英语阅读复习

考研英语阅读需掌握常见的文章结构(-)

考研阅读文章虽然题材繁多，但它们都是典型的论证文章，因此行文特点即文章的结构类

型一般都相对固定。作者为了达到自己的写作目的，往往采用其中一种方式来表达思想。

而考生一旦掌握了这些特点，就能对文章结构有宏观上的把握，对阅读内容作出预测，从

而增强对作者意图的理解和文章内容的记忆。每一种文章结构也暗示了在阅读时考生应回

答什么样的问题，这些问题往往就是出题点。尤其对于全局性的题目，文章的主题与结构

本身远比具体内容重要。

X现象分析型

该类型的文章在历年考研中占了约三分之一。全文围绕社会、经济、科学等领域的某种现

象展开论述。文章开始部分往往通过背景介绍、引用、举例等铺垫方法，引出现象。然后

,对该现象进行具体分析、解释或说明，如：列举现象的表现，剖析现象产生的原因，分

析现象可能带来的影响，作者还可能提出对现象的看法和评价。

1)积极现象

(2011Text3)

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.No

longer.Whiletraditional“paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprint

advertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmany

alternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate

“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomers

registeredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeof

factorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.For

earnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers'responses.Butinsome

cases,onemarketerJsownedmediabecomeanothermarketerJspaidmedia-for

instance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuch

soldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplace

theircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwe

believeisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravel

providerssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,

forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotes

complementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,the

presenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompanies

opportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesJ

marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(and

morediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionate

consumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamaging

ways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaign

becomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegative

allegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,are

learningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthat

originallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycott

products,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,the

company'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearning

curvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefrom

itsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestrated

social-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumers

directlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.

作者通过对比旧营销模式引出主题（现代企业营销中的各种新媒体）

一分析评价现象(介绍新媒体并指出它们给营销商带来了机遇和威胁，并说明企业应如何

应对风险)

2)中立现象

(2011Text2)

WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanation

wassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvague

excuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunning

acompany.,,Broadcastinghisambitionwasaverymuchmydecision,vMcGesays.

Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartford

FinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.

McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkind

ofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabout

hisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvon

andAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.

Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,

executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusiness

environmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloud

theirreputations.

Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewilling

tomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%from

ayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberum

Research.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.

Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.

Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemost

attractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoachod.SaysKorn/Ferrysenior

partnerDennisCarey:"Ican*tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboard

hasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”

ThosewhojumpedwithoutajobhavenJtalwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.Ellen

MarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.It

wasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.

RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytook

thatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.

Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancial

crisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."The

traditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat,sbeen

fundamentallyinverted,ffsaysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurtthe

worstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.”

提出现象(以美国银行总裁麦基的辞职事件为引子，引出现象：美国企业的高层管理人员

纷纷高调裸辞)

一分析评价现象(分析高层管理人员裸辞的原因并指出现象中折射出来的美国高端职场规

则的变化)

3)负面现象

(2010Text1)

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEng1ish-1anguagenewspapersduringthe

pastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledecline

inthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheage

offortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost

big-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollections

ofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaper

reviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontents

wereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEngland

betweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhen

newsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamentto

thepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgranted

thatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheevents

theycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheir

learninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedto

knowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwere

proudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughor

literarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,“Newmanwrote,“that

Iamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriters

whoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'.”

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrote

fortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,is

nowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,

though,hewasalsooneofEngland*sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylist

sowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography（1947）becameabest-seller.Hewasknighted

in1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnow

inprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseems

remote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodern

readershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhe

specialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlong

retreat.

提出现象（直接指出现象：报刊艺术评论已经呈现出不可遏制的哀落趋势）

f分析评价现象（追溯报刊评论曾经的繁荣，具体说明现在艺术评论已经走向没落并进一

步指出艺术评论复兴渺茫）。

考研英语阅读技巧（二）

选择性阅读

1.在浏览时可略过对理解影响不大的次要信息

1）（尤其是引语前后）补充说明人物的职务、头衔、社会地位等或补充说明具体事物的同

位语

2）破折号后提供的旁支信息

3）长难句中除了主谓宾表以外的其他修饰成分

4）例证和引证的具体内容可以先不读，而只读前面的观点或总结句

Example[2009_Text1]:

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Not

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesa

negativeimplication.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityand

innovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelop

newhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcan

jumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninstead

directourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenew

thingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherently

creative?webecome,bothin〔heworkplacoandinourporsoruillives.

Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedureare

wornintothebrain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberately

pressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,“saysDawna

Markova,authorofTheOpenMind“Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide,'just

asourpresidentcallshimself'theDecider'."Sheadds,however,thatutodecide

istokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalways

exploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.

