第21讲书面表达（讲）-2023年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（全国通用）（学案）

第21讲书面表达（讲）【考纲考情】书面表达命题形式灵活多样，以提纲类作文为主要命题形式，提示内容较为简洁，体裁和题材相对稳定，以应用文为主。渗透中国元素，弘扬中华优秀传统文化，体现立德树人的时代特征，促进德智体美劳全面发展，倡导健康生活理念。【考点梳理】第一部分高分亮点一、使用吸引眼球的亮点词汇要想写出一篇水平比较高的书面表达，高级词汇的使用必不可少，它会大大提升文章的档次，从而帮助获得高分。要做到准确使用高级词汇，应该注意以下几个方面：（一）使用亮点词汇的四种方法1．标新立异“语”众不同在写作时，恰当地使用一些别人可能意想不到的词汇或表达，会体现出自己的高水平。①Ourteam,besidesregulartraining,willjoininavarietyofactivities.→Ourteam,apart/asidefromregulartraining,willjoininavarietyofactivities.②Severaldayslater,whenthevideowasplayedatthegraduationceremony,itwasverypopular.→Severaldayslater,whenthevideowasplayedatthegraduationceremony,itwaswell­received.2．多样表达避免重复在写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的单词或短语，要尽量用贴切、多样的词语来展示自己的水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是高级用法。③Wemayhavedifferentopinionsinorganizingclassactivities.Wemayhavedifferentwaystodealwithsuchasituation.→Wemayhavedifferentopinionsinorganizingclassactivities.Wemayhavevariouswaystodealwithsuchasituation.④We'vebuiltanewexperimentbuildingandwe'vealsobuiltalibrarywheretheoldplaygroundusedtobe.→We'vebuiltanewexperimentbuildingandwe'vealsosetupalibrarywheretheoldplaygroundusedtobe.3．单词短语短语优先在单词和短语表示同一个意思时，优先使用短语。恰当使用短语，一方面能使文章更加生动，另一方面也能展示出扎实的语言功底。⑤ThereisnodoubtthatyoushouldknowaboutthehistoryoftheTangDynastyinadvance.→ThereisnodoubtthatyouaresupposedtoknowaboutthehistoryoftheTangDynastyinadvance.⑥Firstly,thefinalexamofthistermiscomingsoIambusypreparingforit.→Tobeginwith,thefinalexamofthistermisaroundthecornersoIambusypreparingforit.⑦Ihearthatheisill,andIdecidetovisithimthisSunday.→Ihearthatheisill,andIdecidetopayavisittohimthisSunday.4．用高级词汇取代简单词汇为了表现语言功底，显示写作水平，应尽量避免反复使用低年级学过的简单词汇，尽量用高中阶段学到的词汇来代替。⑧IshouldsaysorryforbeingunabletogotothebookstorewithyouonFridayafternoon.→IshouldmakeanapologyforbeingunabletogotothebookstorewithyouonFridayafternoon.⑨Solongasweholdfasttoouridealsandnevergiveup,wearesuretoachievesuccess.→Solongasweholdfasttoouridealsandnevergiveup,weareboundtoachievesuccess.（二）必备升级词汇1．动词：have→possess;develop→promote;replace→substitute;bear→putupwith/tolerate;consider→takeintoaccount/consideration;understand→makesenseof/figureout①Isincerelyhopethatyouwilltakemysuggestionsintoaccount.我真诚地希望你能考虑我的建议。2．名词：chance→opportunity;choice→alternative;course→curriculum;people→individuals;result→consequence;shortcoming→drawback②Differentindividualshavedifferentopinionsaboutthesafetyoffood.不同的人对食品安全问题有着不同的看法。3．形容词：enough→adequate/plentiful;useful→advantageous;difficult→challenging;proper→appropriate/suitable;important→vital/significant;interesting→absorbing/striking/appealing/attractive③Inthecomingthreeyears,ourschoollifewillbechallenging.在随后的三年里，我们的学校生活将会是具有挑战性的。4．副词：finally→eventually;hardly→barely/scarcely/hardlyever;immediately→inaflash/innotime;nowadays→currently④Eventuallyyourchildwillleavehometoleadherownlifeasafullyindependentadult.最终，你的孩子会离开家，作为一个完全独立的成年人过她自己的生活。5．连词：so→therefore;and→aswellas/togetherwith⑤Therefore,itsboxofficereceipts/takingswillprobablyenjoyaslightincrease.因此票房收入极可能略有增长。（三）必备加分词汇1．表达关注的名词：attention,focus,concern①Inscience,weshouldpayattentiontothings,andshouldnotpayattentiontopeople.