中考英语-阅读专题-主旨大意题(无答案)

主旨大意题

所谓主旨大意题，就是指那些针对文章的主要内容、主题、标题或写作目的所设置的问

题。这类题主要考查同学们在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方

法对文章进行高度概括或总结的能力。通过研究近两年各地的中考题我们发现，现在的阅读

题远非停留在理解词句和看懂内容上。为了增加阅读理解题的区分度，考查学生的综合理解

能力，拉开差距，阅读题中主旨大意题和推断题明显增加。这里，我们主要来探讨主旨大意

题的解题方法。

一、主旨大意题的题干表现形式

1.主要内容型：

Whatisthepassage/text/articlemainlyabout?Whatisthemain/general

ideaofthispassage?Thispassagemainlytellsusabout/that.

2.主题型：

Whatisthetopic/subjectofthearticle?Whichsubjectisdiscussedinthe

text?

3.最佳标题型：

Whatisthebesttitleforthistext/passage/article?Whichofthefollowing

wouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

4.写作目的型：

Thepurposeofthisarticle/passage/textisto.Theauthor?smain

purposeofwritingthepassageis.Whatisthewriter'spurposeofwriting

thispassage?Thearticlehasbeenwrittentoexplain.

二、主旨大意题的解答在做主旨大意题时,不管是哪一种题型,关键的一步是要找出主题

句或和主题有关的关键词，从而把握文章的主旨(mainidea)。

1.议论、说明体裁的文章

在议论文和说明文中，文章的主题通常出现在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是给出作

者的观点或引出将要介绍的事物，而末段的作用通常是总结全文、重申论点。因此，在阅读议

论文和说明文时,对于首段和末段一定要仔细阅读，寻找对全文有提纲挈领或概括结论性的

语句，因为那通常就是文章的主题所在。

但有时文章中并不存在明确点明主题的句子,这时可以联系每段的中心句来概括、总结,然后

得出主题。因为作者对文章各个段落的安排都是紧紧围绕主题展开的,或者说每段都对主题

的展开和深化起到了各自的作用。因此每个段落也是相对的一个小整体，有着各自的中心，

而这个中心通常由段落中的一句话表达出来，即段落的主题句(topicsentence)0由此,我们

可以看出，文章各段的主题句构成了一篇文章的''骨架"。看清了这个''骨架"的轮廓,弄清了各

段与文章主题的关系，不但全文的主旨，即便是隐藏在文字深层的作者的写作目的或意图也

会跃然纸上。每段中的主题句可能出现在段首、段尾或是段中，但以出现在段首的情况居多。

尽管每段主题句的位置不固定，但寻找起来也并不难。记住主题句是能简洁明了地概括全段

的主要内容,具有高度的综合性和概括性的一句话,段内的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步

解释、说明、论证或拓展。

例1:

Ourneighborhoodhasreallychanged.WhenIlastvisitedthere,abouthalfof

thehouseshadbeentorndown(拆除)tomakewayforahighway.Therestofthe

buildingswerecoveredwithbillboards(宣传板)andsurroundedbytrafficsignsand

garbage.Nowthewholeneighborhoodhasbecomedirty,noisyandfullofcars.

【分析】

本段第一句话的概括性最强,指出环境发生了巨大变化。其他几句话分别具体说明都发

生了哪些变化，以及现在的样子。因此，第一句为本段的主题句。

2.记叙体裁的文章

记叙文通常按时间先后或事情发展的顺序来叙述。寻找这类文章的主题时也要特别留意

首段和末段，因为作者有时会在叙述事件之前或之后流露出自己对它的看法和情感，而这正

是解题的关键。还有些情况下,文中没有明确的主题句，即主题隐含在行文之中。必须根据文

章中所提供的事实细节进行全面考虑,综合分析。这时要注意表示时间和顺序的词语，以把握

事情发展的脉络。还要特别留意那些概括情节和中心的动词，或者反映人物特点的形容词等，

这样才能猜测出作者在用词、语气之中流露出的隐含信息。

例2:

Everyyearonmybirthday,fromthetimeIturned12,awhitegardenia（桅子

花）wasdeliveredtomyhouse.Nocardevercamewithit.Callstotheflower-shop

werenothelpfulatall.AfterawhileIstoppedtryingtofindoutthesender's

nameandwasjustpleasedwiththebeautifulwhiteflower,insoftpinkpaper.

