考点14-推理判断之推断文章结构-练高考-心中有数（学生版）

考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构--练高考--心中有数1.【2012·北京卷】Wilderness“Inwilderness(荒野)isthepreservationoftheworld.”Thisisafamoussayingfromawriterregardedasoneofthefathersofenvironmentalism.Thefrequencywithwhichitisborrowedmirrorsaheateddebateonenvironmentalprotection:whethertoplacewildernessattheheartofwhatistobepreserved.AsJohnSauvenofGreenpeaceUKpointsout,thereisastrongappealinimagesofthewild,theuntouched;morethananythingelse,theyspeakofthenaturethatmanypeoplevaluemostdearly.Theurgetoleavethesubjectofsuchimagesuntouchedisstrong,andthedangerexploitation(开发)bringstosuchlandscapes(景观)isreal.Someofthesewildernessesalsoperformfunctionsthathumansneed—therainforests,forexample,storecarboninvastquantities.ToMr.Sauven,these”ecosystemservices”faroutweighthegainsfromexploitation.LeeLane,avisitingfellowattheHudsonInstitute,takestheopposingview.Heacknowledgesthatwildernessesdoprovideusefulservices,suchaswaterconservation.Butthatisnot,heargues,areasontoavoidallhumanpresence,orindeedcommercialandindustrialexploitation.ThereareevermorepeopleontheEarth,andtheyreasonablyandrightfullywanttohavebetterlives,ratherthanmerelystruggleforsurvival.Whilethewaysofusingresourceshaveimproved,thereisstillagrowingneedforrawmaterials,andsomewildernessescontaintheminabundance.Iftheycanbetappedwithoutreducingtheservicesthosewildernessesprovide,theargumentgoes,thereisnofurtherreasonnottodoso.Beinguntouchedisnot,initself,acharacteristicworthvaluingaboveallothers.Ilookforwardstoseeingtheseviewstakenfurther,andtotheirbeingchallengedbytheotherparticipants.Onechallengethatsuggestsitselftomeisthatbothcasesneedtotakeonthequestionofspiritualvaluealittlemoredirectly.Andthereisapracticalquestionastowhetherwildernessescanbeexploitedwithoutharm.Thisisatopicthatcallsfornotonlyfreeexpressionoffeelings,butalsotheguidanceofreason.Whatpositionwildernessshouldenjoyinthepreservationoftheworldobviouslydeservesmuchmoreseriousthinking.1．JohnSauvenholdsthat_____.A．manypeoplevaluenaturetoomuchB．exploitationofwildernessesisharmfulC．wildernessesprovidehumanswithnecessitiesD．theurgetodeveloptheecosystemservicesisstrong2．WhatisthemainideaofPara.3?A．Theexploitationisnecessaryforthepoorpeople.B．Wildernessescannotguaranteebetteruseofrawmaterials.C．Usefulservicesofwildernessesarenotthereasonfornoexploitation.D．Allthecharacteristicsconcerningtheexploitationshouldbetreatedequally.3．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthisdebate?A．Objective. B．Disapproving. C．Sceptical. D．Optimistic.4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?CP:CentralPointP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点):ConclusionA． B． C． D．2.