演示文稿华中农业微生物学第一章英文

（优选）华中农业微生物学第一章英文版ppt讲解当前第1页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Chapteroutline1.1Whatisamicrobe?1.2TheimportanceofMicrobiology1.3Microbesinourlives1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology当前第2页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点ConceptsMicroorganismsareresponsibleformanyofthechangesobservedinorganicandinorganicmatter(e.g.,fermentationandthecarbon,nitrogenandsulfurcyclesthatoccurredinnature.Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyasascientificdisciplinehasdependedontheavailabilityofthemicroscopeandtheabilitytoisolateandgrowpureculturesofmicroorganisms.Microbiologyisalargediscipline,whichhasagreatimpactonotherareasofbiologyandgeneralhumanwelfare当前第3页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Thewordmicrobe(microorganism)isusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthatcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamicroscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoaandsomealgaeareallincludedinthiscategory.1.1Whatisamicrobe?当前第4页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Ourworldispopulatedbyinvisiblecreaturestoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Theselifeforms,themicrobesormicroorganisms,maybeseenonlybymagnifyingtheirimagewithamicroscope.当前第5页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点

MicrobialworldOrganisms

(living)Infectiousagents

(non-living)Prokaryotes(unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae(unicellularormulticellular)Fungi(unicellularormulticellular)Protozoa(unicellular)Other(multicellularorganisms)当前第6页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Mostofthebacteria,protozoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,andeventhemulticelledmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Virusesarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.Thesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes

当前第7页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点MicrobeApproximaterangeofsizesCelltypeViruses0.01-0.25µmAcellularBacteria0.1-10µmProkaryoteFungi2µm->1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000µmEukaryoteAlgae1µm-severalmetersEukaryoteThesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes当前第8页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Microbesimpingeonallaspectsoflife,justafewofthesearelistedbelow:TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2Theimportanceofmicrobiology当前第9页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearchPressheretocontinue当前第10页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点

Microbesareresponsibleforthegeochemicalcycles.Theyarefoundinassociationwithplantsinsymbioticrelationships.Somemicrobesaredevastatingplantpathogens,butothersmayactasbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstdiseases.当前第11页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Thedisease-causingabilityofsomemicrobesiswellknown.However,microorganismshavealsoprovideduswiththemeansoftheircontrolintheformofantibioticsandothermedicallyimportantdrugs.当前第12页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Microbeshavebeenusedtoproducefood,frombrewingandwinemaking,throughcheeseproductionandbreadmaking,tothemanufactureofsoysauce.Butmicrobesarealsoresponsibleforfoodspoilage.当前第13页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Traditionallymicrobeshavebeenusedtosynthesizeimportantchemicals.Theadventofgeneticengineeringtechniqueshasledtothecloningofpolypeptidesintomicrobes.当前第14页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Microbeshavebeenusedasmodelorganismsfortheinvestigationofbiochemicalandgeneticalprocesses.Millionsofcopiesofthesamesinglecellcanbeproducedveryquicklyandgiveplentyofhomogeneousexperimentalmaterial.Mostpeoplehavenoethicalobjectionstoexperimentswiththesemicroorganisms.当前第15页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点1.3Microbesinourlives

MicroorganismsasDiseaseAgentsMicroorganismsandAgricultureMicroorganismsandtheFoodIndustryMicroorganisms,Energy,andtheEnvironmentMicroorganismsandtheFuture当前第16页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点

BranchesofMicrobiologyBacteriologyProtozoologyParasitologyMicrobialMorphologyMycologyVirologyPhycologyorAlgologyMicrobialphysiologyMicrobialtaxonomyMicrobialgeneticsMolecularbiologyMicrobialecology当前第17页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点ThefutureofmicrobiologyisbrightMicrobiologyisoneofthemostrewardingofprofessions,becauseitgivesitspractitionerstheopportunitytobeincontactwithalltheothernaturalscienceandthustocontributeinmanydifferentwaystothebettermentofhumanlife.当前第18页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点1.4ThehistoryofmicrobiologyInthefieldofobservation,chancefavorsonlypreparedminds.------LouisPasteur当前第19页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThespontaneousgenerationconflictTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterThedevelopmentofmicrobiologyinthiscentury当前第20页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThefirstpersontoaccuratelyobserveanddescribemicroorganismsAntonyvanLeeuwenhock(1632-1723)当前第21页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点ThefirstpersontoobserveanddescribemicroorganismswastheamateurmicroscopistAntonyvanleeuwenhoekofDelft,Holland.Leeuwenhockmadehissimple,single-lensmicroscopewhichcouldamplifytheobjectbeingviewed50–300times.Between1673-1723,hewroteaseriesofletterstotheRoyalSocietyofLondondescribingthemicrobesheobservedfromthesamplesofrainwater,andhumammouth.当前第22页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Leeuwenhoek’sdrawingsofbacteriafromthehumanmouth.Adrawingofoneofthemicroscopesshowingthelensa;mountingpinb;andfocusingscrewscandd.lensObjectbeingviewedadjustingscrews当前第23页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Pasteur’scontributions:LouisPasteurworkinginhislaboratoryLouisPasteur(1822–1895)