Ineverstoppedimagining（想像）whothegivermightbe,though.Someofmy

happiestmomentswerespentdaydreamingaboutthesender.Mymotherencouragedthese

daydreams.She'daskmeifIhadbeenespeciallykindtosomeone.Perhapsitwas

theoldmanacrossthestreet.I'ddeliveredhismailduringthewinter.Asagirl,

though,IhadmorefunimaginingthatitmightbeaboythatIhadmet.

Onemonthbeforemygraduation,myfatherdied.IwassosadthatIbecame

completelyuninterestedinmyupcominggraduationdance,andIdidn,tcarewhether

Ihadanewdressornot.Mymother,inherownsadness,however,wouldnotletme

missanyofthosethings.Shewantedherchildrentofeelloved.Infact,mymother

wantedherchildrentoseethemselvesmuchlikethegardenia:lovely,strongand

perfect,withperhapsabitofmystery（神秘）.

MymotherdiedtendaysafterIwasmarried.Iwas22.Thatwastheyearthe

gardeniasstoppedcoming.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AChildhoodDream

B.AMother?sLove

C.AGraduationParty

D.ASpecialBirthday

【分析】

本文写的是一位母亲在自己女儿成长的过程中以一种独特的方式一一每年在女儿生日

那天不署名送女儿桅子花来表达对女儿的爱。本篇文章围绕爱展开,开头写暗送女儿桅子花,

并鼓励女儿去想像美好。当女儿遇到挫折时,母亲鼓励女儿要勇敢地面对困难。尽管文章中

并没有出现主题句,但是以上这些关键信息充分说明了B项"AMother'sLove”是正确项。

3.新闻体裁的文章

值得一提的是新闻报道类文章在中考阅读中逐渐增多。一般这类文章都有固定格式:城

市名称（或通讯社）-----句话概括新闻的主要内容,然后是具体的报道。通常第一句是一个

较长的句子，交待出主要事件、发生的时间、地点等。如果不是非常有必要交待时间和地点

的事情,也至少会在第一句中点出要报道的对象和侧重点。例如：

例3:

JAKARTA(Xinhua)-TheIndonesiaHealthMinistrysaidthatathree-year-old

Indonesianboydiedofbirdflu(流感)onWednesday.Hebecamethe108thpeoplewho

diedofthisdiseaseinthecountry.NyomanKandun,theleaderoftheHealthMinistry,

toldXinhuaontelephonethattheboylovedtoplaywithbirds…

【分析】

这则新闻报道了一个3岁的男孩死于禽流感的事情。首句就交代清楚了事情发生的时间

(onWednesday)>地点(Indonesia)、人物(a3-year-oldboy)以及主要情节(diedofbird

flu)o

小试牛刀

1.Samantha,Ican'teatorsleepwhenyouaregone.Ineedtohearyoursoftvoice

andseeyourlovelytoothlesssmile.Imissthatspecialwayyoueatsoupwithyour

fingers.Pleasecomehomesoon!

Whatisthemainideaofthisparagraph?

A.Samantha,yoursmileisverylovely.

B.Samantha,Iwanttohearyoursoftvoice.

C.Samantha,Imissyouverymuch.

D.Samantha,Ican'teatandsleepwell.

2.Somedaywewillallhaverobotsthatwillbeourpersonalservants(仆人).They

willlookandbehavemuchlikerealhumans.Wewillbeabletotalktotheserobots

andtheywillbeabletoanswerus.Theywillbesmart,strong,andtire-lessworkers.

Theironlylifegoalwillbetomakeourliveseasier.

Whichsentenceexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?

A.Somedaywewillallhaverobotsasourpersonalservants.

B.Wecantalktotheserobotsandtheycananswerus.

C.Robotswilllookandbehavemuchlikerealhumans.

D.Therobotswil1besmart,strong,andtirelessworkers.