【2022届四川省成都石室中学下学期三诊模拟】Everydaywearethetargetsofadvertisers,fundraisersandpoliticianstryingtopersuadeustobuysomething,dosomethingorthinkacertainway.Andthey’regoodatit.Overtheyears,they’velearnedalotaboutwhatfeaturestobuildintoacommunication.Butbyconcentratingsomuchonthemessageitself,they’vemissedacrucialcomponentoftheprocess.Researchdoneinthelast15yearsshowsthatthebestpersuasionisachievedthroughthebestpre-suasion—thepracticeofarrangingforpeopletoagreewithamessagebeforetheyevenknowwhat’sinit.Pre-suasionworksbyfocusingpeople’sattentiononaselectedconcept,whichinturnencouragesthemtovalueitmorethanrelatedones.Longbeforescientistsstartedstudyingtheprocessofpre-suasion,afewnotablecommunicatorsalreadyhadanintuitiveunderstandingofit.Forexample,in1588,thousandsofBritishtroops,whoweregatheredagainstaseainvasionbySpainatTilburyintheUK,weredeeplyconcernedthattheirleaderQueenElizabethIwouldnotbeuptotherigors(严酷)ofbattle.Inaddressingthemen,sheremovedherfearspre-suasivelyfirstacknowledgingtheirconcernbyadmittingaweakness,whichestablishedherhonesty,andthenfollowingitwithastrengththatremovedthisperceivedweakness“Iknow,”shestatedfirmly,“Ihavethebodyofaweakwoman.ButIhavetheheartofaking,andakingofEngland,too,”It’sreportedthatthisstatementwaswelcomedwithlongandloudcheers.Thesamepre-suasive,honesty-establishingtacticwasemployedinthelate1950sbytheadvertisingfirmDoyleDaneBernbachtointroducetheoddlyshapedVolkswagenBeetletoaUSmarketdominatedbybig,powerful,boat-likevehicles.The“We’reuglybut...”campaigntacticallyadmittedtolimitationsinappearancebeforetrumpetingtheauto’sstrengthssuchaseconomy,reliabilityandsimplicity.CreditedwithcrackingopentheUSmarketforsmallcars,theadcampaignhasbeenratedamongthegreatestofalltime.Withconsiderablesuccess,practitioners(从业者)ofsocialinfluencehavealwaysfeaturedpersuasiveprods—enthusiasticappreciation,emotionalfeelings,last-chanceopportunities—intheirappeals.Perhapsbecauseofthatsuccess,they’vemostlymissedanaccompanyingtruth.Formaximumimpact,it’snotonlywhatyoudo;it’salsowhatyoudojustbeforeyoudowhatyoudo.1．Whatistrueaboutpre-suasion?A．Theimportanceofpre-suasionhasnotbeenwidelyrecognized.B．Alladvertisers,fundraisersandpoliticiansaregoodatpre-suasion.C．Pre-suasionworksbyconcentratingsomuchonthemessageitself.D．Pre-suasionarrangeforpeopletoagreewithanideaafterknowingit2．WhydoestheauthormentionQueenElizabethI?A．Toacknowledgehergreatpowerasafemaleemperor.B．Toanalyzethescientificprinciplesbehindpre-suasion.C．Togiveanexampleofapplyingpre-suasionsuccessfully.D．Torecommendthemostimportanttechniquesinpre-suasion.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“trumpeting”mean?A．Blowingatrumpet. B．Statingorannouncingproudly.C．Makingaloudnoise. D．Resemblingatrumpetinshape.4．Whichofthefollowingstructurecanbestsummarizethepassage?A．①—②—③④—⑤⑥ B．①②—③④—⑤—⑥C．①—②—③④⑤—⑥ D．①②—③—④⑤⑥3.【2022届湖南省长沙市第一中学高三下学期一模】Manypeopledrinkproteinshakesregularlytoloseweight,buildmuscleorboth.Others,however,questionthebeliefthatproteinshakesarebetterthannormal,high-proteinfoods.Sowhatisthetruth?Proteinshakesaredietarysupplements(饮食补充剂)designedtohelppeopleconsumemoreproteinthantheyotherwisewould.Proteinshakescanbeready-madedrinks.Besides,peoplecanmixtheirownshakesusingproteinpowder.Proteinpowdercanbemadefromplantsoranimals.Plant-basedproteinshakescanincludesoy,peaorriceprotein.Animal-basedproteinpowderisusuallymadefromcows’milk.Thosewhowanttoavoidmilkcanalsogetproteinpowdermadefromeggwhites.Studiesindicatethatconsumingproteinshakesishelpfulifyouwanttobuildmuscle.Theycanalsoimproveyourperformanceandhelpyourecoverwhileexercising