Researchersinthelate1960discoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacityto

approachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally

（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrain

shutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathave

seemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,

meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesof

thought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem-thatanyone

candoanylhing,“explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookThisYearI

will...andMs.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethatwehave

perpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingeven

moreofitcreatesexcellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

2.浏览时应抓住重要信息

1）题干和选项：由于5个题目基本覆盖了全文所有的要点和难点，出题顺序和文章的层

次也基本保持一致，所以预先“扫描”题目和选项可以帮助考生更快速、准确地理解文章

的大致内容。

2）句子的核心内容：初读时，应重点解读句子的主要框架，而把定语（从句）、状语（

从句）、补语、插入语等修饰成分作为次要信息进行阅读。

Example[2002_Text4]:

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assisted

suicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect,"a

centuries-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agood

onethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen-ispermissibleifthe

actorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

3）首尾段及其他段的首尾句（多为首句）

首段：提出主题或话题；文章引子

末段：得出结论；重申文章主旨

通过阅读首尾段和其他段的主旨，可以梳理文章的论证脉络，读出文章的框架结构，还可

以快速解答主旨大意题。读完后尝试问自己几个问题：①本文最重要的事物或观点是什么

?②作者谈的是主题的哪个或哪些方面？③作者在这方面想说些什么？考生可以在每段旁

边的空白处，用简单的词语概括出该段的含义，这样文章的框架结构就一目了然了，也就

极大地提高了后面解题的速度。

4）路标词：路标词和词组能够使句与句、段与段之间的关系更加清楚，提供了要点之间

的“桥梁”，给读者指明了“路子”，是贯穿全文的线索。

前进型：顺接、递进作用。指示读者继续往下看，往往接下来的可能是作者要强调的重要

内容.其前后可能存在并列、递进、因果、解释等关系

and,also,more,moreover,morethanthat,furthermore,likewise,equallyimportant,

first,second,inadditionto,thus,so,therefore,consequently,accordingly,as

aresult,addingto

②

转弯型：标志着前后两个句子或段落之间的转折或对比关系。读者要敏感地意识到后面出

现的是与前面截然不同的事物或观点，从而对作者的思想进行预测。

but,yet,while,however,nevertheless,although,though,otherwise,despite,

instead,onthecontrary,incontrast,notwithstanding

③终点型：标志着下面的内容是前面的概括和总结

toconclude,tosumup,insum,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole

(4)表示强调：indeed,infact,surely,certainly,tobesure

⑤表示目的：forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto

⑥表示条件：inthatcase,thatbeingso,inthesecircumstances,if,unless

Example[2009Text1]:

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Not

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesa

negativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativity

andinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciously

developnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbrain

cells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

分析：第二段首句为过渡句，承接上文首段观点(既然习惯束缚了思维，)那么与创造

性似乎是格格不入的。第二段but转折后提出新观点：培养新习惯有利于促进创新思维。下

文围绕这一观点展开论述。

考研英语阅读理解解题技巧(三)

一、转折对比关系题

在历年考题中，转折对比一直受到命题者的青睐。文章通过however,but,in

fact,yet等逻辑词进行转折，转折后的内容常常是作者真正表达的内容。对比常用unlike

,differentfrom,until,notsomuch

as等词语引导，考的是对比双方的属性。对转折题，考生要着重把握作者转折后的观点。

Example

Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhaps

itishumankindJslongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakesthe

ideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinated

isalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharm

thangood.(1998车Passage1)

Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat.

[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality

[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted

[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings

[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight

该段前两句指出人们热亵建坝的事实和热衷的自然原因；第三句but话锋一转，引出作者探

讨的主题。正确答案为[C]选项。

二、指代关系题

Example

Theresearchers?argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:

WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresence

isprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemost

influentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon*tinteractwiththatmanyothers.

Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothe

two-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheir

friendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachperson

soaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturn

influencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthese

peoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjust

twodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,the

cascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.(2010年Text3)

Theunderlinedphraseuthesepeople“inParagraph4referstotheoneswho.