解答主旨大意题的小技巧：

1.快速有重点地浏览(skimming)全文。从整体上把握文章的结构、逻辑关系、问题的指向

等。在快速浏览时，不纠缠文章中与主旨无关的细节(如某些数字或专有名词等)，以保持阅

读的连贯性，把注意力集中于主题句的关键词语上，必要时在重要词句下面画线标注。

2.选择文章标题时，既要排除过于具体或断章取义、以偏概全的标题，又要排除范围太大、

空洞、不着边际的标题，还要警惕以事实、细节替代抽象、概括的大意的情况。

3.推断作者写作目的时，要站在作者的立场想问题，切忌将自己的观点强加于作者。当文

中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要

注意一些转折词，如：but,yet,however,although等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往

往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息。

4.必须看清题目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”还是“段落主旨”；推断的是“作者的观点、

意图”还是“别人的观点、意图”。

训练A

Whyplaygames?Becausetheyarefun,andwecanlearnevenmorewhileplaying.

Followingtherules,planningyournextmove,actingasateammember-theseare

all"game"ideasthatyouwillcomeacrossallthroughyourlife.Theycanhelp

youindifferentways.

Thinkaboutsomeofthegamesyouplayedasayoungchild,suchasrope-jumping

andhide-and-seek.Suchgamesareveryinteresting.Butperhapsmoreimportantly,

theytranslatepartoflifeintoexcitinggamesthatteachchildrensomeofthebasic

rulestheywillbeexpectedtofollowtherestoftheirlives,suchastakingturns

andcooperating（合作）.

Manychildren,sgameshaveapracticalside.Childrenaroundtheworldplay

gamesthatpreparethemforworktheywilldoasgrown-ups.Forexample,someSaudi

Arabianchildrenplayagamecalledbones,whichimprovesthehand-eyecoordination

（协调）neededinfishing.

Themostfamousgamesofall,theOlympicGames,bringathletesfromaroundthe

worldtogethertotakepartinfriendlycompetitions.Peoplewhowatchtheevent

（比赛项目）knowthatagoldmedalisawinforthewholecountry,notjusttheathlete

whogotit.Forcountriesexperiencingnaturaldisasters（灾害）orwars,anOlympic

wincanmeansomuch.

Sportsgamesarealsoaneventthatunites（团结）people.Footballisthemost

popularsportintheworld.Peopleallovertheworldplayit-someforfunand

someforaliving.NicoletteIribarne,aCalifornianfootballplayer,hasdiscovered

awaytospreadhopethroughfootball.Hecreatedafoundation（基金会）toprovide

poorchildrenwithnotonlysoccerballsbutalsoabrightfuture.

Nexttimeyouplayyourfavoritegameorsport,thinkaboutwhyyouenjoyit,

whatskillsareneeded,andwhethertheseskillswil1helpyouinotherpartsof

yourlife.

55.WhatTsthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Gamescanhelppeopleindifferentways.

B.Peopleareadvisedtoplaygamesforfun.

C.AnOlympicwinmeansalottoeverycountry.

D.Sportscangetpeopleallovertheworldtogether.

训练B

Asksomeonewhattheyhavedonetohelptheenvironmentrecentlyandtheywill

almostmentionrecycling,whichistheprocess（过程）oftreatingusedthings,such

aspaperorsteelsothattheycanbeusedagain.Recyclinginthehomeisvery

importantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhave

morethingsthanweneed.Wearenowdealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumption

inthepossiblegreenestway,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotbringsomany

thingshomeinthefirstplace.

Hereisanexample.IntheUK,thetotalofpackagingincreasedby12%between

1999and2005.Itnowmakesupathirdofahousehold,swaste.Inmanysupermarkets,

foodsarepackagedtwicewithplasticandcardboard.

Toomuchpackagingcausesseriousenvironmentalproblems.TheUKisrunning

outofdifferentkindsofwaysfordealingwiththisunnecessarywaste.Ifsuch

packagingisburnt,itgivesoffgreenhousegaseswhichgoontocausethegreenhouse

effect（效果）.Recyclinghelps,buttheprocessitselfusesenergy.Thebestway

ofavoidingthisproblemistostopproducingsuchunnecessarythingsinthefirst

place.Foodwasteisanotherseriousproblem,too.Toomanysupermarketsencourage

customers（消费者）tobuymorethantheyneed.Theyseldomencouragecustomersto

reusetheirplasticbags,forexample.However,afewofthemarecomingroundto

theideathatthiscannotcontinue.