在科学上，我们应该注意事物本身，而不应注意人。2．表达争论的名词：discussion,debate,argument②Facedwithsuchanargument,differentindividualsmayhavedifferentopinions.面对这样的争论，不同的人可能有不同的观点。3．表达现象的名词：phenomenon③Thesentencesuggestsacommonphenomenon:manyteenagerscaremoreabouttheirphonesthantheirfriendsnowadays.这个句子表明了一种常见现象：当今许多青少年关注他们的手机胜过关注他们的朋友。4．表达优缺点的名词：advantage,disadvantage,strength,weakness④Besides,everystudentmayhavedifferentweakandstrongsubjects,sotheyshouldlearnfromeachothersothattheycanhavemoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.此外，每个学生可能有不同的弱科和强科，因此他们应该互相学习以便比起劣势来他们拥有更多的优势。5．表达增长或下降的动词：increase,accumulate,decrease,decline⑤LonghoursofsurfingtheInternetwouldleadtodeclininghealth.长时间上网将导致健康状况下降。6．表达导致后果的动词短语：resultin,leadto,bringabout,contributeto,giveriseto⑥Computershavebroughtaboutmanychangesinourdailylife.电脑给我们的日常生活带来了很多变化。7．表达支持、反对的动词短语：approveof,beinfavorof,objectto⑦Themajorityoftheseniorcitizensdon'tapproveoftheproposalofcelebratingWesternfestivalsinChina.大多数老年人不赞同在中国庆祝西方节日的提议。8．表达可能性的形容词：likely⑧Ifyoucometoourschool,youarelikelytomeetsomedifficultproblemsinyourlife.如果你来我们学校，很可能会在生活中遇到一些难题。9．表达有好处的形容词：beneficial⑨Frommypointofview,ourlibraryshouldbuysomepopularsciencebooksandliterarybooksbecausetheyarebeneficialtous.在我看来，我们的图书馆应该买一些科普书和文学类图书，因为这些书对我们有益处。10．表达强调的副词：particularly,especially⑩Themorepeopleearn,themoretheyseemtowant,particularlywhenothersearnmorethantheydo.人们赚得越多，似乎想要的也越多，尤其是当其他人赚得比他们多的时候。（四）必备衔接和过渡性词汇1．顺序类firstly，firstofall，tobegin/startwith，then，later，intheend，finally，atlast，afterthat，afterwards，sincethen，meanwhile等。①Firstly,Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedinreadingbooks.Secondly,I'dliketosharemybookswithothersaswell.首先，我一直对读书感兴趣；其次，我也喜欢与别人分享我的书籍。②Firstofall,we'lltrytofindaplacetolive.首先，我们得设法找个住的地方。2．并列转折关系类and，or，but，yet，however，while，otherwise，onthecontrary，despite，inspiteof，insteadof等。③Otherwisewe'llhavetoanswerforourselfishnesssoonerorlater.否则的话，我们迟早会为我们的自私付出代价。3．因果关系类eq\x(thus，because，thanksto，dueto，foronereason，so，asaresult/consequence，therefore等。)④Therefore,Iamwritingtoaskforyourhelpaswellasprofessionaladvice.因此，我写信向你寻求帮助和专业建议。4．递进关系类besides，what'smore，furthermore，moreover，what'sworse，tomakemattersworse，worsestill，evenworse，still，inaddition等。⑤Theweatherwascoldandwet.Still,wehadagreattime.天气又冷又潮，不过我们仍旧玩得很开心。⑥Moreover,thesceneryalongtheriverisamazing,withmanywell­knownsightseeingspots.而且，沿河的风景很美，有很多著名景点。5．观点类asfarasIamconcerned，asforsb/sth，inmyopinion，inmyview，frommypointofview，personally等。⑦AsfarasI'mconcerned,allourclassmateshavelearnedalotfromourcommunicationandthevariousactivities.在我看来，我们所有同学都从彼此的交流和各种活动中学到了很多东西。⑧AsformyfavoritefigureinChinesehistoryitmustbeWeiYuan,agreatthinkerinthelateQingDynasty.至于中国历史上我最喜欢的人物，一定是清末伟大的思想家魏源。6．总结类allinall，onthewhole，inshort，inbrief，inconclusion，inaword，tosumup，ingeneral等。⑨Inconclusion,Ilikebeingpraised,butIknowsometimesit'snotalwaysgood.总之，我喜欢被表扬，但是我知道有时候表扬并不总是好的。⑩Allinall,travelingisthebestchoicetorechargeourselvesandgetreadyforthenewchallenges.总的来说，旅游是充实自己、准备迎接新挑战的最佳选择。表达多样的亮点句式（一）变化句式，亮点立现同一句子有不同的表达方式，但会呈现出不同的效果，有时为了英语的地道表达，可以采用以下方法变换句式。1．