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

作者在thesepeople

前面的句子提到：受到别人影响的人必须去影响自己周围的人，如此循环往复，社会潮流

才能流行。然后又说，有多少人注意中间环节的these

people(这些人)，与最初的哪些有影响的人士之间的关系并不大，由此可知，these

people指的就是前文所述的受到别人影响后进而影响他人的人，因此选C项。

1解题技巧

①返回原文，找出题的指代词；

②向上搜索，找最近的名词，名词性词组或句子；

③将找到的词，词组或句子代入，替换该指代词，看意思是否通顺；

④将找到的词、词组与四个选项想比较，找出最佳答案。

三、首末段首末句题

通过阅读首末段和其他段的主旨，可以梳理出文章的论证脉络，读出文章的框架结构，还

可以快速解答主旨大意题，所以首末段往往是考察的一个知识点。

Example

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-1anguagenewspapersduringthe

pastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledecline

inthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheage

offortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost

big-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollections

ofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaper

reviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontents

wereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulation

dailies.(2010年Textl)

ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that.

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies

第一段末尾说：报纸上对艺术的报道的覆盖面无论是宽度和深度都显著下降。第二段开头

指出：普通读者几乎不可能想象到大城市的报纸上可以读到高品质的艺术评论文章。由此

可知：以前报纸刊登更多的艺术评论。第二段的aconsiderable

number强调以前的报纸关于艺术评论数量很多，所以选B项。

四、近义关系题

该类题在考研英语阅读中占很大比重，考研英语阅读不像其他简单的阅读理解能在文中直

接找到对应的词就能选出答案，考研英语阅读选项中出现的与原文•样的词往往不是最终

的正确答案，考生在答题时万不可投机取巧，一定要慎重考虑选项句子的意思，与原文信

息进行比对，才能选出最终答案。

Example

Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforlive

performancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyofthe

art-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithopera

houses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecorded

performancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordings

arecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythan

todayJsliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplace

ofthelistenerJschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthus

broughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassical

concert.(2011年Textl)

Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers.

[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances

[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances

[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances

[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances

该段第一句话说：喜欢音乐会的人回答说录音无法替代现场音乐会，这个观点是错误的。

即：录音是可以替代现场音乐会。这跟选项D：高估了现场音乐会的价值是一样的说法。所

以正确答案选D项。

考研英语阅读技巧(四)

