英美文学期末考试

经典word整理文档，仅参考，转Word此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！名词解释1、英国浪漫主义（EnglandRomanticism）Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinwesterncultureduringmostofthe19century,beginningasrevoltagainstthclassicism.Romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassionemotion,andnaturalbeauty.TheEnglishRomanticPeriodisanageofpoetry.2.英雄双行体（Heroic）Heroiccoupletisarhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter,oftencontainingacompletethough.Thereisafairlyheavyattheendofthefirstlineandastillheavieroneattheendofthesecond.Commonlythereisaparalleloranantithesiswithinaline,orbetweenthetwolines.ItiscalledheroicbecauseinEngland,especiallyintheeighteenthcentury,itwasmuchusedforheroic(epic)poems.3.超验主义（）InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknowntranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetauthorsbasedinConcord,Massachusetts,andwasledRalphWaldoEmerson.LikeRomanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18-centuryrationalismandestablishedreligion,whichforthethtranscendentalistsmeantthePuritantraditioninparticular.Instead,thetranscendentalistscelebratedthepowerofthehumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Thetranscendentalistsfoundtheirchiefsourceofaspirationinnature.4.迷茫的一代（LostGeneration）TheLostGenerationreferstothedisillusionedintellectualsandartistsoftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlybydespairorcynicalhedonism.5.启蒙运动（Enlightenment）TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressivemovement,whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ItwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefromthe14tothe17century.Itspurposeththwastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.TheeighteenthcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEuropeknownastheEnlightenmentMovement.7.无韵体blankverseThisterm,whichwasfirstbroughtintoEnglandbySurrey,isusedtonametheunrhymediambicpentameterlineinpoetry.8.三一律TheThreeUnitiesTheThreeUnities,formulatedbyRenaissancedramatists,aretheunitiesoftime,placeandaction.Aplayshouldhavenoscenesirrelevanttotheaction,shouldnotcovermorethantwenty-fourhours,andshouldnotcovermorethanonelocale.6.自由体freeverseItistherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.9.现代主义ModernismModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternational,movementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19century.Itprovidedthegreatestthrenaissanceofthe20century.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacts,suchasthsymbolismsurrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.10.英国文艺复兴RenaissanceThetermreferstoagreatbourgeoisculturalmovementinEuropewhichbeganinthe14centuryandcontinuedtothemid-17century.ItfirststartedfromththItalyandthenspreadalloverEurope.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalisticideasinMedievalEurope.英国文学1.Beowulf:anationalepic2.TheRenaissance(原因：(1)rediscoveriesofancientGreekandRomanculture.(2)discoveriesingeographyandastrology.(3)Religiousreformationandeconomicexpansion.3.WilliamShakespeare》《Othello》《Macbeth》《KingLear》TheMerchantofVenice:ItisacomedydramaticironictoChristian.17世纪：4.JohnMilton(约翰弥尔顿《Paradise》blankverse(无韵体诗)5.JohnBunyan(约翰班扬《ThePilgrimsVanity”是其中最富盛名的。18世纪：6.DanielDefoe(丹尼尔笛福《RobinsonCrusoe》反映社会现实。7.JonathanSwift(乔纳森斯威夫特《Gulliver’sTravels》反对，讽刺英国的社会。8.William威廉布莱克：浪漫主义起始《London》from《SongsofExperience《SongsofInnocence浪漫主义时期9.WilliamWordsworth:HeusheredintheEnglishRomanticMovementwiththepopulationof“Lyrical《抒情歌谣集》成就：①advocatetousedeverydaylanguage②useofhumbleandrusticlife③advocateexpressionofspontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings《SheDweltAmongtheUntrodden》《IWanderedLonelyasaCloud》10.GeorgeGordon,Lord乔治戈登拜伦)《DonJuan唐璜)《ChildesPilgrimage哈罗尔德游记）11.PercyBysshe铂西比希)OdetotheWestWindTheCloud》12.JohnKeats《OdetoaNightingale》夜莺颂)13.Jane简奥斯汀《Prideand》傲慢与偏见)主题：Thetitleofthisnovelrevealsthenovelistsconcern:ifmakinggoodrelationshipisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.AccordingtoJaneAusten,ourfirstimpressionsareusuallywrong,asisshownherbythatofElizabeth.