Butthisisnotjustaboutsupermarkets.Itisaboutallofus.Wehavelearned

toconnectpackagingwithquality（质量）.Wehave1earnedtothinkthatsomething

unpackagedisofpoorquality.Isittrueforalltheproducts?11nfact,moreand

morecompaniesrealizedtheimportanceofprotectingtheenvironment.Theytryto

packagewhatreallyshouldbepackaged,includingproductsingoodquality.

Asmoreofusrecycle,wearebeginningtorealizehowmanyunnecessarythings

arebeingcollected.Weneedtofacethewasteofourdailylife.Althoughmanypeople

havetakenactiontorecycle,wehaveahighmountaintoclimb.

57.Whatisthemainpurposeofthesecondparagraph?

A.Toshowthefactsofover-usedpackaging.

B.Totalkaboutthepossiblegreenestways.

C.Toteachpeoplehowtodorecyclingathome.

D.Toexpressworriesaboutenvironmentalproblems.

59.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Supermarketsshouldrecyclefirst.

B.Packagingcausesseriousproblems.

C.Needlessthingsaremostlyrecycled.

D.Recyclingshouldbedoneinthefirstplace.

训练c

Thesecretinre-rememberingistoallowthefullpowerofyourmemorytoflow

freelywithout“trying“torememberanyonespecific（特定的）thing.

Irecentlysatdowntoarelaxedandenjoyabledinnerwithsomefriends.Atthe

beginningofthemeal,afriendtoldusthathiscarhadjustbeenbrokenintoand

hisbriefcase（公文包）hadbeenstolen.Hewasfrustrated（懊恼的）becausehisdiary

andanumberofotheritems（物品）importanttohimwereinthebriefcase.Hesaid

hecouldrememberonlyfouritemsthatwereinhisstolenbriefcase,thatheknew

thereweremanymore,thathehadtogiveafullreporttothepolicewithintwo

hours,andthatthemorehetriedtorememberthemoreblockedhebecame.

SeveralofusatthetablewhowerefamiliarwithMemoryPrinciples（规则）then

tookhimthroughthefollowingexercise:insteadofcontinuingtoallowhimtothink

ofwhathecouldnotremember,weaskedhimwhenhehadlasthadhisbriefcaseopen.

Itturnedoutthatitwasattheofficejustbeforeheleftwork,atwhichpoint

hesuddenlyrememberedthathehadputtwoimportantmagazinearticlesinthe

briefcase.Wethenaskedhimwhenhehadlasthadthebriefcaseopenbeforeleaving

homeforwork.Itturnedouttohavebeenthenightbefore,andherememberedhaving

putintwomorearticlesaswellasataperecorder,inpreparationforthefollowing

morning.Finallyweaskedhimtodescribetheinner（内部的）designofhisbriefcase,

andashewentthroughadetaileddescription,herememberedpens,pencils,letters

andanumberofotheritemsthathehadcompletely“forgotten“before.

Within20minutes,heremembered18additionalitems.

Thesecretistouforgetabout“whateveryouaretryingtorememberand

“relive”al1experiencesthatconnectinanywaywiththeitemyouaretryingto

remember.Thismethodworksatoncealmostinallcases,andtakestheformofa

createdMindMaparoundthe“missing“center.

Thismemorymethod,liketheothers,improvesyourmemoryaswellasyour

creativity,andinadditiongivesyouconfidencewhenyourealizethat,nomatter

whatyouhaveforgotten,thereisstillachancetosolveanymemorymystery（谜

团）！

60.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Forgetting一Youcanneverreallyforgetc

B.Drawing-Thebetterwaytorememberthings

C.Re-remembering一Rememberwhatyouhaveforgotten

D.Replacing-Forgettingsomethinginsteadofremembering

训练D

JamesNaismith,aphysicaleducationteacherinMassachusetts,inventedbasketball

in1891.Naismith'sbossaskedhi