考研英语阅读有四篇文章，在整个考研分数中占据较大比值，而且每篇文章对于考生来说

难度都很大，如何能在考试规定的较短时间内提高阅读的速度和答题正确率，这就需要我

们掌握一定的阅读技巧。

一、阅读步骤

因研究生考试阅读是应试阅读，因此只需要考生快速准确地抓住关键信息，理解整篇文章

的大意和脉络结构，而不需要完全理解整篇文章的全部内容，因此可以采用以下阅读步骤

1.浏览全文

快速扫描全文，跳过细节或例子，只需要了解文中的关键词及把握文章的大致结构，文章

的大体意思，作者的一些观点态度等。通过这种略读，可以帮助考生抓住主要信息，提高

阅读速度和效率。

2.心审题

在浏览完全文后，需要仔细审题，注意题干中的关键词，比如：true,infer,

opinion等，如果有必要，需将这些关键词用笔标记出来，用于在解题的过程中提醒自己。

还需注意四个选项的记忆，以便再次回到原文寻找答案时，能给予快速准确的定位。

3.定位解答

带着问题回到原文中去，，用目光在文中自上而下扫视，一旦找到后，立即放慢速度，一

直看到需要的信息为止，仔细研读信息，比对四个选项，得出最后的答案。

二、阅读速度

要在不影响理解率的前提下提高自己的阅读速度，就必须了解影响阅读速度的儿个因素。

一般来说，影响阅读速度的因素主要有以下几点：

1.阅读方式

在阅读的时候尽量采用默视，而不是默读或出声的阅读。人的眼球的视野范围是很广的，

采用默视，在快速扫描的过程中，信息瞬间被大脑吸收，从而可以快速浏览大量信息，也

就是所谓的“一目十行”。而在阅读的过程中，如果发出声音，那么信息先必须经过大脑

的反应，再有个发出声音的反应过程，那势必会影响阅读的速度。为了培养自己这种阅读

方式，可以在平时适当做些练习，多读些中文书籍，并记录时间。

2.避免回视。

由于阅读材料太难而造成的回视现象是正常的，但有些读者的回视却并非因为阅读材料太

难，而是因为没有养成整体认识的习惯，又不能很好的把认识过的文字流利的组成完整的

语句，常常是看完后面忘了前面，不得不回视，这就大大降低了阅读速度。要克服回视的

毛病，可通过下面练习进行训练：从阅读浅显易懂的阅读材料开始，通过限时训练减少回

视，逐步加快阅读速度，在取得一定成效后之，可慢慢的提高阅读材料的难度，仍采用限

时阅读的方法，最后可达到避免回视，加快阅读速度的效果。

3.注意力高度集中。

阅读的时候一定要注意力集中，否则很容易回视，一篇文章本来读•篇就能明白，由于精

神不集中，读了好多篇才明白，大大影响了考试时间。要让注意力高度集中，必须做到以

下两点：①

阅读前要有明确的目的，即阅读前因明白通过阅读文章要解决什么问题或要获取哪一方面

的知识。②

阅读在就中要做到专心致志，不要三心二意，不要左顾右盼，更不要考虑无关的其他事情

o以免影响阅读速度，降低理解率。（未完待续）

考研英语阅读技巧（五）

三、选择性阅读

1.在浏览时可略过对理解影响不大的次要信息

1）（尤其是引语前后）补充说明人物的职务、头衔、社会地位等或补充说明具体事

物的同位语

2)破折号后提供的旁支信息

3)长难句中除了主谓宾表以外的其他修饰成分

4)例证和引证的具体内容可以先不读，而只读前面的观点或总结句

[2009_Text1]

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Not

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesa

negativeimplication.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityand

innovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelop

newhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcan

jumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninstead

directourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,thomorenew

thingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherently

creativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.

Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedureare

wornintothebrain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberately

pressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“ThefirstIhingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,“saysDawna

Markova,authorofTheOpenMind“Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide,'justas

ourpresidentcallshimself'theDecider'."Sheadds,however,that“todecide

istokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalways

exploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe?reunaware,shesays.Researchers

inthelate1960discoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproach

challengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or

collaboratively)andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrain

shutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathave

seemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,

meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesof

thought."ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyone

candoanything,“explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookThisYearIwilL..and

Ms.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated,andit

fosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreates

excellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

2.浏览时应抓住重要信息

1)题干和选项：由于5个题目基本覆盖了全文所有的要点和难点，出题顺序和文章

的层次也基本保持•致，所以预先“扫描”题目和选项可以帮助考生更快速、准确地理解

文章的大致内容。

2)句子的核心内容：初读时，应重点解读句子的主要框架，而把定语(从句)、

状语(从句)、补语、插入语等修饰成分作为次要信息进行阅读。

[2002Text4]Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrightto

physician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof

udoubleeffect,“acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhaving

twoeffects-一agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen一一

ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

3)首尾段及其他段的首尾句(多为首句)

首段：提出主题或话题；文章引子

末段：得出结论；重申文章主旨

通过阅读首尾段和其他段的主旨，可以梳理文章的论证脉络，读出文章的框架结构，还可

以快速解答主旨大意题。读完后尝试问自己几个问题：①本文最重要的事物或观点是什么

?②作者谈的是主题的哪个或哪些方面？③作者在这方面想说些什么？考生可以在每段旁

边的空白处，用简单的词语概括出该段的含义，这样文章的框架结构就书了然了，也就

极大地提高了后面解题的速度。

4)路标词：路标词和词组能够使句与句、段与段之间的关系更加清楚，提供了要

点之间的“桥梁”，给读者指明了“路子”，是贯穿全文的线索。

(1)前进型：顺接、递进作用。指示读者继续往下看，往往接下来的可能是作者要强调

的重要内容。其前后可能存在并列、递进、因果、解释等关系

and,also,more,moreover,morethanthat,furthermore,likewise,equallyimportant,

first,second,inadditionto,thus,so,therefore,consequently,accordingly,as

aresult,addingto

(2)转弯型：标志着前后两个句子或段落之间的转折或对比关系。读者要敏感地意识到

后面出现的是与前面截然不同的事物或观点，从而对作者的思想进行预测。

but,yet,while,however,nevertheless,although,though,otherwise,despite,

instead,onthecontrary,incontrast,notwithstanding

(3)终点型：标志着下面的内容是前面的概括和总结

toconclude,tosumup,insum,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole

(4)表示强调：indeed,infact,surely,certainly,tobesure

(5)表示目的：forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto

(6)表示条件：inthatcase,thatbeingso,inthesecircumstances,if,unless

[2009Text1]

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainson

auto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.uNot

choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19th

century.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesa

negativeconnotation.

Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityand

innovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelop

newhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,

thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

分析：第二段首句为过渡句，承接上文首段观点(既然习惯束缚了思维，)那么与创造性

似乎是格格不入的。第二段but转折后提出新观点：培养新习惯有利于促进创新思维。下文

围绕这一观点展开论述。(未完待续)

考研英语阅读技巧(六)

四、掌握常见的文章结构

考研阅读文章虽然题材繁多，但它们都是典型的论证文章，因此行文特点即文章的

结构