主动变被动Wecanborrowatmostfivebooksatatime,andwecankeepthemfortendays.(普通)→Atmostfivebookscanbeborrowedatatimeandtheycanbekeptfortendays.(高级)2．肯定句变双重否定句Shealwaysarrivesatthecompanyontimeeveryday.(普通)→Sheneverfailstoarriveatthecompanyontimeeveryday.(高级)（二）活用非谓，妙不可言恰当地运用非谓语动词对简单句和复合句进行转换，不仅显得句式多样，句子活泼，而且读起来结构紧凑，言简意明。1．运用非谓语动词转换简单句第一步：写出两个简单句。①Inthenewspaperofourschoolthereisacolumncalled“ForeignCultures”．②ItaimstointroduceAmericancustomsandthelifeofhighschoolstudents.第二步：让句①作主句，用非谓语动词改写句②。第三步：让句②作定语，由于其动词aim与主语it之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作定语。Inthenewspaperofourschoolthereisacolumncalled“ForeignCultures”，aimingtointroduceAmericancustomsandthelifeofhighschoolstudents.2．运用非谓语动词转换复合句第一步：写出复合句。Sinceyouhaverealizedthatyourtimeislimited,you'llhavetostudyforyourgoalswithoutangerorhesitation.第二步：把since引导的原因状语从句转换为非谓语动词，realize与you之间为主谓关系，且表示完成，故用现在分词的完成式作状语。Havingrealizedthatyourtimeislimited,you'llhavetostudyforyourgoalswithoutangerorhesitation.（三）三大从句，灵活运用三大从句指名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句，通过分析句子之间的关系，灵活选用合适的引导词可以把简单句升级为三大从句，从而增加文章的亮点，具体操作如下：1．名词性从句第一步：写出两个简单句。①Hesaidalotatthemeeting.②Hiswordswereveryattractive.第二步：让句①作主语从句，可转换为“他在会上所说的话”，即whathesaidatthemeeting。第三步：把句①转换的主语从句和句②连在一起。Whathesaidatthemeetingwasveryattractive.2．定语从句第一步：写出两个简单句。①TheforeignerisfromCanada.②Hevisitedourclassyesterday.第二步：在句①中找出一个要修饰的词汇：theforeigner。第三步：用句②充当定语从句，theforeigner为先行词指人，句②中的代词he指代theforeigner，且在句子中作主语，故用who或that作关系词。Theforeignerwho/thatvisitedourclassyesterdayisfromCanada.3．状语从句第一步：写出两个简单句。①Thefinalexamisaroundthecorner.②Idecidetostayathometogoovermylessons.第二步：让句①作原因状语从句，可转换为“因为期末考试就要到了”，即Asthefinalexamisaroundthecorner.第三步：把句①转换的原因状语从句和句②连在一起。Asthefinalexamisaroundthecorner,Idecidetostayathometogoovermylessons.（四）特殊句式，交替使用特殊句式主要包括强调句、倒装句和省略句等。这类句式的使用可以使语言更加丰富，可读性更强，增强文章的亮点和吸引力。1．使用强调句第一步：写出一个句子。Ourparentshavedevotedtheirunconditionallovetous，whichindeeddeservesourappreciationandreward.第二步：找出要强调的句子成分。强调主语Ourparents。第三步：根据句子时态确定用is还是was。主从句使用一般现在时，所以应用is。第四步：套用“Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他”句式。It'sourparentswhohavedevotedtheirunconditionallovetous,whichindeeddeservesourappreciationandreward.2．使用倒装句第一步：写出一个句子。Peoplefromallovertheworldcanonlyinthiswaycommunicateeasilyandeffectively.第二步：找出句中提示用倒装句的词或短语。only...第三步：利用提示词确定倒装类型，进行倒装。Onlyinthiswaycanpeoplefromallovertheworldcommunicateeasilyandeffectively.3．使用省略句第一步：写出一个句子。Althoughtheywerefacedwithmanyproblems,theydidn'tloseheart.第二步：去掉从句中的主语和助动词(be)。Althoughfacedwithmanyproblems,theydidn'tloseheart.三、内涵丰富的亮点谚语谚语是普通群众共同创作并在口头上广为流传的固定语句，即用简单通俗的话来反映深刻的道理。在高中英语书面表达中恰当地运用谚语，可使语言活泼风趣，增强表现力，凸显文采。写作中常引用的谚语：1．Nopains,nogains.不劳则无获。2．Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧。3．Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量。4．Timeandtidewaitfornoman.时不待人。5．Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老，学到老。6．Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。7．Everythingcomestohimwhowaits.功夫不负有心人。8．Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。9．Don'tputofftilltomorrowwhatshouldbedonetoday.今日事今日毕。10．Nothingistoodifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.