.Andifyou’relosingweight,proteinshakescanhelptomakesurethatyoudon’tlosemuscle.Consumingproteinshakescanalsohelpyouloseweight.Eatingahigh-proteindiethelpsyoufeelfull,soit’seasiertoresisteatingtoomuch.High-proteindietscanalsomakeyourbodyburnenergyquickly.Whenyouusemoreenergythanyoutakeinthroughfood,youloseweight.However,youdon’thavetodrinkproteinshakestohaveahigh-proteindiet.Manywholefoodsarerichinprotein.Infact,thepeopleinmanyhigh-proteindietstudiesdidn’tdrinkproteinshakes.Thestudiesprovedthebenefitsofeatingprotein-richfoods.Moreover,thesefoodscontainothernaturalnutrientsbesidesprotein.Incontrast,manyproteinshakescontainsugarorartificialsweeteners,whicharenothealthy.Tosumup,yes,proteinshakesareconvenientandtheywork.However,theyarenotyouronlychoiceforeatingahigh-proteindiet.5．What’sparagraph2mainlyabout?A．Whatproteinshakesare.B．Howproteinshakesarcmade.C．Whereproteinshakescomefrom.D．Whypeopledrinkproteinshakes.6．Whatcanbeinferredaboutconsumingproteinshakes?A．Itcanburnyourfatdirectly.B．Itisbeneficialtoyourmuscle.C．Itcantaketheplaceofeatingotherfood.D．Itisthebestchoiceforthepeopleinahigh-proteindict.7．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?A． B． C． D．8．Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetoproteinshakes?A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.4.【2022届江西省赣州市高三适应性考试】Beingperfectissomethingmanyofuswantandtrytoachieve.Itmakesusfeelwe’recorrectandthatourhardworkhaspaidoff.However,asmuchasperfectionandbeingperfectisnotallaperfectthing.Perfectionisallaboutbeingwithoutmistakesandcriticism.Wantingortryingtobeperfectcanmakeithardtoadmitamistake.Nevertheless,itisimportanttoownuptomistakesandworktofixthem.Notbeingabletotakecriticismandfixmistakesisarrogance,notperfection.Perfectionisadouble-edgedsword.Inourlives,wewantperfection.Perfectionholdsusaccountable;it’sthemistakesandimperfectionthatkeepspushingusharderandfurtheratwhatwedo.It’stheperfectmotivator.Butit’salsotheperfectkiller.Forexample,themovie“BlackSwan”showcasedhowperfectioncankillus.Workingandtrainingandstresshurtourbody,mind,andsomuchmorethatwecan’tdoitanymore.Butperfectioncanalsohavetheoppositeeffect.Themovie“HighStrung”showedthatperfectiondoesn’texist,butpracticingandpushingourselvescanbringusgreatrewards.In“BlackSwan,”themaincharactertriedtobeperfectbuthealsocomparedhimselftosomeoneelsewhohethoughtwasbetterthanhim.Thisaddedmorepressureandself-doubt,whichcancauseunhealthywaysofachievingperfection.Themaincharacterof“BlackSwan”didn’tknowwhentostop,whereasthemaincharacterof“HighStrung”did,oratleastdidn’tfocussomuchonthecomparison,andinsteadfocusedonthecompetitionandtheonesshecaredabout.Perfectionissomethingwecan’tlivewithoutandcan’tlivewith.Theonlywaytokeeptheswordfromcuttingusisifweknowwhentostop.Somedaysaregoingtobegooddaysandotherswillbebad.Wehavetotakewhateverdayitis—perfectorimperfect—andhopethat’senough.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“ownupto”meaninParagraph2?A．Make. B．Avoid. C．Correct. D．Acknowledge.10．Whatpreventsthecharacterin“BlackSwan”fromgoingfurther?A．Comparison. B．Self-doubt. C．Pressure. D．Competition.11．Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodowhiletryingtobeperfect?A．Trynottomakemistakes. B．Pushourselvesharder.C．Stopbeforegoingtoofar. D．Proveourabilitytoothers.12．Whatcouldbethebeststructureofthepassage?(P=Paragraph)A． B．C． D．5.【2022届江苏省苏锡常镇四市高三教学情况调研（一）】StarWarsfanswouldbefamiliarwiththegoodrelationshipbetweenhumansanddroids(机器人)inthemovies.InthemovieSolo:AStarWarsStory,LandoCalrissianriskedhislifetorescuehisco-pilot,afemaledroidL3-37.Inreallife,ahumanoidrobot,Sophia,hasrecentlybeengranted(给予)citizenshipinSaudiArabia.Increasingly,peoplearereadytoseerobotsasresemblinghumans.Giventhisphenomenon,Ibelievitisnecessarytoconsidergivingrobotscertainrightshumansenjoy.Expertshavearguedthatsincerobotshavenowacquiredhuman-likequalities,itisappropriatetoconsideriftheyshouldhaverightsjustashumans.Sophiahasahumanlikefaceandutilizesartificialintelligencetorespondtospeechandexpressemotions.Forsuchalifelikebeingthatispotentiallycapableofexpressingemotions,doesitnotdeservetherighttobelovedandrespected?Robotsshouldalsobegivenlegalandmoralprotectionasharmingarobotmaybesimilartoharminghumans.Sincepeopletendtoformattachmentstosocialrobots,itbecomespossibleforcompaniestocontrolthehardwareandsoftwaretoexploitthisemotionalattachment.Thereisadangerthatdatathatisstoredintherobotcouldbeuploadedtothecloud.Therewouldthenpossiblybesituationsinwhichthegovernmentorprivatesectorretrieves(检索数据)theinformationstoredinarobotictoyorsocialrobot.Withtheseuncertainties,itisclearwhyrobotsshouldbeprotected,justashumans.Anevenmoreirresistiblereasontogranthumanrightstotherobotsistheprotectionofsocietalvalues.Weshouldstopayoungchildfromkickingortearingatoyrobotapartbecauseitresemblesareallife.Givingrobotscertainrightswillensurethatsocietalstandardsareset.Still,manyhaveroundlyarguedthatnomatterhowsophisticated(老练的)theymaybe,robotsarestillmachines.Itisthereforequiteridiculoustotreatthemaslivingbeingsandgrantthemrights.However,withtheadvancementintechnology,itisamatteroftimebeforerobotsarefullyanthropomorphized(赋予人的特征),andwewouldhavetoconsidergrantingthemrights.Inconclusion,decidingwhetherrobotsdeservehumanrightsisbynomeansaneasytask,butnowisthetimetostarttheconversationonthisandseriouslyconsiderthepossibility.13．Whydoestheauthormentionthetwoexamplesinthefirstparagraph?A．Toremindreadersoftheimportanceofrobots.B．Todiscussthenecessityofrescuingrobots.C．Tosetreadersthinkingaboutanissueaboutrobots.D．Todescribetherelationshipbetweenhumansandrobots.14．What’sthemainideaofParagraph3?A．Robotsshouldbelegallyandmorallyprotected.B．Thereispossibleinformationrisk.C．Humansaredoingharmtorobots.D．Robotsshouldbegivenmoreemotionalattachment.15．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsgrantingrobotshumanrights?A．Doubtful. B．Favorable.C．Negative. D．Uncaring.16．What’sthestructureofthepassage?(①=Para.1

②=Para.2