Pasteur(1857)demonstratedthatlacticacidfermentationisduetotheactivityofmicro-organismsPasteur(1861)conflictoverspontaneousgeneration–birthofmicrobiologyasasciencePasteur(1881)developedanthraxvaccinePasteurization当前第24页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点

Spontaneousgeneration–thatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingordecomposingmatter.Thespontaneousgenerationconflict当前第25页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Pasteur’sswanneckflasksusedinhisexperimentsonthespontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms当前第26页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Conclusion:Microorganismsarenotspontaneouslygeneratedfrominanimatematter,butareproducedbyothermicroorganisms当前第27页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点RobertKochinhislaboratoryTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseRobertKoch(1843–1910)当前第28页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点Koch’sdemonstrationofspecialorganismscausespecialdiseases当前第29页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点

Koch’spostulatesThemicroorganismsmustbepresentineverycaseofthediseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms.Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbeisolatedandgrowninapureculture.Thediseasemustresultwhentheisolatedmicroorganismsisinoculatedintoahealthyhost.Thesamemicroorganismsmustbeisolatedagainfromthediseasedhost当前第30页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点TheGoldenageofmicrobiology

Kochandpurecultures

FermentationandPasteurization

Germtheoryofdisease

Vaccination当前第31页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点ThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterTheRussianmicrobiologistWinograskydiscoveredthatsoilbacteriacouldoxidizeiron,sulfurandammoniatoobtainenergy,andalsoisolatednitrogen–fixingbacteria.Beijerinckmadefundamentalcontributionstomicrobialecology.HeisolatedAzotobacterandRhizobium.当前第32页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点AlexanderFleming(1881-1955)SirAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredtheantibioticpenicillin.Hehadtheinsighttorecognizethesignificanceoftheinhibitionofbacterialgrowthinthevicinityofafungalcontaminant.当前第33页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点DateMicrobiologicalHistory1676Leeuwenhoekdiscovers"animalcules"PasteurshowsthatlacticacidfermentationisduetoamicroorganismPasteurshowsthatmicroorganismsdonotarisebyspontaneousgeneration1867Listerpublisheshisworkonantisepticsurgery1869Miescherdiscoversnucleicacids1876-1877KochdemonstratesthatanthraxiscausedbyBacillusanthracisLaverandiscoversPlasmodium,thecauseofmalaria1881KochculturesbacteriaongelatinPasteurdevelopsanthraxvaccine1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology当前第34页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点1884Koch'spostulatesfirstpublishedMetchnikoffdescribesphagocytosisGramstaindeveloped1887Petridish(plate)developedbyRichardPetriBeijerinckisolatesrootnodulebacteriaBeijerinckprovesthatavirusparticlecausesthetobaccomosaicdisease1921Flemingdiscoverslysozyme1923FirsteditionofBergey'sManual1928Griffithdiscoversbacterialtransformation1929FlemingdiscoverspenicillinRuskadevelopsfirsttransmissionelectronmicroscope1935Stanleycrystallizesthetobaccomosaicvirus当前第35页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点AveryshowsthatDNAcarriesinformationduringtransformationWaksmandiscoversstreptomycinWatsonandCrickproposethedoublehelixstructureforDNA1961-1966Cohenetaluseplasmidvectorstoclonegenesinbacteria1980Developmentofthescanningtunnelingmicroscope1983-1984ThepolymerasechainreactiondevelopedbyMullis1990Firsthumangene-therapytestingbegunDiscoveryofThiomargaritanamibiensis,thelargestknownbacteriumEscherichiacoligenomesequencedDiscoverythatVibriocholeraehastwoseparatechromosomes当前第36页\共有40页\编于星期四\8点1.HowdidPasteur'sfamousexperimentdefeatthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration?2.HowcanKoch'spost