维多利亚时期14.CharlesDickens(查尔斯狄更斯)《TaleofTwoCities》双城记)《OliverTwist》雾都孤儿)史诗的散文15.WilliamMakepeace威廉梅克匹斯萨克雷《VanityFair》16.CharlotteBronte&Emily夏洛蒂勃朗特&艾蜜莉勃朗特)Charlotte——《JaneEmily——《Wuthering》17.Robert罗伯特布朗宁——丈夫dramaticmonologues戏剧独白ElizabethBarrett——妻子《FromSonnetsfromthe:写给她丈夫20世纪18.ThomasHardy(托马斯哈代)Nostalgia怀乡情调，他以自己家乡Wessex为背景《Tessofthe’Urbervilles》19.OscarWilde(奥斯卡伍尔德：被认为同性恋而入狱《ThePictureofDorian》唯一的一部小说20.GeorgeBernardShaw(萧伯纳)GreatestdramatistsinceShakespeare,主要关注社会问题，discussionplays21.D.H.劳伦斯第一部《白孔雀》《TheWhite》《SonsandLovers》第一部自由体，利用心理分析美国文学1.EdgarAllanPoe埃德加﹒爱伦﹒坡《toTheRaven》乌鸦2.RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫﹒沃尔多﹒爱默生transcendentalist）3.NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔﹒霍桑《红字》TheScarletLetter4.WaltWhitman沃尔特﹒惠特曼《SongofMyself》5.EmilyDickinson艾米丽﹒迪金森《IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied-》19c女诗人Herthemesincludelove,nature,《ABirdcamedowntheWalk-》6.MarkTwainTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofHuckleberry》哈克贝利﹒芬历险记7.JackLondon杰克﹒伦敦《Martin》自传体小说《TheSeaWolf》8.TheodoreDreiser西奥多﹒德莱赛《Sister》嘉莉妹妹9.EzraPound埃兹拉﹒庞德ThefatherofImagistPoetry意象派诗歌之父10.RobertFrost罗伯特﹒弗罗斯特《TheRoadNotTakenStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening》11.ThomasStearnsEliot艾略特《TheWasteLand》荒原12.F.ScottFitzgeraldTheGreat》了不起的盖茨比13.JohnSteinbeck约翰﹒斯提贝克《TheGrapesof》愤怒的葡萄14.WilliamFaulkner威廉﹒福克纳streamofconsciousness意识流《ARoseforEmily》献给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰IheardaFlybuzzwhenI》EmilyDickinson主题：thethemeofthepoemistheexplorationofdeath.Thepoetthoughtthatdeathwasinevitable,painlessandnaturalandassertedthatdeathmeanteternitybecausepeoplewoundgetanotherlivingaftertheyhavepassedit.TheroadnotTaken》RobertFrost主题：Thepoetisexpressesacomplicatedfeelingaboutminglingwiththebeauty.(1)Itisameditativepoem,inthepoemthespeakertellushowthecourseofhislifewasdeterminedwhenhecameupontworoadsthatdivergedinawood.Forcedtochoose,he“tooktheonelesstraveledby,andthathasmadeallthe”(2)Herethepoemmeansthathischoiceofthecourseoflifeisdifferentfromthatofothers.(3)InthissimplebutprofoundpoemFrosttriestoshowtheimportanceofchoosingacorrectwayoflife.StoppingbywoodsonaSnowy》RobertFrost主题：Thepoetexpressesacomplicatedfeelingaboutminglingwiththebeautyandquietnaturalandtheresponsibilitywhichtheopeakerbearsintherealworld.SongofMyself》WaltWhitman主题：Insongofmyself,WhitmansownearlyexperiencemaywellbeidentifiedwiththechildhoodofayounggrowingAmerica,andhesetsforththeprincipalbeliefsofboththetheoryofuniversalityandsingularityandequalityofanbeinginvalue.Sonnet》WilliamShakespeare主题：notonlyappreciatethebelovedwoman;butalsoeulogizethepowerofartisticcreation几行：十四行诗fourteenlines押韵形式：ababcdcdefefgg几个音部：fivefoots赏析：Sonnet18Thepoemisasonnetwhichusetheformof”ababcdcdefefgg”asrhyme.Oneandthreelinesendwith/ei/;twoandfourlinesendwith/eit/;fiveandsevenlinesandwith/aiz/;sixandeightlinesendwith/imd/;nineandelevenlinesendwith/eid/;tenandtwelvelinesendwith/ust/;thirteenandfourteenlinesendwith/i/.Eachlinehavefivefoot.Forexample:thefirstline:ShallI’’theeto’a’mersday”.”ShallI””””theeto””a””mersday”arethefivefoot.Ineachfoottheformersyllableneedlightenandthelatterneedstress.Thepoemcontainstwothemes:firsttoappreciatehasfriendbeauty;secondtoeulogizethepowerofartisticcreation.OdetotheWestWind）Inthepoem,theautumnwind,becomesanimageofShelleyhimselfashewantstobe,initsfreedom,itsdestructiveconstructivepotential,itsuniversality.Thewholepoemhasalogicoffeeling,thatleadstothetriumphant,hopefulandconvincingconclusion.”Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?”Whichbroughtusahopeful,optimisticattitudetothecomingfuture.