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⑥=Para.6)A．①—②③④⑤—⑥ B．①②—③④⑤—⑥C．①—②③—④⑤⑥ D．①—②③④—⑤⑥6.【2022·江苏省扬州市宝应中学月考】AshleeThomas'strugglesarejustoneexampleofInstagram'spotential"toxic"effectonteengirls,ashighlightedinhecongressional(国会的)testimony(证词)ofFrancesHaugenonFriday."IbelieveFacebook'sproductsharmchildren,encouragedivisionandweakenourdemocracy,saidHaugen,a37-year-oldformerFacebookproductmanagerwhoworkedoncivicintegrityissuesatthecompany.Facebook'sowninternalresearch,citedbyHaugen,showed"13.5%ofteengirlsonInstagramInstagramisownedbyFacebook)saytheplatformmakesthoughtsof'SuicideandSelfInjuryworse"and17%saytheplatformmakes"EatingIssues"suchasanorexia(厌食症)worse.ItsresearchalsoclaimedFacebook'splatforms"makebodyimageissuesworseforlin3teengirls.""Thecompany'sleadershipknowshowtomakeFacebookandInstagramsaferbutwon'tmakethenecessarychangesbecausetheyhaveputtheirprofitsbeforepeople,"Haugensaidduringheropeningremarks."Congressionalactionisneeded.Theywontsolvethiscrisiswithoutyourhelp."FacebookCEOMarkZuckerbergtooktotheplatformhebuilttodefendthecompanyagainstHaugen'sallegations(指控),sayingina1,300-wordstatementthatthetechgiant'sresearchonitsimpactonchildrenwasbeingmisrepresented."Wecaredeeplyaboutissueslikesafety,well-beingandmentalhealth,"Zuckerbergwrote.Headded,"Manyoftheclaimsdon'tmakeanysense.Ifwewantedtoignoreresearch,whywouldwecreateanindustry-leadingresearchprogramtounderstandtheseimportantissuesinthefirstplace?"Inastatement,Facebookdoubtedtheinterpretation(解释)oftheresearchandinsistedthpercentagesaremuchlower.Thecompanyhasalsosaiditwelcomesregulation.Still,thosefamiliarwiththeworkingsofthetechworldsayitwilltakemuchmoretosaveteens."Theirbusinessmodel'sputtingkidsintothesekindsofloopsofengagement,"saidTristanHarris,co-founderoftheCenterforHumaneTechnology."Andthat'swhatI’mreallyworriedabout...thatthereisn'tsomequickfixtothisthing.It’stheintrinsic((固有的)natureoftheproduct."17．Whatissuedoesthisarticlemainlytalkabout?A．Facebook'sdevelopmentproblems.B．Children'spooreatinghabits.C．Facebook'spossibleharmonitsusers.D．Instagram'sbusinessmodel.18．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"toxic"inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymean?A．poisonous B．ImmediateC．beneficial D．dramatic19．WhatisthemainconflictbetweenFrancesHaugenandMarkZuckerberg?A．WhetherthereisaFacebookinternalresearch.B．Whethertheresultoftheinternalresearchistrue.C．WhetherFacebookacceptsregulation.D．WhetherFacebookcaresaboutitsusers.20．Whatisthebeststructureofthispassage?A．B．C．D．7.Thebiomedicalworldisfloodedindata.Wehavealotofgenomicinformationfrommousetohuman,precioushealthmeasurementsfromclinicaltests,andalargeamountofso-calledreal-worlddatafrominsurancecompaniesanddrugstores.Usingpowerfulcomputers,scientistshavecarefullyresearcheditwithsomefineresults,butithasbecomeclearthatwecanlearnmuchmorewithanassistfromartificialintelligence.Overthenextdecadedeep-learningneuralnetworkswilllikelytransformhowwelookforpatternsindataandhowresearchisconductedandappliedtohumanhealth.Thisspecialreportexploresthefutureofthisnewtransformation.Rightnowthebiggestassumptionsarebeingplacedinthefieldofdrugdiscovery,andforgoodreason.Theaveragecostofbringinganewdrugtomarketnearlydoubledbetween2003and2013to$2.6billion,andbecausenineoutoftenfailinthefinaltwoperiodsofclinicaltests,mostofthemoneygoestowaste.EverylargedrugcompanyisworkingwithatleastoneAI-focusedstart-uptoseeifitcanraisethereturnoninvestment.