsOfarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside．彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。Hehadadisconcertinghabitofexpressingcontradictoryideasinrapidsuccession．他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。Complexvs.SimplexEnglishsentencesarelongandcomplex，whileChinesesentencesareshortandsimple．Forexample：Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequalityofthenaturalproductcannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement，or，moreoften，becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstance．whichisthecommonnameforman．madematerials，havebeenchosen．andevenemphasized，sothatitwouldbeOfthegreatestuseinthefieldsinwhichitistobeapplied．人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。Impersonalvs．PersonalTherearemoreimpersonalstructuresinEnglishthaninChinese，asshowninthefollowingexamples：·Whathashappenedtoyou?你出了什么事儿啦?·Anlideasuddenlystruckme．我突然想到一个主意。·Astrangepeacecanleoverherwhenshewasalone．她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。·Notasoundreachedourears．我们没有听到任何声音。·Agreatelationovercamethem．他们欣喜若狂。·Thetruthfinallydawnedonher．她最终明白了真相。Passivevs．ActiveAswehavementionedinthepreviousunits，thepassivevoiceisextensivelyusedinEnglish，whileChinesesentencesareusuallyactive．AfewyearsagoitwasthoughtunusualthatprogramscouldeverbecalledupbyviewerstobedisplayedontheirTVscreensathome．几年前人们还以为，观众居然能够打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕上播出节目是一种稀罕的事情。Staticvs．DynamicEnglishisstatic，withagentnounsbeingfrequentlyusedtoreplaceverbs，whileChineseisdynamic，withmoreverbsbeingusedinasinglesentence．·Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper．他能吃又能睡。·Youmustbeaverybadlearner；orelseyoumustbegoingtoaverybadteacher．你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。Abstractvs．ConcreteInexpressingthesameideaEnglishseemsmoreabstractwhileChinese，moreconcrete．·Theabsenceofintelligenceisanindicationofsatisfactorydevelopments．没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。·Ahighdegreeofcarelessness，pre-operativeandpost-operative，onthepartofsomeofthehospitalstaff，tookplace．医院某些医护人员在手术前后都非常粗心。IndirectVS．DirectSomeEnglishsentencesseemtobeindirectinaffirmationwhileChineseSentencesarestraightforward．·Icouldn’tfeelbeRer．我觉得身体好极了。·Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore．我太赞成你的看法了。·Hecan’tseeyouquickenough．他很想尽快和你见面。·Ifyouhaveacar，youareindependentoftrainsandbuses．如果你有小汽车，就不用去坐火车或挤公共汽车。SubstitutiveVS．RepetitiveGenerallyspeaking，therearenotusesomanyrepetitionsinEnglishasinChinese．·YoushouldhelphersinceyouhavepromisedtodoSO．你既然答应了要帮助她就应当帮助她。·Hehatedfailure；hehadconquereditallhislife，risenaboveit，anddespiseditinothers．他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。Text/DiscourseDefinitionThedifferencebetweenEnglishtextandChinesetextexamplesDefinition(1)

篇章是指由连贯的句子或语段所构成的、或长或短的语义整体，例如一篇散文、一项合同、一页说明书、一首诗歌、一个剧本、一次谈话、一则寓言、一封书信、一部小说或专著，或其中意义比较完整的片段。Definition(2)篇章不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体，即表达整体意义。语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性（cohesion），如连接、替代、省略、照应；语义逻辑上，全篇通常有首有尾，各句段所反映的概念或命题具有连续性。每个句子都起着一定的承前启后的作用，句与句、段与段的排列一般都符合逻辑顺序。篇章翻译：语境Differenceintext(1)

English:subject-prominentChinese:topic-prominentExamples

Examples(1)……1到了铁公祠前，2朝南一望，只见对面千佛山上，梵宇僧楼，与那苍松翠柏，3高4下相间，红的火红，白的雪白，青的靛青，绿的碧绿，更有那一株半株的丹枫夹在里面，5仿佛宋人赵千里的一幅大画，作了一架数十里长的屏风。------------------------（刘鹗：《老残游记》，齐鲁书社，1985，14页）Examples(1)When

he1

reachedthetemple,

he2

lookedsouthwardsandsawontheothersideofthelaketheMountofaThousandBuddha.Thereweretemplesandmonasteries,

some3

highand

some4

low,scatteredamongthegreyedpinesandgreencypresses:theredwereasredasfire,thewhiteaswhiteassnow,theblueasblueasindigoandthegreenasgreenasemerald,whilehereandtherewereafewredmaples.

It5

lookedlikeabigpaintingbyZhaoQianli,theSong-dynastypainter,onlymadeintoascreenadozenmileslong.——(fromTheTravelsofLaoCan,tr.ByYangHsienyiandGladysYang,PandaBooks,1983,p24-25)Examples(2)Theytellus,Sir,thatweareweak;unabletocopewithsoformidableandadversary.Butwhenshallwebestronger?Will

it1

bethenextweek,orthenextyear?Will

it2

bewhenwearetotallydisarmed,andwhenaBritishguardshallbestationedineveryhouse?Shallwegatherstrengthbyirresolutionandinaction?Shallweacquirethemeansofeffectualresistancebylyingsupinelyonourbacksandhuggingthedelusivephantomofhope,untilourenemiesshallhaveboundushandandfoot?Sir,

wearenotweakif

we3

makeaproperuseofthosemeanswhichtheGodofnaturehathplacedinourpower.Examples(2)先生，他们说我们力量小，不是这强敌的对手。但是什么时候我们才会强大起来？1下星期还是明年？2是不是要等我们完全被解除武装、家家户户都驻扎了英国士兵的时候？我们迟疑不决、无所作为就能积聚力量吗？我们高枕而卧、苟安侥幸，等到敌人使我们束手就擒时，我们就能找到有效的御敌办法？先生，如果3能恰当地利用万物之主赋予我们的力量，我们并不弱小。Differenceintext(2)英语句子重形合（hypotaxis）:and,but,if,as,therefore,when,however,moreoverorinaddition,what’smoreimportant

；汉语句子重意合（parataxis）。examplesExamples(1)AsecondaspectoftechnologytransferconcentrateonUShightechnologyexports.ChinahascorrectlycomplainedinthepastthattheUSwasunnecessarilyrestrictiveinlimitingtechnologysalestoChina.Recentlysomeliberalizationhastakenplace

and1

majorincreasesintechnologytransfershavetakenplaceastheresult.

However2,someitemscontinuetobesubjecttorestrictionsandunnecessarydelay,inpart

because3

theUSGovernmentsubmitsmanyitemstoCOCOMforapproval.ThereissignificantroomforimprovementwiththeUSbureaucracyandCOCOM.Examples(1)技术转让的第二个方面集中在美国的高技术出口方面。过去中国曾经抱怨说，美国不必要限制对中国出售技术，这种抱怨是情有可原的。由于1近来限制有所放宽，技术转让大大增加，但是2，还有些项目继续限制出口或受到不必要的延误，其中部分原因是3；美国政府要把许多项目提交巴黎统筹委员会批准。美国的官僚主义和巴黎统筹委员会的做法都大有改进的余地。Examples(2)春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。夜来风雨声，花落知多少。——（孟浩然：《春晓》）Examples(2)Iawa