《傲慢与偏见》(prideandprejudice)ThetitleofthenovelPrideandPrejudicerevealsthenovelistsconcern:ifmakinggoodrelationshipisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.Ourfirstimpressions,accordingtoJaneAusten,areusuallywrong,asisshownherebythatofElizabeth.Intheprocessofjudgingothers,Elizabethfindsoutabsurdaboutherself:herblindness,partiality,prejudiceandabsurdity.Atthesametime,Darcytoolearnsaboutotherpeopleandhimself.Intheend,false,prejudiceishumbledandprejudicedissolved.《儿子与情人》(sonsandlovers)It'ssSemi-autographicalnovel—themostpopularoneofhisworks.ttellsthestoryofacoalminersfamilywiththethirdsonPaulasthecentralcharacter.hethreadofstoryevolvedaroundPaulsloveforthetwogirlsMiriamandClaraaswellashisloveforhismother.Lawrencefocusedonthepsychologicaldevelopmentofitscharacter.Mainlydescribedsexandlust.论述题1.Roughlyspeaking,sliterarycareercanbedividedintothreeperiods.Whatarethethreeperiods?Andwhatarehismajorworksineachperiod?莎士比亚创作分为哪几个时期，各时期代表作Shakespeare’sliteraryworkscanbedividedintothreeperiods:thefirstonefrom1590to1600,thesecondfrom1601to1608,andthethirdfrom1609to1612.Inthefirstperiod,optimismprevailsinmostoftheworks,whichincludehistories,comedies,andpoems.Inthem,heportrayedyoungpeoplejustfreedfromfeudalfetters.Hesangoftheiryouth,loveandidealsofhappiness.HishistoriesincludeRichardIII,HenryHenryect.ComediesincludeTheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoaboutNothing,TwelfthNight,ect.Andallhispoems,154sonnetsandtwolongpoems,TheRapeofLureceandVenusandAdonis,arewritteninthisperiod,too.Inthesecondperiod,soptimismwanesandastrongtouchofpessimismmarksmostoftheworks,whichrevealthesocietytobeanevilone.Thefamousfourtragediesofhisageareallcompleteinthisperiod,whichincludeHamlet,Othello,Macbeth,andKingLear.Theworksinthethirdperiodaremainlytragicomediesandromances:Cymbeline,TheWinter’stale,TheTempest,ect.2.WhatistheShakespearesliteraryachievement莎士比亚的文学成就主要表现在哪几个方面(1)Shakespeareisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.Hemaintainsthatthepurposeofdramaticperformanceis“tohold,asitwere,themirroruptonature”.Inhiswork,hepaintsthedeclineoftheoldfeudalnobilityandtheviceofthenewTudormonarch.Besides,hisplayshavegoodplotsandlife-likecharacterstoo.Hisdramaisanexpression,amonumentoftheEnglishRenaissancesincehewroteabouthisownpeopleforhisowntime.(2)Shakespeareisaprolificwriter.Within22years,heproduced37plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.Heisamaster-handforeveryformofdrama-comedy,tragedy,andhistoricalplays.(3)Shakespearewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse.AndheisagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.HeusedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriters.ManyofhisnewcoinageandturnsofexpressionshavebecomeeverydayusageinEnglishlife.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreattreasuresoftheEnglishlanguage.(4)ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover.3.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofBernardsplays萧伯纳的戏剧特点(1)Structurallyandthematically,Shawfollowedthegreattraditionsofrealism.Hetookthemodernsocialissuesashissubjectswiththeaimofdirectingsocialreforms.(2)OnefeatureofShaw'scharacterizationisthathemakesthetrickofshowinguponecharactervividlyattheexpenseofanother.AnotherfeatureisthatShaw'scharactersaretherepresentativesofideas，pointsofview，thatshiftandalterduringtheplay，forMr.Shawisprimarilyinterestedindoctrines.(3)MuchofShaviandramaisconstructedaroundtheinversionofaconventionaltheatricalsituation.Theinversion,adevicefoundinShawfrombeginningtoend,isanintegralpartofaninterpretationoflife.(4)Shaw'splayshaveplots，buttheydonotworkbyplots.Theplotisusuallythedisregardedbackbonetoonelong,unbrokenconversation.Itisthevitalityofthetalkthattakesprimacyovermerestory.Actionisreducedtoaminimum,whilethedialogueandtheinterplayofthecharactersmaintaintheinterestoftheaudience.Theforwardmotionconsistsnotintheunrollingofplotbutintheoperationofthespiritofdiscourse.4.Whatarethestylisticfeaturesofsnovels海明威小说的文体特点Hemi