Machine-learningalgorithms(算法)cangetthroughmillionsofchemicalcompounds,narrowingthechoicesforaparticulardrugtarget.Perhapsmoreexciting,AIsystems—freebyleadingtheoriesandbiases—canidentifyentirelynewtargetsbyspottingtinydifferencesatthelevelofcells,genesorproteinsbetweenahealthybrainandonemarkedbyParkinson’s—differencesthatmightavoidorevenpuzzleahumanscientist.Thatsamesharp-eyedabilityisalsobeingusedtoexplainmedicalscans.Somesystemscanalreadydiscoverearlysignsofcancerthatmightbemissedbyaradiologistorseethingsthataresimplybeyondhumancapacity—suchasevaluatingcardiovascular(心血管)riskfromaretinalscan.TheFoodandDrugAdministrationisapprovingimagingalgorithmsatarapidclick.OtherAIapplicationslieabitfurtherdowntheroad.Willtheinefficienciesoftoday’selectronichealthrecords(EHRs)besolvedbysmartsystemsthatpreventprescribingmistakesandprovideearlywarningsofdisease?Someoftheworld’sbiggesttechgiantsareworkingonit.Despitefearsthatmachineswillreplacehumans,mostexpertsbelieveartificialandhumanintelligencewillworkcooperatively.Thebiggerconcernisashortageofpeoplewithbothbiomedicalknowledgeandalgorithmproficiency.Ifthishumanproblemcanbesolved,thekeytocreatingsuccessfulAIapplicationsmaydependonthequalityandquantityofwhatweprovidethemwith.“Werelyonthreethings,”saystheCEOofonedeep-learningstart-up.“Data,dataandmoredata.”21．WhydolargedrugcompaniesworkwithAI-focusedstart-up?A．Becauseitisrequiredbythegovernmenttodoso.B．Becauseithelpstoexplorenewmedicinewithothers.C．BecauseitsavescostsfordrugcompaniestoexploreAI.D．Becauseit’susedtocheckifthereturnoninvestmentcanbeincreased.22．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthechangesthatAIhasbroughttothefieldofmedicine?A．Positive. B．Negative. C．Neutral. D．Unclear.23．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．WhyNewTechnologyWillChangeOurLifeB．HowArtificialIntelligenceWillAnalyzeDataC．HowArtificialIntelligenceWillReplaceHumansD．HowArtificialIntelligenceWillChangeMedicine24．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?CP:CentralPointP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点)

C:ConclusionA． B．C． D．8.Theconstantriseofglobaldemandforproteinposesathreatofmeatshortageintheagriculturalsector.Toaddressthis,afewscientistsuseartificialmeatasanalternativetotraditionalones,whichfromthegrowingprocesstoitsbenefitsprovesitdoesnoharmorevenitdoesgoodtous.Currently,oneofthemostadvancedtechniquestogrowmeatinthelabinvolvestakingcellsfromananimalandchangingthemtomusclecells.Thecellsarethenculturedwithnutrientsandessentialvitaminsandcanbedevelopedtoanyquantityandthenshapedintohamburgers,steaksormince,andsoitisalsocalled“cultured”meat.“Culturedmeatisnotgeneticallyengineered,”Dr.MarkPostofMaastrichtUniversitysays.“Itismeatgrownfromthesamecellsthatproducethemeatinthecow,butthistimeoutsidethecow.”Hebelievesthatculturedmeatshouldn’tbeanybetterorworseforyouthanold-schoolanimalflesh.Thismaysoundlikesciencefiction,butitisnotsuchastrangeideaandtherearereasonstobeexcitedaboutit.“Theenvironmentimpactsofculturedmeatcouldbelowerthanthoseofmeatproducedintheconventionalway,”saidHannaTuomisto,aresearcheratOxfordUniversity.Theprocesswould