世上无难事，只怕有心人。第二部分常见错误和防范措施一、常见的四类错误考场作文常见的错误主要分为四类：词汇类错误、语法类错误、汉语式英语和标点符号类错误。（一）词汇类错误考试时，很容易出现单词拼写错误和词形变化错误；而词性不清和词汇用法方面的错误主要还是受汉语思维的影响。其应对措施是在备考时要多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化错误的单词，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不能想当然地改动。1．单词拼写错误误：Bytheway,he'saseniorHighSchoolstudentnamedLihuafromTianJin,china.正：Bytheway,he'saseniorhighschoolstudentnamedLiHuafromTianjin,China.2.词形变化错误误：Peoplethrowedcans,paper,bagsandsoonintotheriverwater.正：Peoplethrewcans,paper,bagsandsoonintotheriverwater.3．词性不清错误误：Everyoneinmyfamilyislikethedog.正：Everyoneinmyfamilylikesthedog.4．词汇用法错误误：Heopenedthelightafterheenteredtheroom.正：Heturnedonthelightafterheenteredtheroom.5．擅自改动习语误：Nowadaysmostparentsattachmuchimportancewitheducation.正：Nowadaysmostparentsattachmuchimportancetoeducation.（二）语法类错误一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地表达，语法类错误会直接影响作文的档次。英语书面表达中语法类错误主要表现在：1．时态错误误：Whenhecameback,hefoundthathiswifehasgonetobed.正：Whenhecameback,hefoundthathiswifehadgonetobed.2．语态错误误：Childrenwhoraiseinpoorfamiliescangenerallydealwithproblemsmoreeffectivelyintheiradultyears.正：Childrenwhoareraisedinpoorfamiliescangenerallydealwithproblemsmoreeffectivelyintheiradultyears.3．主谓一致错误误：SomestudentslikebooksthatiswrittenbyLuXun.正：SomestudentslikebooksthatarewrittenbyLuXun.4.比较级使用错误误：Withthedevelopmentoftransportation,theworldseemstobegettingmoreandmoresmaller.正：Withthedevelopmentoftransportation,theworldseemstobegettingsmallerandsmaller.5．非谓语动词使用错误误：Theteachercameintothelab,followingbysomestudents.（三）汉语式英语一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括：1．纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序误：Atthisschoolstudying,Ireallyveryhappy.正：Studyingatthisschool,Iamreallyveryhappy.2．句子成分残缺①误：Therearemanystudentsdon'tsupporttheproject.正：Therearemanystudentswhodon'tsupporttheproject.②误：Hetoldmethatallmyclassmatessittingintheclassroom.正：Hetoldmethatallmyclassmatesweresittingintheclassroom.3．句子粘连误：Theoldmanhastwosons,bothofthemworkinthesamecompany.正：Theoldmanhastwosons,andbothofthemworkinthesamecompany.正：Theoldmanhastwosons,bothofwhomworkinthesamecompany.4．主谓搭配不当误：Hehappenedanaccidentyesterday.正：Anaccidenthappenedtohimyesterday.5．动宾搭配不当误：Theyaretryingtheirbesttoimprovetheirproduction.正：Theyaretryingtheirbesttoincreasetheirproduction.6．形容词和名词搭配不当误：Wewalkedafarwaybeforeplantingtrees.正：Wewalkedalongwaybeforeplantingtrees.7．动词和副词搭配不当误：Mygrandfatherverylikesblackteaandhasiteveryday.正：Mygrandfatherlikesblackteaverymuchandhasiteveryday.8.介词和宾语搭配不当误：Theywillbuildamonumentonmemoryofthenationalhero.正：Theywillbuildamonumentinmemoryofthenationalhero.正：Theteachercameintothelab,followedbysomestudents.（四）标点符号类错误书写英文句子时，容易误用标点符号。标点符号是一种变相文字，是书面语不可缺少的重要手段，平时要比较英汉标点的差异，不可等闲视之。两个或数个独立的句子用逗号断开的错误误：LiPingisn'toldenough,hecannotjointhearmy.正：LiPingisn'toldenough.Hecannotjointhearmy.正：LiPingisn'toldenough;hecannotjointhearmy.二、防范出现错误的两个措施句子正确是作文得高分的关键和保证，考场上要避免上述低级错误，可采取以下两个措施。（一）确定主语英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语(祈使句省略了主语you)。写句子前首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如：1．北京八月多雨。误：BeijingrainsmuchinAugust.正：Itrainsmuch